Soil and weed management for enhancing arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization of wheat

Tillage and weed control are critical components of cropping systems that need to be combined such that crops benefit from reduced competition. However, weeds may also contribute to the biological diversity within the agro‐environment. This greenhouse study investigated whether common weeds of arable cropping systems were suitable host plants for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), allowing the development of extraradical mycelium (ERM) that can contribute to the early colonization of a following wheat crop, especially in the absence of soil disturbance. Weeds were allowed to grow for up to 2 months before being controlled by soil disturbance or herbicide application (glyphosate or paraquat). Pregerminated wheat seeds were then planted. Chemical control of the weeds prior to sowing enhanced the early arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) colonization rate of wheat roots, whereas mechanical disturbance was less acceptable as a method of weed control for rapid AM colonization. The type of herbicide (contact or systemic) had no impact on colonization of the wheat crop. Enhanced AM colonization promoted early P acquisition and growth of the crop. Appropriate management of weeds emerging between two consecutive cropping seasons coupled with no‐till soil management could ensure a quick and efficient AM colonization of the following wheat plants.     

基于热量平衡方程的温室冬季温度控制策略

为解决配备空气源热泵的温室在冬季加热时温度调控不稳定等问题，该研究在对温室热传递原理进行分析的基础上，通过实测数据分别计算了温室卷被闭合与揭开两种状态下的综合传热系数、空气源热泵系统工作性能参数和雾化喷淋工作性能参数。根据温室热量平衡方程，建立了调控设备控制时间与温室环境参数间的数学关系，并以此提出了温度控制策略，系统运行时利用传感器实时采集环境数据作为输入，输出设备所需工作时间，并据此控制设备启停。经试验验证，基于热量平衡方程的控制方法能有效控制温度在目标值附近，且温度变化稳定、波动幅度小。在外部天气状况相近条件下，该控制方法的单日耗电量比基于上下限阈值控制的方法节约9.06 kW·h，占其当日耗电量的10.95%。在控制策略研究的基础上，利用典型物联网结构设计并实现远程自动控制，研究结果可直接应用于实践。     

覆盖作物的效益及其合理选择的研究进展

覆盖作物的种植是一种可实现农业可持续发展的保护性耕作措施，对维护农业生产的可持续性具有积极意义。目前，对覆盖作物的研究主要侧重于覆盖作物对土壤和后茬作物的影响评价，包括对土壤有机碳、氮的固存，对杂草和病虫害的抑制、对土壤理化性质的改良和对土壤微生物活性的影响等方面。然而，覆盖作物的效益因覆盖作物类型、地理位置和覆盖时间不同而存在差异。另外，覆盖作物的选择、设置方法、终止方法、经济效益等充满了不确定性，这限制了其在农田中的大面积推广。该研究基于当前国内外的研究进展简要介绍了覆盖作物的种植管理现状，总结了覆盖作物提供的多种生态系统服务功能，讨论了限制覆盖作物在农作物种植系统中广泛应用的关键因素，提出了覆盖作物合理选择的建议。同时，基于覆盖作物在农学、生态环境上的经济和生态效益，对覆盖作物的贡献以及面临的瓶颈进行了思考。发现良种培育、覆盖作物-土壤微生物-土壤养分-作物之间的协同机制仍是今后需要突破的重点课题，以期为覆盖作物的合理选择及大面积推广提供依据。     

Soil Phosphorous Influence on Growth and Nutrition of Tropical Legume Cover Crops in Acidic Soil

In tropical regions, use of cover crops in crop production is an important strategy in maintaining sustainability of cropping systems. Phosphorus (P) deficiency in tropical soils is one of the most yield-limiting factors for successful production of cover crops. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate influence of P on growth and nutrient uptake in 14 tropical cover crops. The soil used in the experiment was an Oxisol, and P levels used were low (0 mg P kg^?1), medium (100 mg P kg^?1) and high (200 mg P kg^?1). There was a significant influence of P and cover crop treatments on plant growth parameters. Phosphorus X cover crops interaction for shoot dry weight, root dry weight and root length was significant, indicating different responses of cover crops to variable P levels. Based on shoot dry weight efficiency index (SDEI), legume species were classified into efficient, moderately efficient or inefficient groups. Overall, white jack bean, gray mucuna bean, mucuna bean ana and black mucuna bean were most P efficient. Remaining species were inefficient in P utilization. Macro- and micronutrient concentrations (content per unit dry weight of tops) as well as uptakes (concentration x dry weight of tops) were significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by P as well as crop species treatments, except magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) concentrations. The P x crop species interactions were significant for concentration and uptake of all the macro and micronutrients analyzed in the plant tissues, indicating concentrations and uptake of some nutrients increased while others decreased with increasing P levels. Hence, there was an antagonistic as well as synergetic effect of P on uptake of nutrients. However, uptake of all the macro and micronutrients increased with increasing P levels, indicating increase in dry weight of crop species with increasing P levels. Overall, nutrient concentration and uptake in the top of crop species were in the order of nitrogen (N) > potassium (K) > calcium (Ca) > Mg > sulfur (S) > P for macronutrients and iron (Fe) > manganese (Mn) > zinc (Zn) > copper (Cu) for micronutrients. Interspecific differences in shoot and root growth and nutrient uptake were observed at varying soil P levels     

基于温室环境和作物生长的番茄基质栽培灌溉模型

为解决涵盖土壤蒸发和作物冠层蒸腾的土培作物蒸散模型不能直接应用于稻壳炭基质栽培番茄灌溉的问题,该研究首先通过修改Penman-Monteith模型的原始表达式来去除土壤蒸发部分,并引入TOMGRO模型来模拟番茄冠层生长,给出了阻抗参数的修正计算,得到了新的番茄基质栽培蒸腾模型。考虑到蒸腾模型中净辐射项削弱了室外太阳辐射对冠层及以下部整株植株的耗水影响,进而将新的蒸腾模型与太阳辐射线性比例供水模型结合建立蒸腾-辐射综合灌溉模型。结果表明,蒸腾-辐射综合灌溉模型对上海崇明A8温室番茄灌溉量的模拟结果与实际结果之间的相关系数高于0.95,平均相对误差小于20%。这说明蒸腾-辐射综合灌溉模型能够较好地估算温室稻壳炭基质栽培番茄的灌溉需水量,对深入研究温室灌溉实施具有参考价值。     

Productivity and nutrient use efficiency of maize,sorghum, and cotton in the West African Dry Savanna

Sustainable agricultural practices are needed to improve food security and support livelihoods in West Africa, where soil nutrient deficiencies and rainfed production systems prevail. The objective of this study was to assess the productivity and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) use efficiencies of three dominant crops (maize, sorghum, and cotton) under different soil management strategies in the dry savanna of northern Benin. Data were collected for each crop in experiments with (1) an un‐amended soil as control, (2) a low use of external inputs, (3) an integrated soil–crop management practice, and (4) a high mineral fertilizer use, as treatments. Data were collected through researcher‐managed and farmer‐managed on‐farm trials in 2014 and 2015, and analyzed using linear robust mixed effects model and Pearson's correlation. Above‐ground biomass accumulation did not differ significantly among the control, integrated soil–crop management practice, and high mineral fertilizer use up to 30, 50, and 60 d after planting for maize, cotton, and sorghum, respectively. Thereafter, the differences in growth were substantial for each crop with highest biomass monitored with high mineral fertilizer use and lowest with the control. Biomass and economic yields at harvest were highest under high mineral fertilizer use and integrated soil–crop management practice, although the magnitude was crop‐specific. With the integrated soil–crop management practice and high mineral fertilizer use, N and P uptake by all crops was higher than for the un‐amended soil conditions. Inter‐seasonal changes in N uptake were higher for sorghum and cotton, but lower for maize. The highest agronomic efficiency and apparent recovery of N and P as well as positive N and P partial balances were obtained with the integrated soil–crop management practice for all three crops tested. The integrated soil–crop management strategy gave the highest yields and significantly improved N and P use efficiencies. The findings can contribute to formulating site and crop‐specific recommendations for sustainable agricultural practices in the Dry Savanna zone of West Africa.     

基于LCA的不同间作体系产量优势及温室效应研究

为了探究间作体系对农田生态系统温室效应和产量优势的影响,本文选用小麦/蚕豆和玉米/马铃薯间作种植体系,通过为期2年的田间小区试验,采用生命周期评价法(LCA),以小麦/蚕豆间作和小麦单作、玉米/马铃薯间作和玉米单作为研究对象,以生产1 000kg作物为评价的功能单元,建立农资系统和农作系统生命周期资源消耗以及温室气体排放清单,研究了不同种植体系的作物产量、全球增温潜势和能源消耗等指标的差异。结果表明:与单作小麦相比,间作小麦两年的产量分别增加18.04%和39.94%;与单作玉米相比,间作玉米的产量分别增加2.65%和23.16%;小麦/蚕豆间作系统两年平均增幅高于玉米/马铃薯间作系统。小麦/蚕豆间作的土地当量比两年均大于1,玉米/马铃薯间作的土地当量比仅有1年大于1。与单作小麦相比,两年间作小麦的全球变暖潜值分别降低15.28%和28.53%,能源消耗分别减少15.29%和28.53%;与单作玉米相比,间作玉米的全球变暖潜值分别降低2.61%和19.05%,能源消耗分别减少2.61%和18.83%。小麦/蚕豆间作的间作产量优势优于玉米/马铃薯,但玉米/马铃薯间作的增温潜势低于小麦/蚕豆间作。合理间作具有显著增产效应,同时可以降低温室效应以及能源消耗,以更低环境代价获得作物高产高效。     

Growth of Tropical Legume Cover Crops as Influenced by Nitrogen Fertilization and Rhizobia

Tropical legume cover crops are important components in cropping systems because of their role in improving soil quality. Information is limited on the influence of nitrogen (N) fertilization on growth of tropical legume cover crops grown on Oxisols. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of N fertilization with or without rhizobial inoculation on growth and shoot efficiency index of 10 important tropical cover crops. Nitrogen treatment were (i) 0 mg N kg^?1 (control or N₀), (ii) 0 mg N kg^?1 + inoculation with Bradyrhizobial strains (N₁), (iii) 100 mg N kg^?1 + inoculation with Bradyrhizobial strains (N₂), and (iv) 200 mg N kg^?1 of soil (N₃). The N?×?cover crops interactions were significant for shoot dry weight, root dry weight, maximal root length, and specific root length, indicating that cover crop performance varied with varying N rates and inoculation treatments. Shoot dry weight is considered an important growth trait in cover crops and, overall, maximal shoot dry weight was produced at 100 mg N kg^?1 + inoculation treatment. Based on shoot dry-weight efficiency index, cover crops were classified as efficient, moderately efficient, and inefficient in N-use efficiency. Overall, the efficient cover crops were lablab, gray velvet bean, jack bean, and black velvet bean and inefficient cover crops were pueraria, calopo, crotalaria, smooth crotalaria, and showy crotalaria. Pigeonpea was classified as moderately efficient in producing shoot dry weight.     

Different crop rotation systems as drivers of change in soil bacterial community structure and yield of rice, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis>

Intensive cropping, especially of rice, is considered to contribute to negative effects not only on soil chemical and biological properties but also on long-term grain yield. Appropriate crop rotation is often practiced as an alternative strategy to overcome the negative side effects of intensive cropping. Although soil microbial diversity and community structure have been shown to respond differently to altered agricultural management practices, little is known about possible links between crop rotation and grain yield on bacterial communities in rice paddy soil. In this study, we investigated the impact of specific rotational crops and compared it with intensive rice cultivation. The main crop rice (Oryza sativa) was rotated with maize (Zea mays) and mungbean (Phaseolus aureus) in different combinations in a system cultivating three crops per year. Soil bacterial communities were studied in two different cropping periods using pyrosequencing of the variable V4 region of the 16S rRNA. Our results showed that rotation with alternative crops increased rice yield by 24–46% depending on rotation structure and that bacterial community structure was altered in the presence of mungbean and/or maize compared to that in rice monoculture. In the crop rotation systems, composition, abundance, and diversity of soil bacterial communities were significantly different and higher than those in rice monoculture. Our results show that effects of crop rotation relate to changes in soil bacterial community structure suggesting that appropriate crop rotations provide a feasible practice to maintain the equilibrium in soil microbial environment for sustainable rice cultivation.     

Cover‐crop seeding‐date influence on fall nitrogen recovery

Planting cover crops after corn‐silage harvest could have a critical role in the recovery of residual N and N from fall‐applied manure, which would otherwise be lost to the environment. Experiments were conducted at the University of Massachusetts Research Farm during the 2004–2006 growing seasons. Treatments consisted of oat and winter rye cover crops, and no cover crop, and four cover‐crop dates of planting. The earliest planting dates of oat and winter rye produced the maximum biomass yield and resulted in the highest nitrate accumulation in both cover‐crop species. The average nitrate accumulation for the 3 years in winter rye and oat at the earliest time of planting was 60 and 48 kg ha^–1, respectively. In 2004 where the residual N level was high, winter rye accumulated 119 kg nitrate ha^–1. While initially soil N levels were relatively high in early September they were almost zero at all sampling depths in all plots with and without cover crops later in the fall before the ground was frozen. However, in plots with cover crops, nitrate was accumulated in the cover‐crop tissue, whereas in plots with no cover crop the nitrate was lost to the environment mainly through leaching. The seeding date of cover crops influenced the contribution of N available to the subsequent crop. Corn plants with no added fertilizer, yielded 41% and 34% more silage when planted after oat and rye, respectively, compared with the no–cover crop treatment. Corn‐silage yield decreased linearly when planting of cover crops was delayed from early September to early or mid‐October. Corn‐ear yield was influenced more than silage by the species of cover crop and planting date. Similar to corn silage, ear yield was higher when corn was planted after oat. This could be attributed in part to the winter‐kill of oat, giving it more time to decompose in the soil and subsequent greater release of N, while the rapidly increasing C : N ratio of rye can lessen availability to corn plants. Early plantings of cover crops increased corn‐ear yield up to 59% compared with corn‐ear yield planted after no cover crop.     

Carbon sequestration in irrigated vertisols under cotton‐based farming systems

Abstract

Agricultural production systems account for approximately 15% of greenhouse gas emissions in Australia. Carbon dioxide accounts for a major proportion of these gases. Reducing or avoiding tillage, avoiding crop residue burning, mulching, sowing cover or rotation crops during fallow periods, minimizing land clearance, and using land clearing methods which minimize soil disturbance are thought to reduce carbon dioxide emission and improve carbon sequestration in soil, although experimental data obtained under Australian conditions are sparse. The effects of minimizing tillage and using cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)‐based crop rotations on carbon sequestration in irrigated Vertisols was evaluated from 1993 to 1998 in several experimental sites located in north‐western and central‐western New South Wales, Australia. Carbon sequestration was highest where minimum tillage and rotation with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) had been practiced for extended periods (>10 years). In the short‐term (<5 years), however, replacing intensive tillage with minimum tillage resulted in a fall in soil carbon sequestration. This was attributed to the low decomposition rate of cotton crop residues. Significant differences were also absent between crop rotations (e.g., cotton‐legume and cotton‐cereal) with respect to short‐term carbon sequestration.     

Effects of nutrient levels on growth and quality of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) grown on different substrates

Radish grown in sand or granulated rockwool was irrigated with nutrient solutions of different concentrations. The EC value in the root environment aimed at ranged between 1.0 and 6.0 dS/m at 25°C. Four crops were grown, three crops in the spring‐summer season and one crop in winter. For the spring‐summer grown radish highest plant weights were obtained with EC values in the root environment of about 2 dS/m. In the winter grown crop an EC value between 2 and 4 gave highest plant weights. With too low EC values the yield reduction was more serious in winter than in spring‐summer. High EC values reduced yield especially in the spring‐summer season. In winter, the number of blind plants was strongly affected by the EC value. The bulb/leaf ratio was higher on sand than on rockwool and increased with EC value. Sponginess appeared in the spring‐summer crops and was reduced by increasing EC values. The mineral absorption of the radish was equal for the different crops. The water absorption, however, differed a factor four between winter and spring‐summer. So the nutrient absorption concentration in winter was about four times higher in winter than in spring‐summer.     

Productivity enhancement of salt‐affected environments through crop diversification

Recent trends and future demographic projections suggest that the need to produce more food and fibre will necessitate effective utilization of salt‐affected land and saline water resources. Currently at least 20 per cent of the world's irrigated land is salt affected and/or irrigated with waters containing elevated levels of salts. Several major irrigation schemes have suffered from the problems of salinity and sodicity, reducing their agricultural productivity and sustainability. Productivity enhancement of salt‐affected land and saline water resources through crop‐based management has the potential to transform them from environmental burdens into economic opportunities. Research efforts have led to the identification of a number of field crops, forage grasses and shrubs, aromatic and medicinal species, bio‐fuel crops, and fruit tree and agroforestry systems, which are profitable and suit a variety of salt‐affected environments. Several of these species have agricultural significance in terms of their local utilization on the farm. Therefore, crop diversification systems based on salt‐tolerant plant species are likely to be the key to future agricultural and economic growth in regions where salt‐affected soils exist, saline drainage waters are generated, and/or saline aquifers are pumped for irrigation. However, such systems will need to consider three issues: improving the productivity per unit of salt‐affected land and saline water resources, protecting the environment and involving farmers in the most suitable and sustainable crop diversifying systems to mitigate any perceived risks. This review covers different aspects of salt‐affected land and saline water resources, synthesizes research knowledge on salinity/sodicity tolerances in different plant species, and highlights promising examples of crop diversification and management to improve and maximize benefits from these resources. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

禾豆间作氮素高效利用机理及农艺调控途径研究进展

为保障粮食安全,农业生产中化肥使用极为普遍,但过量使用,往往引起地下水污染、温室效应加剧、生物多样性降低等多种环境和生态问题。禾豆间作系统由于不同作物生物学特性和氮素利用存在差异,进行合理调控可充分发挥生物固氮优点,从而减少化肥投入,提高生产效益,是一种稳产、高产、高效可持续的种植体系。该系统中"氮转移"、"氮阻遏"消减和氮素时空分异是目前研究的热点,也是促进豆科作物固氮、减少化肥投入的有效途径,可实现禾、豆两种作物对氮素的高效利用。特别是该系统中作物品种、施氮制度、空间布局以及种植密度等农艺措施是对种间关系进行调控的必要手段,合理优化可有效促进禾/豆间作竞争与互补协同作用,增强氮素协调利用,从而挖掘两种作物对氮素高效利用的生物学潜力。为此,本文基于前人研究成果和农业可持续发展观点,重点综述了国内外有关禾豆间作氮素高效利用主要机理及相关农艺调控途径的研究现状,旨在为构建简易、高产、高效、氮肥节约型禾豆间作模式提供有力的科学依据和理论支撑。     

Effect of Cropping System on Physical Properties of Clay Soil Under Intensive Rice Cultivation

Cropping systems are thought to alter soil quality in paddy rice fields. This study was conducted to quantify the long‐term effects of continuous crop production under different cropping systems with different crop rotations on physical properties of alluvial clay soil in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Soil samples were collected from four treatments: (i) traditional intensive rice monoculture with three rice crops per year (R–R–R); (ii) rotation with two rice crops and maize (R–M–R); (iii) rotation with two rice crops and mung bean (R–Mb–R); and (iv) rotation with one rice and two upland crops, mung bean and maize (R–Mb–M). We hypothesized that cropping systems with rotations of upland crops and their temporary beds improve the physical quality of paddy rice soil; hence, they are better options towards sustainable agriculture. Results show an improvement of soil physical quality for systems with two rice crops and one upland crop (R–M–R and R–Mb–R) and those with one rice crop with two upland crops (R–Mb–M) compared with intensive rice monoculture (R–R–R). This was translated in decreased bulk density and soil strength, increased soil organic carbon and total porosity, and higher aggregate stability index, plant‐available water capacity, and Dexter's S index, especially at depths of 10–20 and 20–30 cm. The systems with different upland crops (maize or mung bean) showed similar high physical quality improvement. To maintain soil quality in future seasons, introducing a cropping system with at least one upland crop in rotation with rice is recommended. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Potassium management in rice–maize systems in South Asia

Potassium (K) availability in soils is largely governed by their mineralogical composition. The extent of weathering of primary K‐bearing minerals, the chemical pathways through which weathering takes place, as well as the dynamic equilibrium between various K fractions in soils are factors which determine different soil types of varying K‐supplying capacity. The marked variability of K availability in soils in South Asia needs to be taken into account when formulating K‐management strategies in intensive cereal‐based systems in response to K application. Evidence from long‐term fertilizer experiments in rice–rice (R‐R) or rice–wheat (R‐W) systems strongly indicates significant yield responses to K application and negative K balances where K application is either omitted or applied suboptimally. However, K‐fertilizer recommendations in South Asia are generalized over large areas while farmers neglect K application to crops and remove crop residues from fields. These practices may strongly affect yield and soil K‐fertility status in the emerging rice–maize (R‐M) systems in different locations of South Asia. The dry‐matter yield of the R‐M system is usually much higher than that of the R‐R or R‐W system causing high withdrawal of nutrients from the soil. The current review assesses various K forms and K availability in diverse soil types of South Asia supporting rice‐based systems. Aspects considered include: long‐term crop yield and its response to added nutrients, K balance for intensive rice‐based systems, and the role of crop residues in supplying K to crops. Emerging data from either completed or on‐going experiments on the R‐M systems in India and Bangladesh have revealed very high system productivity and variable responses and agronomic K‐use efficiency of maize and rice. Potassium responses of maize are extremely high and variable for soils in Bangladesh. Finally, a plant‐based strategy for field‐specific nutrient management is presented and the need for models and decision support systems for developing efficient K management of the R‐M system is also discussed.     

面向控制的温室系统小气候环境模型要求与现状

以往的温室作物生长和小气候环境模型,主要是从面向研究而不是面向实际生产的温室获得的,这二者的最大不同是:面向研究的模型主要考虑的是得到作物生长高产所需的"最优"的温室内部气候环境参数设定值,而较少考虑温室内控制设备的能力（控制动态过程）、生产过程中温室外气候变化情况和达到"最优"所需付出的能量等代价;而后者在面向实际生产的自动化控制的温室系统模型中是必不可少的。当前温室系统自动化控制面临的一个最大困难,就是缺乏一个这样的可靠的温室系统模型,而只能采用面向研究的温室系统模型去进行实际生产的温室系统控制,这种忽视实际生产条件下的温室系统模型与理想条件下的模型之间差异的"纸上谈兵"的做法,必然导致温室控制技术水平低、达不到预期效果。该文介绍了温室系统的整个控制过程,对一个实际生产的温室系统中各种变量和参数作了简要描述,并概括了面向实际的温室生产控制要求的温室系统模型的基本结构,对温室环境模型、作物生长模型和能耗及CO₂消耗模型的研究现状作了详细的回顾。从满足控制需求出发对现有的温室系统模型所存在的问题进行了分析,并指出了其中的不足和局限性。探讨了未来温室系统的建模方法和需要解决的关键问题,提出了面向控制需求的温室系统建模要满足的要求,为温室系统的建模研究提供了一种新的思路和方向。     

NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND USE EFFICIENCY BY TROPICAL LEGUME COVER CROPS AT VARYING PH OF AN OXISOL

Oxisols comprise large soil group in tropical America. These soils are acidic and have low fertility. Use of tropical legume cover crops in cropping systems is an important strategy to improve fertility of these soils for sustainable crop production. Data are limited on nutrient uptake and use efficiency of tropical cover crops under different acidity levels. The objective of our study was to evaluate growth and nutrient uptake parameters of sixteen tropical legume cover crops under three soil pH (5.1, 6.5, and 7.0) of an Oxisol. Shoot dry weight was influenced significantly by pH and cover crop treatments and their interactions, indicating that cover crops used had differential responses to changing soil pH levels. Overall, shoot dry weight decreased when soil pH was raised from 5.1 to 7.0, indicating acidity tolerance of cover crops. Nutrient concentration (content per unit of dry weight), uptake (concentration X dry weight), and nutrient use efficiency (dry weight of shoot per unit of nutrient uptake) varied significantly among cover crops. The variation in nutrient uptake and use efficiency among cover crop species was associated with variation in shoot dry matter production. Significant variation among crop species in dry matter production and low C/N ratios (average value of 14.25) suggest that cover crops which produced higher dry matter yield like white jack bean, gray mucuna bean, black mucuna bean, mucuna bean ana, and lablab are important choices for planting in tropical soils to recover large amount of macro and micronutrients, and to prevent such nutrient leaching in soil plant systems.     

中国连栋温室黄瓜周年生产能耗分布模拟

温室作物周年生产单位产量的能耗是进行温室投资风险评估和优化温室气候控制的重要指标。为明确中国温室作物周年生产单位产量能耗分布规律,该文以Venlo型连栋温室和温室主栽作物黄瓜为研究对象,选取中国有代表性的224个气象观测站点25 a（1981－2005年）每日平均气候资料（每日最高最低气温、水汽压、日照时数和平均风速）,利用温室能耗预测模型和作物生长模型,模拟预测在商业化生产中常用的两种不同的温室温度（白天和夜间温度控制目标分别为控制策略一：24℃与19℃,控制策略二：20 ℃与15℃）和CO2体积分数（增施：1000 mL/L,自然通风不增施：350 mL/L）控制策略下,连栋温室黄瓜周年生产所需的能耗和黄瓜的潜在产量。在此基础上,进一步计算每单位黄瓜产量所需要的能耗,并利用GIS技术及反距离权重插值方法获得空间上连续分布的栅格数据,得到中国连栋温室黄瓜周年生产单位产量能耗分布图。结果表明,中国温室周年生产黄瓜单位产量能耗总体趋势是从低纬度地区向高纬高海拔的寒冷地区增加。两种温度控制策略下各地的黄瓜单位产量能耗差异在8%以内,但增施CO2可以降低各地的黄瓜单位产量能耗达29%～67%,低纬度地区降低幅度大于高纬高海拔区。中国温室能耗主要受室外气候和温室温度控制目标影响;在两种温室温度控制策略下,黄瓜潜在产量主要受室外光照条件和室内CO2浓度影响。增施CO2能够大幅提高黄瓜产量,是增加温室作物产量和提高能耗利用率的有效手段。该研究结果可为中国不同区域连栋温室投资风险评估和从能耗角度优化温室环境调控提供支持。