石灰性土壤上不同小麦基因型对施锌的反应

为比较石灰性土壤上面包型小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)对施锌的反应,选择20种小麦基因型在温室中进行了土培试验。结果表明,在杨凌当地土壤有效锌含量水平(0.6 mg kg-1左右)下,施Zn对供试基因型小麦植株生长量均无明显影响,由于小麦根冠比主要受基因型控制,施锌对它的影响也很小。然而,供Zn显著提高了所有基因型小麦植株各部分的Zn含量和吸Zn量,根、茎、叶、籽粒中Zn含量增加幅度分别达0.22～3.22倍、0.26～2.82倍、0.10～3.84倍、0.10～0.84倍,整株吸Zn量均大幅度增加,幅度在28.8%～219.3%之间,平均增加104.8%。施Zn后不同基因型的Zn转运率有明显差异,范围在13.5%～90.2%之间,收获籽粒的6种基因型小麦对锌的转运率明显高于其它正处于抽穗期的基因型,表明灌浆期是Zn从根部向穗部转运的关键时期。施锌也显著提高了土壤有效锌含量。总之,对生长在有效锌含量不高的石灰性土壤上的小麦施锌是改善其营养品质的重要措施。     

Comparison of Winter Wheat Genotypes Differing in Zinc Efficiency and Origin: The Zinc Uptake and Enzyme Activity

Zinc (Zn)–efficient wheat genotypes yield well on Zn-deficient soil. In this study, two Chinese wheat genotypes, Kenong9204 and Han6172, and two reference genotypes, Bezostaja (Zn efficient) and BDME10 (Zn inefficient), from Turkey were conducted to measure their physiological responses to Zn deficiency in the greenhouse. Results showed obvious genetic variation among the genotypes with Zn efficiency from 76% to 105%. Bezostaja and Kenong9204 had greater shoot dry weight and accumulated more shoot Zn content than BDME10 and Han6172 without Zn application. In one aspect of enzyme activities, Bezostaja and Kenong9204 presented significantly greater activities of superoxide dismutase while maintaining similar activities of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase compared with inefficient genotypes BDME10 and Han6172 under Zn-deficient condition. Zinc-efficient genotypes are recommended to satisfy the sustainable grain yield in China and other areas, where Zn deficiency in soil is spread and multiple stresses may happen at times.     

Zinc Deficiency in Selected Cultivars of Wheat and Barley as Tested in Solution Culture

Abstract

The relative zinc (Zn) efficiencies of 33 wheat and 3 barley cultivars were determined by growing them in chelate‐buffered culture solutions. Zn efficiency, determined by growth in a Zn‐deficient solution relative to that in a medium containing an adequate concentration of Zn, was found to vary between 10% and 63% among the cultivars tested. Out of the 36 cultivars tested, 12 proved to be Zn efficient, 10 were Zn inefficient, and the remaining 14 varieties were classed as intermediate. The most Zn‐efficient cultivars included Bakhtawar, Gatcher S61, Wilgoyne, and Madrigal, and the most Zn inefficient included Durati, Songlen, Excalibur, and Chakwal‐86. Zn‐efficient cultivars accumulated greater amounts of Zn in their shoots than inefficient cultivars, but the correlation between shoot Zn and shoot dry matter production was poor. All the cultivars accumulated higher concentrations of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and phosphorus (P) at deficient levels of Zn, compared with adequate Zn concentrations. The Zn‐inefficient cultivars accumulated higher concentrations of these other elements compared to efficient cultivars.     

Tolerance of Two Hydroponically Grown Salix Genotypes to Excess Zinc

Woody cuttings from two Salix genotypes (genotype I—clone LUC-31, Salix alba and genotype II- clone STOTT, Salix viminalis) were grown hydroponically for 14 days at increasing concentrations of Zn: control, 50, 100 or 150 μ M Zn. Genotype tolerance to excess zinc (Zn) was evaluated using a root elongation test. The changes in growth, Zn, iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) concentrations as well as photosynthetic performance were used as additional evaluation criteria. Photosynthetic pigments concentrations in Zn-exposed cuttings of genotype II decreased as compared with genotype I, which corresponded well with the higher leaf Zn accumulation, decreased Fe concentrations as well as lowered photosynthetic rate. Based on the indicators used, genotype I (Salix alba) was classified as more tolerant to excess Zn than genotype II (Salix viminalis).     

Zinc Efficiency of Wheat Cultivars Grown on a Saline Calcareous Soil

Abstract

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a yield limiting constraint for wheat production in central Iran. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (1999/2000 and 2000/2001) to study Zn use efficiency of five wheat cultivars. Two Zn rates were used, i.e., 0 and 40 kg Zn ha^?1 applied as zinc sulfate. Significant variation was found among wheat cultivars in relation to grain yield, straw yield, Zn use efficiency and yield components. Based on grain yield and Zn use efficiency across two years, cultivar Cross was most efficient and Dur-3 was most inefficient for Zn use efficiency. Cultivars Kavir, Falat, and Rushan were intermediate in Zn use efficiency. Zinc concentration and uptake were higher in the zinc efficient cultivar Cross, while these values were lowest in the Zn inefficient cultivar Dur-3.     

不同基因型春小麦磷效率差异的研究

通过土培试验,研究了甘肃省石灰性土壤上不同基因型春小麦的磷效率差异。结果表明,不同基因型春小麦磷效率存在明显差异。武春121和038014均有较高的磷吸收效率和利用效率;甘春20具有较高的磷吸收效率;永良4号在不同磷矿粉及改性磷矿粉处理中的磷吸收效率均最低。     

Long-Term Effects of Sulfur and Zinc Fertilization on Rice Productivity and Nutrient Efficiency in Double Rice Cropping Paddy in Bangladesh

Sulfur (S) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies are frequently reported in Bangladesh rice paddy. However, its effects on rice productivity and soil fertility need to be reevaluated as sulfur oxides (SO_x) and heavy metals are increasingly emitted to the environment in the recent years. To examine the long-term effects of S and Zn fertilization on rice yield and nutrient efficiency, the standard fertilization plot of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, and zinc (NPKSZn) was installed in a typical double rice cropping paddy at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) farm in 1985. The recommended treatment (NPKSZn) and the comparison treatments (NPKZn and NPKS) were selected for calculating S and Zn efficiencies. The same levels of chemical fertilizers in NPKSZn treatment were applied with the rates of N-P-K-S-Zn as 80–25–35–20–5 kg ha^?1 and 120–25–35–20–5 kg ha^?1 in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The changes in rice productivity, as well as S and Zn fertilization efficiencies, were monitored for 23 years. Sulfur fertilization significantly increased the mean grain and straw yields by around 13% in the wet season and only 4–5% in the dry season. The mean S fertilization efficiencies were 9.3% and 5.3% in the wet and dry seasons, respectively. Sulfur fertilization efficiency was relatively high until 1997 (the 13th year after the installation). Thereafter, however, S fertilization did not increase rice productivity or efficiency, regardless of the season. Also, Zn fertilization did not result in a significant increase in rice productivity, and its fertilization efficiency was similar level with a mean of 1.2%, irrespective of the season. This study revealed that S and Zn fertilization may no longer be required to increase rice productivity in Bangladesh paddy soil due to fast industrialization and urbanization.     

活化钙镁磷肥对不同磷效率基因型冬小麦生长及磷效率的影响

用土培方法研究了两种磷肥 (枸溶性钙镁磷肥CMP和水溶性磷肥过磷酸钙SSP)和两种非水溶性磷肥活化剂(无机矿物活化剂IA和有机活化剂OA)在石灰性土壤中对不同磷效率小麦苗期生长和基因型差异以及磷效率的影响。结果表明 ,SSP和CMP对不同磷效率基因型小麦生长的影响无显著差异 ,但对植株磷效率的影响效果明显不同。SSP可提高植株的磷吸收效率 ,CMP对提高植株的磷利用效率更有效。不同磷效率小麦生长的基因型差异在所有磷肥处理中均表现 ,但在CMP处理中的差异最大 ,不同溶解性磷肥品种可作为小麦磷效率基因型的鉴定材料。两种非水溶性磷肥活化剂对钙镁磷肥均有效 ,但作用大小和方向因小麦基因型不同而异 ,OA有利于磷高效基因型小麦的生长 ,IA对磷低效基因型小麦的生长则更加有利 ,其效果甚至超过水溶性磷肥。经IA处理的CMP能明显提高小麦植株的磷含量和吸磷量 ,并能显著增加土壤的有效磷含量     

Selecting Rice Genotypes Tolerant to Zinc Deficiency and Sodicity: Differences in Concentration of Major Cations and Sodium/Potassium Ratio in Leaves

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a major nutritional problem for rice under sodic conditions. Seedlings (35-d old) of 30 rice genotypes were transplanted in pots at pH₂ 9.8 [diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA) Zn 1.8 ppm] to identify genotypes tolerant to both sodicity and Zn deficiency. Ten genotypes (group A) showed potential to tolerate both the stresses. Sixteen genotypes (group B) were sensitive to Zn deficiency. However, some of the seedlings of group B genotypes were normal (without Zn deficiency symptoms). Four genotypes (group C) were sensitive to sodicity. Leaves and their leaf sheaths were analyzed at 33 d after transplanting for Ca, Mg, K, and Na. Group A genotypes (CSR-88IR15, CSR-89IR14, IR4630-22-2-5-1-2, and Trichi) had significantly less Na concentrations in their leaves and the leaf sheaths compared to group B genotypes (CSR10, CSR23, CSR-88IR1, 89H1-931098, and IR47538-3B-9-3B-1). The concentration of Na was invariably higher in the leaf sheath than its leaf in both the groups, but reverse was true for Ca, Mg, and K. Zinc deficient plants had relatively higher concentrations of Ca and Mg in their leaves and the leaf sheaths than group A. Concentration of K was somewhat better in group A than group B genotypes. Higher Na/K ratio in group B genotypes compared to group A may be attributed to increased concentrations of Na rather than decreases in K concentrations. Further studies are needed to understand the processes associated with differential uptake of Na and K by Zn deficient plants of group B genotypes resulting in higher Na/K ratio compared to group A genotypes.     

Evaluation of Different Mn Efficiency Indices and their Relation to Morphophysiological Traits in Diverse Wheat Genotypes

Wheat genotypes display differential tolerance to manganese (Mn) deficiency. Growing Mn-efficient cultivars in Mn deficient soil could be effective in improving yields. A pot experiment was conducted with eight genotypes grown in Mn deficient soil treated with 0 (no Mn fertilizer) and 50 ppm (50 mg Mn kg^?1soil applied as mangansese sulfate monohydrate (MnSO₄.H₂O) Mn. The genotypes were classified on the basis of grain yield and grain physiological efficiency as efficient and responsive (SAMNYT 410, GLUPRO 200, PBW 621, and BW 9178), efficient and nonresponsive, inefficient and responsive (HD 2967), and inefficient and nonresponsive (PDW 314, PDW 291, and PBW 636). The genotypes in different groups differed in morphophysiological characteristics; efficient and responsive genotypes recorded more leaf area, higher SPAD index, higher Fv/Fm ratio, and longer roots than inefficient and nonresponsive. Efficient and responsive genotypes are desirable by farmers, whereas inefficient and responsive genotypes in a breeding program for their Mn-responsive characteristics.     

Differential Growth Response of Wheat Genotypes to Ammonium Phosphate and Rock Phosphate Phosphorus Sources

ABSTRACT

A solution culture experiment was conducted to determine the response of 15 wheat genotypes for growth, phosphorus (P) uptake, and P utilization efficiency, and their adaptability to P stress conditions using adequate [250 μM P in nutrient solution as ammonium phosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄)] and stress (powdered rock phosphate suspended in nutrient solution) P supply levels. Shoot dry matter (SDM) and total plant DM (shoot + root) and P uptake were generally higher for most genotypes in adequate P than stress P level treatment, but the opposite was true for root dry matter (RDM), root: shoot ratio (RSR), and root P uptake. Relative reduction in SDM due to P deficiency stress ranged from none to 54%. Genotypes Kohinoor 83, PB 85, Parvaz 94 and 4770 did not respond to P deficiency stress for SDM production, while genotypes FSD 83, Chakwal 86, Pasban 90, 4072, 4943, 5039, 6529-11, and 6544-6 were highly responsive to P application for SDM. Shoot P uptake in genotypes at adequate P level was about 3-times higher than those genotypes grown at stress P level. Differences in P concentration of shoot ranged between 2.00 to 3.06 mg P g^?1 in stress P level treatment, and had a significant positive correlation with P harvest index (PHI) (r = 0.558?, P < 0.05) and root efficiency ratio (RER) (r = 0.611?, P < 0.05) and negative correlation with P efficiency ratio (PER) (r = ?0.909??, P < 0.01). A significantly positive correlation of P utilization index (PUI) and SDM (r = 0.784??, P < 0.01) and non-significant negative correlation (r = ?0.483) of PUI with P concentration in shoot implies that wheat genotypes with higher PUI may be selected for P deficient milieu. Genotypes with higher PUI (>0.8 g mg^?1 P) in rook phosphate treatment were Inqlab-91, Pak-81, Lu 26s, Parvaz 94, 4072, 4770, 4943, and 5039. There was no interrelationship observed between shoot P uptake and P efficiency in stress P level treatment. However, highly significant and positive correlation (r = 0.720??, P < 0.01) between PHI and RER suggested that shoot P uptake depended upon root efficiency and it increased with the increase in P uptake per unit RDM. Consequently, this resulted in increased SDM which is evident from the significant positive correlation (r = 0.833??, P < 0.01) between SDM and shoot P uptake. In summary, the findings suggest that PUI and RER may be used for selecting P efficient wheat genotypes (e.g., 4072, 4770, 4943, Pak 81, and Inqlab 91) for dry matter production and P use.     

Effect of Zinc Application on Cadmium Uptake of Maize Grown in Alkaline Soil

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of zinc (Zn) application on cadmium (Cd) uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in alkaline soil. Four doses of cadmium (Cd; 0, 2.5, 5, and 10 ppm) in the form of cadmium chloride and four doses of Zn (0, 10, 20, and 40 ppm) in the form of zinc sulfate were applied to the soils. Plants were harvested at the 45th day of their developments. The Cd amounts in shoots and roots were analyzed separately. Significant differences between Cd amounts in shoots and roots are obtained with the application of different Zn doses (P < 0.01). In all Cd levels, Zn application increases Cd in both shoots and roots relative to Cd contents of plants grown in the pots that not applied Zn. It is also found that Cd content of the roots is greater than that of shoots.     

Differential Growth Performance of 15 Wheat Genotypes for Grain Yield and Phosphorus Uptake on a Low Phosphorus Soil Without and With Applied Phosphorus Fertilizer

ABSTRACT

Two field experiments were conducted to compare 15 wheat genotypes at two phosphorus (P) levels (zero-P control or low P level—without application of P fertilizer on soil with 8 mg extractable P kg^?1, and adequate P level—with P fertilizer applied at 52 kg P ha^?1) for yield, P uptake, and P utilization efficiency (P efficiency ratio—PER, P harvest index—PHI, and P physiological efficiency index—PPEI). On the average of two experiments, substantial and significant differences were observed among wheat genotypes for both grain and straw yields at both P levels. Grain yields ranged from 2636 to 4455 kg ha^?1 in the zero-P control, and from 2915 to 4753 kg ha^?1 at adequate P level. Genotype 5039 produced the maximum grain yield, while 6529-11 had the minimum grain yield at both P levels. Relative reduction in grain yield due to P deficiency stress (PSF) ranged from none to 32%, indicating differential P requirements of genotypes. Genotypes 4943, Pasban 90, Inqlab 91, PB 85, Lu 26s, 4770, Chakwal 86, 4072, 6544-6, and 5039 had little or no response to P application. Phosphorus responsive genotypes included FSD 83, Kohinoor 83, Parvaz-94, Pak 81, and 6529-11. A non-significant correlation (r = ?0.466, P > 0.05) between grain and PSF in zero-P control treatment also indicated the least effect of P deficiency on some wheat genotypes. A wide range of PPEI (270–380 kg grain kg^?1 P absorbed in grain + straw at control P level, and 210–330 kg grain kg^?1 P absorbed in grain + straw at adequate P level) indicated differential utilization of absorbed P by the genotypes for grain production. This indicated that wheat genotypes differed considerably in their P requirement for growth and responsiveness to P application. The findings also suggested that PPEI was a better parameter for measuring P efficiency than other parameters, and can be used for selecting P efficient genotypes, because it relates to the internal concentration of a nutrient and genetic makeup of plant. It is concluded that genotypes having ability to produce relatively high grain yield, good command to tune P within plant and high PPEI are suited to low P soil conditions. Genotypes 4072, Inqlab 91, 4943, Pak 81 and 5039 were P efficient and had above mentioned abilities, while genotypes FSD 83, 6544-6, and 6529-11 were P inefficient. It should be noted that traits related to P efficiency are inheritable and can be used to improve P use efficiency of a genotype through back cross breeding programs.     

Effects of Nickel on Growth and Composition of Metal Micronutrients in Barley Plants Grown in Nutrient Solution

Abstract

A hydroponic experiment was conducted in a phytotron at pH 5.5 to study the effects of nickel (Ni) on the growth and composition of metal micronutrients, such as copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn), of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Minorimugi). Four Ni treatments were conducted (0, 1.0, 10, and 100 μM) for 14 d. Plants grown in 100 μM Ni showed typical visual symptoms of Ni toxicity such as chlorosis, necrosis of leaves, and browning of the root system, while other plants were free from any symptoms. Dry weights were the highest in plants grown in 1.0 μM Ni, with a corresponding increase in the chlorophyll index of the plants, suggesting that 1.0～10 μM Ni needs to be added to the nutrient solution for optimum growth of barley plants. The increase of Ni in the nutrient solutions increased the concentrations of Cu and Fe in roots, while a decrease was observed in shoots. The concentrations of Mn and Zn in shoots and roots of plants decreased with increasing Ni supply in the nutrient solution. Shoot concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn in plants grown at 100 μ M Ni were below the critical levels for deficiency. Plants grown at 1.0 μ M Ni accumulated higher amounts of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, indicating that nutrient accumulation in plants was more influenced by dry weights than by nutrient concentrations. The translocation of Cu and Fe from roots to shoots was repressed, while that of Mn and Zn was not repressed with increasing Ni concentration in the nutrient solution.     

Responses of Wheat Genotypes to Zinc Fertilization Under Saline Soil Conditions

ABSTRACT

A greenhouse experiment with four bread wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] genotypes, ‘Rushan,’ ‘Kavir,’ ‘Cross,’ and ‘Falat,’ and a durum wheat [Triticum durum L.] genotype, ‘Dur-3,’ at two zinc (Zn) rates (0 and 15 mg Zn kg^?1 dry soil) and four salinity levels (0, 60, 120, and 180 mM NaCl) was conducted. After 45 d of growth, the shoots were harvested, and Zn, iron (Fe), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and cadmium (Cd) concentrations were determined. In the absence of added Zn, visual Zn deficiency symptoms were observed to be more severe in ‘Dur-3’ and ‘Kavir’ than in other genotypes. The effect of Zn deficiency on shoot dry matter was similar to its effect on visual deficiency symptoms, such that shoot growth was most depressed in ‘Kavir’ and ‘Dur-3.’ At the 180 mM treatment, Zn fertilization had no effect on shoot dry matter of genotypes. Genotypes with high Zn efficiency had greater shoot Zn content than genotypes with low Zn efficiency. In the absence of added Zn, the Dur-3, and ‘Cross’ genotypes had the highest and lowest Cd concentrations, respectively. Application of Zn had a positive effect on salt tolerance of plants.     

锌对不同基因型玉米幼苗光合特性及锌积累的影响

为探究不同基因型玉米幼苗对锌敏感性差异,以玉米杂交品种天农九(TN9)和信玉9(XY9)为材料,研究不同Zn浓度(0.00、0.01、0.1、1.0、10.0、100μmol·L-1)对叶片光合色素含量、光合作用参数及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,玉米最适生长锌浓度为0.1~1μmol·L-1,低锌(0~0.01μmol·L-1)和高锌(10~100μmol·L-1)条件均对不同基因型玉米幼苗的生长产生抑制作用,其中XY9在低锌及高锌胁迫下光合参数及光合色素含量降幅显著,从而导致其植株长势和干物质积累等对锌浓度的动态响应更为强烈,而TN9则对低锌及高锌环境具有较强的适应性。同时,随着锌处理浓度的不断升高,玉米植株中锌含量和积累量均逐渐升高,锌利用率则逐渐降低,其中XY9植株锌积累量低于TN9,而锌利用率则高于TN9;相比于不敏感型品种(TN9),敏感型品种(XY9)对锌的吸收、积累和利用受锌浓度变化的影响更为明显。本研究为植物锌高效利用研究提供理论基础。     

Screening of Wheat Genotypes for Boron Efficiency

Several sand culture and field experiments were conducted to screen out a number of Bangladeshi wheat varieties and advanced lines for boron (B) efficiency against Thai B efficient (‘Fang 60’) and inefficient (‘SW41’ and ‘E12’) varieties. Performances of wheat genotypes were evaluated with respect to flag leaf B concentration, pollen viability, grain set index, and grain yield. Wheat genotypes responded differently to boron deficiency. Pollen viability was found to be 67% in ‘Kanchan’, 35% in ‘Gourab’, 80% in ‘Sourav’, 90% in ‘Fang 60’, and 25% in ‘SW 41’ when B was not added. Pollen viability of all varieties was above 90% when B was applied. Based on grain set index and leaf B concentration, ‘Sourav’ was found to be the moderately B efficient variety. Thus, ‘Sourav’ can be regarded as a breeding material for development of new wheat varieties for tolerance to B deficiency.     

Influence of Humic Acid in Diluted Nutrient Solution on Growth,Nutrient Efficiency,and Postharvest Attributes of Gerbera

A hydroponics experiment was conducted to study the effect of humic acid (HA) on gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) cv. Malibu in different diluted nutrient solutions. The HA (500 mgL^?1) was added to a nutrient solution (NS) of gerbera with two dilution levels of NS, ½ NS and ¼ NS, and full-strength nutrient solution (NSc). The HA application compensated for nitrogen, magnesium, and iron deficiency in the ½ NS. Nutrient utilization efficiency (NUTE) of nitrogen in shoot decreased and that of Fe increased in the ½ NS compared with the ¼ NS when HA was applied. The number of harvested flowers per plant was the greatest in the NSc and the ½ NS with incorporating HA. Flower vase life improved by increasing NS level (9.33 days). It seems HA could be successfully considered as a compound to decrease nutrients input in gerbera hydroponics production.     

生物炭-凹凸棒土复合材料对水稻土锌镉的钝化及土壤养分和酶活性的影响研究

为了比较生物炭、凹凸棒土以及生物炭-凹凸棒土复合材料3种钝化剂对锌镉复合污染水稻土的钝化修复效果,本研究利用傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、比表面积表征(BET)和扫描电镜(SEM)等技术手段对稻壳生物炭和凹凸棒土样品进行表征,并采用土培试验研究稻壳生物炭、凹凸棒土及生物炭-凹凸棒土复合材料对实际重...     

Direct and Residual Effects of Zinc on Zinc-Efficient and Zinc-Inefficient Rice Genotypes Grown under Low-Zinc-Content Submerged Acidic Conditions

Zinc (Zn) deficiency has been identified as a major cause of poor yield in rice. Flooding and submergence bring about a decline in available Zn due to pH changes and the formation of insoluble Zn compounds. A field experiment (undisturbed randomized complete block design with three replications) was conducted in farmers’ fields of Kedah state during 2008 and 2009 to determine the direct and residual response of Zn on rice genotypes at the rates of 0 and 15 kg Zn ha^?1 in low-Zn-content acidic submerged soil. The genotypes differed significantly in grain yield and its components. Single application of Zn significantly increased the growth and yield of the crop for two seasons. Based on the grain yield efficiency index, the most Zn-efficient genotypes were MR 106 and Seri Malaysia Dua. Two genotypes, MR 220 and MR 219, were moderately efficient, but MR 211 and Bahagia were classified as inefficient.