不同灌水条件下施硫对冬小麦碳、氮、硫物质积累及产量的影响

2009～2010年在河南农业大学科教示范园区,以2个中筋小麦品种多穗型豫农949和大穗型兰考矮早8为供试材料,设置不同灌水次数和施硫试验,研究不同灌水条件下施硫对冬小麦碳、氮、硫物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明,随灌水次数的增加,两品种小麦干物质积累量逐渐升高,且在开花期和成熟期干物质积累量表现为S60显著高于S0;施硫结合灌水1～2次可提高小麦干物质在各器官的积累量,以子粒干物质积累量最多,茎+叶、穗轴+颖壳次之,而各器官分配无显著差异;补施硫肥提高了子粒中氮和硫的含量,但随灌水次数的增加子粒和营养器官中氮含量呈下降趋势,以W0处理含量最高。随着灌水次数的增加,两品种穗粒数、千粒重和产量呈升高趋势,且以S60W2处理达到最大值,较S0W0处理增幅达34.29%,品种间达显著差异,豫农949表现优于兰考矮早8。综上所述,本试验条件下,施用硫肥60 kg/hm2结合灌水1～2次有利于冬小麦干物质和碳氮硫积累分配及产量的提高,品种间对硫的响应有差异。     

喷灌与地面灌溉条件下冬小麦籽粒灌浆过程特性分析

为比较喷灌和地面灌溉条件下冬小麦籽粒灌浆过程特性的差异,进而探讨喷灌对作物产量形成的影响机制,该研究以百农矮抗58为试验材料,采用大田试验的方法,应用Richards模型对喷灌和地面灌溉条件下冬小麦强势粒、弱势粒的籽粒灌浆过程进行了模拟。建立在Richards模型基础上的籽粒生长分析显示：与地面灌溉相比,喷灌处理使冬小麦强势粒、弱势粒的千粒质量均显著性提高。灌浆特征参数的比较表明,喷灌处理使冬小麦强势粒、弱势粒的起始势增强,到达最大灌浆速率的时间提前,平均灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率均增大。阶段灌浆特征参数的比较表明,在籽粒灌浆的前期,喷灌处理使冬小麦强势粒、弱势粒的灌浆持续期缩短,平均灌浆速率增加;在籽粒灌浆的中期和后期,喷灌处理使强势粒的灌浆速率均得到了提高,但对其灌浆持续期没有显著影响,使弱势粒的灌浆持续期均延长,灌浆速率均得到了提高。总体上讲,喷灌处理对弱势粒粒质量的影响程度大于强势粒,表明喷灌提高冬小麦的千粒质量主要是通过提高弱势粒的千粒质量来实现的。     

不同施硫量对冬小麦光合特性和产量的影响

以8901-11和4185两个冬小麦品种为材料,于2001～2002年度在河北农业大学教学基地进行了试验,研究了不同施硫水平对小麦光合特性和产量的影响。试验设4个施硫量处理,分别为S0、30、60、90kg/hm2,采用裂区设计,3次重复。试验结果表明,在一定的供硫范围内(0～60kg/hm2),顶部功能叶在各生育时期,倒3叶和旗叶在展开到衰亡过程中的叶绿素含量增加,光合速率提高,可溶性蛋白质含量增加。在该施硫量范围内,两品种的产量均随着施硫量的增加而增加,且以60kg/hm2的施硫量水平产量最高,单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和千粒重随施硫量的变化趋势也同产量的变化趋势基本一致。     

施氮量和底追比例对小麦氮素吸收利用及子粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响

在大田栽培条件下,运用15N示踪技术研究了不同施氮量和底追肥比例对小麦氮素利用和子粒产量及蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥提高了小麦植株的氮素积累量、子粒产量、蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量。相同施氮量条件下增加追肥氮的比例,提高了氮肥农学利用率和吸收利用率,增加了植株地上部器官(子粒+营养器官)中追肥氮、土壤氮的积累量,提高了营养器官中氮素的转运量和开花后氮素的同化量,增加了子粒蛋白质含量。相同的氮素底追肥比例条件下,将240.kg/hm2施氮量降至168.kg/hm2的处理,氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥偏生产力提高,子粒中土壤氮的积累量增加,植株地上部器官中土壤氮的积累量亦增加,开花后氮素同化量提高,子粒蛋白质含量增加。各施氮处理间子粒产量无显著差异。在本试验条件下,施氮量为168.kg/hm2且全部于拔节期追施是兼顾产量、品质和效益的优化处理。     

限水灌溉下施氮量对冬小麦产量、氮素利用及氮平衡的影响

2008~2009年通过大田试验,研究了限水灌溉条件下,不同施氮量对冬小麦产量、氮素利用、土壤硝态氮动态变化及氮素平衡的影响。结果表明,施用氮肥显著增加小麦穗数和穗粒数,对千粒重无显著影响。作物产量、吸氮量与施氮量均呈抛物线关系,施氮量超过N240 kg/hm2,产量和吸氮量随施氮量增加略有降低。小麦起身期后,0—100 cm土层都有硝态氮分布,且随土层深度增加而减少;相同土层则随施氮量的增加而增加。土壤硝态氮积累量随生育期推进而降低,N0和N120处理分别在拔节期和开花期后表现出氮素亏缺;成熟期,土壤表观盈余以残留为主,表观损失量占小部分。氮肥表观利用率、农学利用率随施氮量增加呈降低趋势,而氮素残留率随施氮量增加呈增加趋势。在本试验条件下,施氮量在N 180~220 kg/hm2水平可以达到产量、氮素表观利用率、氮素残留率的较好结合,是限水灌溉下兼顾经济效益与环境效益的适宜施氮量。     

不同灌溉措施对黄淮海地区冬小麦水氮利用及产量和品质的影响

通过设置不同灌溉处理来研究灌溉次数和时期对黄淮海地区冬小麦产量、籽粒品质和水氮利用的影响。结果表明:浇足底墒基础上拔节期灌一水不仅可获得较高的产量并提高水氮利用效率,减低硝态氮淋失风险,而且可获得较好的物理品质(硬度指数、容重)和蛋白质品质(粗蛋白、湿面筋和沉淀值)及最优的粉质仪质量指数、拉伸仪参数和降落数值。在此基础上增加冻水、开花水、灌浆水等处理的产量增加不显著,各项品质指标没有明显改善,水分利用效率降低,而且显著增加硝态氮淋失风险;因而黄淮海地区最优的节水灌溉模式是浇足底墒基础上拔节至挑旗期灌溉一水。     

Water stress effects on biochemical traits and antioxidant activities of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under In vitro conditions

Water stress is one of the major environmental stresses that affect agricultural production worldwide, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. This research investigated the effect of water deficit, induced by PEG-6000 on wheat genotypes (GA-2002, Chakwal-97, Uqab-2000, Chakwal-50 and Wafaq-2001) grown in modified MS medium solution. Osmotic stress caused a more pronounced inhibition in leaf relative water content and leaf membrane stability more sensitive (index in Wafaq-2001 and Uqab-2000) genotypes compared with the tolerant (Chakwal-50, GA-2002 and Chakwal-97) genotypes. Upon dehydration, an incline in proline, total soluble sugar, total soluble protein, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and malondialdehyde activity content were evident in all genotypes, especially at osmotic stress of ?8 bars. The observed data showed that status of biochemical attributes and antioxidant enzymes could provide a meaningful tool for depicting drought tolerance of wheat genotypes. The present study shows that genotypic differences in drought tolerance could be likely attributed to the ability of wheat plants to induce antioxidant defense under drought conditions. In order to develop genotypes with stable, higher yields in dry farming conditions, it is necessary to characterise genetic resources based on drought adaptation, determine suitable genotypes, and then use them in breeding programmes.     

Predicting grain yield and protein content in winter wheat at different N supply levels using canopy reflectance spectra

A field experiment using a split-plot randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out to determine relationships between spectral indices and wheat grain yield （GY）, to compare the performance of four vegetation indices （VIs） for GY prediction, and to study the feasibility of VI to estimate grain protein content （GPC） in winter wheat. Two typical winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） cultivars ＇Xuzhou 26＇ （high protein content） and ＇Huaimai 18＇ （low protein content） were used as the main plot treatments and four N rates, i.e., 0, 120, 210, and 300 kg N ha^-1, as the sub-plot treatments. Increasing soil N supply significantly increased GY and GPC （P ≤ 0.05）. For the two cultivars combined, significant and positive correlations were found between four VIs and GY, with the strongest relationship observed when using the green ratio vegetation index （GRVI） at mid-filling. Cumulative VI estimates improved yield predictions substantially, with the best interval being heading to maturity stage. Similar results were found between VI and grain protein yield. However, when using cumulative VI, GPC showed no significant improvement. The strong relationship between leaf N status and GPC （R2 =0.9144 for ＇Xuzhou 26＇ and R2 = 0.8285 for ＇Huaimai 18＇） indicated that canopy spectra could be used to predict GPC. The strong fit between estimated and observed GPC （R2 = 0.7939） indicated that remote sensing techniques were potentially useful predictors of grain protein content and quality in wheat.     

不同冬小麦品种氮素吸收运转特性及其与子粒蛋白质含量的关系

选用济南17、鲁麦22、泰山021三个产量水平相近,品质不同的冬小麦品种,利用15N同位素示踪技术研究氮素吸收运转特性及其与子粒蛋白质含量的关系。结果表明,小麦植株一生所吸收的氮素,72.51%～73.57%来自土壤氮,26.43%～27.49%来自肥料氮;其中11.43%来自底施氮,15.60%来自追施氮。开花期肥料氮和土壤氮在济南17中的积累量最高,泰山021最低,鲁麦22介于其间。开花后营养器官中积累的氮素向子粒转移,对子粒氮素积累的贡献为叶片>茎+叶鞘>颖壳+穗轴,品种间比较,鲁麦22转移率最高,泰山021最低,济南17介于其间。基于以上生理原因,鲁麦22最终获得最高子粒蛋白质含量。     

不同施氮时期对冬小麦子粒蛋白质组分及其动态变化的影响

2002～2003年在新疆乌鲁木齐和昌吉两个试验点,进行新疆不同栽培条件下氮肥施用时期对冬小麦子粒产量和蛋白质组分变化的研究。试验结果表明,在氮肥施用量一定的情况下,拔节期施氮处理小麦产量显著高于返青期和孕穗期施氮的处理,说明拔节期施氮有利于实现小麦高产。在新疆冬小麦栽培条件下,随施氮时期后移,子粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量有所减少,而醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白的含量增加;孕穗期施氮可以明显提高子粒麦谷蛋白的含量,有利于小麦加工品质的改善。不同施氮时期对小麦产量和品质的影响不同,施氮时期后移能提高小麦子粒的麦谷/醇溶比值;但不同品种在不同地区种植,其施氮时期后移的效应存在一定的差异。     

铜氮配施对冬小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响

在豫中潮土区通过田间裂区试验研究了铜、氮配施对冬小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质的影响。结果表明,氮肥对冬小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质产量影响达极显著水平,对蛋白质含量影响不显著。铜肥对籽粒产量和蛋白质产量的影响都达到极显著水平,对籽粒蛋白质含量影响达显著水平。氮、铜交互对冬小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质产量影响达极显著差异,对蛋白质含量影响也达显著差异。综合考虑产量和蛋白质因素,本试验条件下,铜、氮配施以N1Cu2处理(即施氮120 kg.hm-2,施铜45 kg.hm-2)为适宜的铜、氮配施比例。     

Changes of heavy metals in soil and wheat grain under long-term environmental impact and fertilization practices in North China

Abstract

We evaluated the effects of long-term fertilization on heavy metals in soil and wheat grain under no-fertilizer control (CK), nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers (NPK), NPK plus straw (NPKS), and NPK plus manure (NPKM) treatments. Total lead (Pb) significantly increased in the CK over the initial soil. All fertilization treatments increased soil total arsenic (As) than CK, and the NPKM increased total cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) than NPK. All fertilization treatments increased soil available As and Cd than CK, and the NPKM increased available As and chromium (Cr) than NPK. The NPKS decreased grain As, Cd, Cu, and bran Cr, Zn, and Pb; but the NPKM increased grain Cr, Pb, and bran As, and Cu than NPK. Under current manure fertilization systems, the maximum bearing year of soil for As, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, and nickel (Ni) was 1136, 2990, 694, 1530, 910, and 1555?years, respectively.     

土壤压实对土壤物理性质及小麦氮磷钾吸收的影响

为了研究土壤压实对土壤物理性质以及小麦养分吸收情况的影响,在2006和2007年进行了两轮田间试验.试验中,先用旋耕机对田块进行旋耕,耕深10cm,然后使用手扶式、轮式、履带式拖拉机在旋耕后的田块中通过1次(T1)、2次(T2)、4次(T3)以对土壤进行压实处理,对照组(T4)不作任何压实处理.压实处理后再次对土壤表层进行浅旋耕,耕深5 cm,耕后用播种机进行小麦播种,小麦品种为南京-601.试验结果发现,次表层土壤的压实处理显著影响次表层土壤的容重,孔隙度,小麦蛋白质含量以及植物中N、P、K的含量.除次表层的土壤容重在T3组中最大,T4组中最小外,其他参数值在T4组中最大,T3组中最小.并且,随着次表层土壤压实程度的增加,几乎所有的参数(土壤容重除外)都有所减少.不过,与第一年相比,参数值在第二年略有增加.总之,土壤压实严重破坏土壤结构,不利于小麦对养分的吸收.     

氮肥运筹对四川丘陵区机播套作小麦群体质量及产量的影响

以四川大面积推广应用的中筋小麦品种川麦42为材料,采用两因素裂区试验设计,研究了不同施氮量和施氮方式对带式机播套作小麦（播幅为净作的50%）群体质量和产量的影响。结果表明,套作小麦拔节后的叶面积指数（LAI）、干物质积累量均随施氮量的增加而提高,粒叶比则在中等偏高施氮量（N 180 kg /hm2）时最大;底肥:拔节肥=7:3的施氮方式有效地提高了花后LAI、干物质日积累速率及粒叶比。对产量影响方面,有效穗和穗粒数随施氮量的增加而提高,成穗率和千粒重则在N 180 kg /hm2时最高,底肥:拔节肥=7:3的施氮方式提高了成穗率。相关分析表明,孕穗后的LAI、孕穗期的干物质积累以及拔节至孕穗期的干物质日积累速率与产量呈显著或极显著正相关。本试验条件下,在施氮量为N 180 kg/hm2、施氮方式为底肥:拔节肥=7:3时,套作小麦产量构成因素协调好,产量最高,达4800.4 kg/hm2,与生产上大面积净作小麦产量相当。其群体质量指标为:基本苗184.5万株/hm2,成穗数225.3万穂/hm2,成穗率72.8%,孕穗期LAI 4.68,灌浆期LAI 2.11,花后干物质积累量1600.6 kg/hm2,结实粒数9652.5万粒/hm2,粒叶比11.501mg/cm2。     

Estimation of yield and dry matter of winter wheat using logistic model under different irrigation water regimes and nitrogen application rates

Complex simulation models need considerable input data that may be unavailable. In this study, based on growing degree days, a simple and empirical logistic model was used to predict top dry matter (DM) and grain yield (GY) of winter wheat in a semiarid area. For calibration and validation of the model, winter wheat cv. Shiraz was cultivated for two growing seasons (2009–2010 and 2010–2011) under different levels of irrigation water and nitrogen application rates. The coefficients of the logistic model and the harvest index were related to the seasonal amount of applied water (I) plus rainfall (R) and applied nitrogen plus residual soil mineral nitrogen (N + N_r) with good accuracy in 2009–2010. The values of DM were estimated using the developed empirical logistic model during the growing season in 2010–2011. Results also indicated that there was a good agreement between the measured and predicted GY in 2010–2011 with fair accuracy. Therefore, it is concluded that the presented model is appropriate for prediction of DM and GY of winter wheat at the study region.     

不同水分条件下分层施磷对冬小麦根系分布及产量的影响

研究不同水分条件下分层施磷对冬小麦根长分布、水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)及产量的影响,旨在找出旱地农业最佳水肥处理方式。试验设不施磷(CK)、表施磷(surface P,SP)、深施磷(deep P,DP)和侧深施磷(deep-band P,DBP)4种处理,每个施磷水平下设补充灌溉(W1)和干旱(整个生育期无补充灌溉)(W2)2种水分处理。结果表明,施磷位置及补充灌溉显著(P0.05)影响冬小麦孕穗期根长分布、WUE及产量,同时会改变根系空间分布。干旱胁迫使冬小麦0~30 cm土层根长密度下降,降低17.5%,却促进了30 cm以下土层根长发育,增加13.3%,促进对土壤水分和磷素的吸收,从而提高产量。无论灌溉与否,施磷处理0~30 cm土层根长密度、吸磷量、WUE及产量均显著高于CK(P0.05)。施磷位置对冬小麦WUE和产量的影响随土壤水分而异,无补充灌溉时,与磷肥表施相比,磷肥深施显著增加WUE和产量(P0.05),分别平均增加28.5%和16.0%,且深层根长(30~100 cm)与吸磷量、WUE和产量的变化趋势一致;而在补充灌溉时,与磷肥表施相比,磷肥深施却显著降低WUE(P0.05),平均降低13.3%,且深层根长与WUE、产量的关系缺乏规律性。该试验结果表明,土壤水分供应不足时,磷肥深施有利于促进冬小麦深层土壤根系生长发育,提高对土壤水分吸收利用能力,从而利于形成高产。该研究可为理解作物生长及产量对水分养分空间耦合的响应提供理论依据。     

Differences in antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative markers in ten wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) genotypes in response to drought,heat and paraquat stress

Changes in enzymatic antioxidants and oxidative injury were evaluated in leaves of 10 wheat genotypes under drought, heat and paraquat (PQ) stress. The seedlings of wheat were germinated in plastic pots and grown in a greenhouse under semi-controlled conditions. Each treatment was performed at the 4th–5th leaf stage. Antioxidant enzyme activities catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX), lipid peroxidation (LPO), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production, chlorophyll content and cell membrane leakage were determined. Results indicated that the three treatments decreased membrane stability, chlorophyll content and increased the LPO, H₂O₂ content and activities of CAT and GPOX. The ANOVA analysis revealed significant differences between genotypes in response to the various treatments imposed. Wheat genotypes Bidi 17, Beliouni and Djennah khetifa showed the lowest LPO and H₂O₂ content and the highest total chlorophyll content, relative electrolyte leakage (REL), CAT and GPOX activities, while Colosseo, Waha, Vitron and Benisuif showed the lowest antioxidant defends, lowest REL and the highest H₂O₂ and MDA contents. Oued zenati, Beltagy and Bousselam showed intermediate response in terms of oxidative stress and antioxidant activity.     

Effects of sulphur application on grain yield and quality,and assessment of sulphur status in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract

Winter wheat was grown in 26 field trials in Norway during the period 2004–2006. The main aim was to determine the effect of various sulphur (S) fertilization strategies at two different nitrogen (N) levels on grain yield and quality of winter wheat. With the exception of four trials in central Norway, all the trials were located in the south-eastern part of the country.

Increasing the N fertilization from 170 to 210 kg N ha^?1 resulted in significantly higher grain protein content (GPC) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) sedimentation volume. On clayey soils in southeast Norway, increased N-fertilization also resulted in higher grain yield and lower test weight and thousand grain weight (tgw).

Omitting S fertilization significantly reduced grain yields on sandy soils in southeast Norway and on loam and silt loam in central Norway, whereas no yield reduction was found on clay soils. SDS sedimentation volume and specific SDS (sSDS = SDS/GPC) were significantly reduced when S-fertilization was omitted. GPC was reduced by S fertilization in central Norway. Generally there were no significant responses at application rates higher than 12 kg S ha^?1.

The malate:sulphate method is a field-based diagnostic test used to determine whether S deficiency is likely to occur. The results did not indicate that this test is reliable under Norwegian conditions. On the other hand, the use of a chlorophyll meter measurements to assess S status gave promising results.     

Impact of in-season split application of nitrogen on intra-panicle grain dynamics,grain quality,and vegetative indices that govern nitrogen use efficiency in sorghum

Background

The correct rate and timing of nitrogen (N) has the potential to improve sorghum productivity through modified grain yield components and quality. The impacts of in-season split application of N have little documentation.

Aim

An experiment was conducted to determine the optimum rate and timing of N to relate vegetative indices that govern nitrogen use efficiency and to maximize grain yield and quality under different soil types.

Methods

Pioneer 86P20 was grown in three environments on two different soil types following a completely randomized block design with nine N application treatments. Treatments included differing N rates applied at critical developmental stages of sorghum (planting, panicle initiation, and booting), accompanied with high temporal aerial phenotyping.

Results

Opportunities to increase grain protein content while using split N applications were observed, with panicle initiation identified as a critical developmental stage. In-season split application of N enhances grain yield under low soil mineral N. Split application of 31 kg N ha⁻¹ each at the time of planting, panicle initiation, and booting emerged as optimum N treatment to increase protein content in sorghum. Vegetative indices, that is, normalized difference vegetation index and normalized difference red edge index are capable of predicting grain yield and protein content, respectively. Intra-panicle grain numbers and weights were altered significantly at different portions within panicles, with an opportunity to enhance yield potential at the bottom portion. The strong stay-green trait in this hybrid locked a large proportion of nitrogen in the leaves, which warrants the need for balancing stay-green and senescence in sorghum improvement programs.

Conclusions

Findings highlight that in grain sorghum remobilization of residual leaf N into grain is a target to increase yield and grain quality. An optimized stay-green trait balanced with senescence is recommended for enhancing sorghum yield potential.     

The effect of foliar application of Moringa leaf extract on biomass,grain yield of wheat and applied nutrient efficiency

Moringa leaf extracts (MLE) from two varieties of Moringa oleifera Lam. were applied to leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in two glasshouse experiments. MLE was extracted from the leaves of using three different solvents (hexane, butanol; ethyl-acetate). The extracts were applied as foliar sprays at different growth stages of wheat (T. aestivum L.) grown on two soil types with either adequate or low phosphorus (P) nutrient additions at Albany, Western Australia. Sprays were applied at the 4–5 leaf (tillering) and the 7-leaf (Boot) stage either as a single spray or a combination of sprays at tillering and boot stage. The application of MLE either at tillering or boot stage increased the dry weight of shoots (biomass) and grain yield of wheat. A foliar spray of MLE applied at tillering increased biomass at the boot stage by ～37% and grain yield increased by ～34% compared to nil MLE spray. A single spray of MLE increased grain yield by ～30% when applied at boot stage. A single application at tillering gave a better yield response than a single spray at the 7-leaf or boot or than a double spray applied at tillering and boot stage. A 50% dilution of the extractant concentration gave the same grain yield response as the original concentration applied at tillering stage. The hexane extracts gave the significantly higher grain yield responses. Plant tissue and grain analysis showed no significant difference in protein and nutrient concentration of wheat grain from plants sprayed with and without MLE. A MLE spray at boot also increased grain yield by 44% on the red sandy-loam soil where P application was at sub-optimum levels, ～80% of P requirement for maximum yield. The partial factor productivity (PFP) index indicated that the P and potassium (K) use improved where MLE was applied as a foliar spray. For example, the PFP of P and K for grain yield increased by about 30%, where MLE was sprayed to foliage. The results of this study indicate that MLE extracted can potentially be a viable option to increase wheat grain yield and fertilizer efficiency use, particularly P and K, in Mediterranean wheat production system.