BIOMASS ALLOCATION AND NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION IN RYEGRASS UNDER WATER AND NITROGEN SUPPLIES

Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in grassland is known to sustain with water and nitrogen (N). This study investigates biomass and N partitioning in plant organs (roots, main and the youngest tillers) under water-nitrogen interactions. Nitrogen was applied at the rates of 50 and 100 mg N kg^?1 as N₁ (low N) and N₂ (high N) treatments, respectively, with uniform irrigation until 440 growing degree-days (GDD). Thereafter, the water supply was restricted to 50 mL on a weekly basis (W₁) against 50 mL on a daily basis (W₂) and concurrently, N enriched with 1 atom% ¹⁵N isotopes. Cumulative tillers’ biomass increased linearly from 1st to 8th order, but thereafter reached a plateau with further increases in number of negligible weights. Initially tiller mass and number per plan did not differ (P < 0.05) with water and/or N applications but changed at 788 GDD with clear differences at 911 GDD with the highest under N₂W₂ and lowest under N₁W₁. Nitrogen concentration sharply decreased from 530 to 700 GDD and then levelled off with age. The decline was more pronounced in tillers than roots. The high N treatment showed elevated N-concentration under both water treatments. Watering on a daily basis promoted vegetative growth. High water and N levels significantly (P < 0.05) influenced concentration of N absorbed during ¹⁵N labeling (N_L) in all organs with relatively pronounced N_L under N₂. The additive positive effect of W₂ and N₂ was obvious on N_L as compared to N_T, which showed that plants discriminate N-uptake on mass basis. Nitrogen (mobile) was higher in young and ¹⁵N (heavier) was low in young tillers and vice versa. Accumulation of N absorbed during ¹⁵N labeling (¹⁵N_A) was significant knowing that water is a strong determining factor of N concentration in ryegrass organs.     

土壤微生物对施入肥料氮的固持及其动态研究

采集长期定位试验（１４年）土壤（棕壤）进行盆栽试验,并应用同位素＾１５Ｎ示踪技术研究了土壤中微生物对肥料氮的固持及其动态,结果表明,施肥后５天土壤微生物对施入人肥氮的固持达达到最高,除单施氮肥处理的固持量占施入人肥氮量的５．４％外,其余各处理均天１３．３％－１５．４％间,施肥后土壤微生物量氮的增加主要来自化肥氮,后者占微生物体总氮量的６４．１％－８７．３％,在作物生长期间微生物固持的化肥氮逐渐释入     

灌溉水平对冬小麦氮素吸收及氮素平衡的影响

应用15N示踪技术对不同灌溉条件下冬小麦的氮素吸收及氮素平衡进行了研究 ,结果表明 ,冬小麦的氮素积累及对肥料氮的利用率均以高灌处理较高 ,而肥料氮的损失量则以低灌处理较多。在冬小麦的氮素积累过程中 ,低灌的影响主要表现为冬小麦对肥料氮的吸收持续时间较短 ,尤其是对追肥氮的吸收主要集中在施肥后 2 0d内。在肥料氮素损失过程中 ,低灌导致肥料氮在施肥初期损失量过大 ,这是造成低灌条件下的肥料氮素损失总量较大的主要原因     

用15N研究吉林黑土春玉米对氮肥的吸收利用

用1 5N示踪技术在吉林省中部黑土地区进行田间微区试验 ,研究不同氮肥追施深度与次数对氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明 ,两次深追肥处理 ( 1 0～ 1 5cm)比当地传统的垄上一次浅追肥处理 ,肥料氮的利用率从 2 4 5 %提高到 39 0 % ,氮肥深施并增加追肥次数能有效地提高利用率 ;肥料氮的总损失为 1 6%～ 2 7% ,土壤残留率为 34%～ 5 4 % ;吸收的标记肥料氮中有 1 /2是在 8月 1日以后籽粒形成期被玉米吸收利用的 ;氮肥损失的 70 %～ 90 %是在追肥以后 35天期间发生的 ;施肥的激发效应较弱     

15NITROGEN STUDY ON ABSORPTION,DISTRIBUTION AND UTILIZATION OF NITROGEN APPLIED IN EARLY SUMMER IN RED FUJI APPLE

Total nitrogen (N) concentration (N%), N derived from ¹⁵N-fertilizer (Ndff%), amount of ¹⁵N uptake (ANU) in main organs (leaves, shoots, roots, fruits), and N use efficiency (NUE) were measured to assess N absorption, distribution, and utilization of Red Fuji apple trees across two years using a ¹⁵N-enriched urea method. The N% in leaves and fruits decreased while those in shoots and roots increased in both years. The Ndff% and ANU in roots were highest at fruitlet stage than those in leaves, shoots and fruits at mature stages. This suggested that the absorbed ¹⁵N by roots was redistributed to new organs. The N% was lower while Ndff% and ANU were greater in 2008 than 2007. The most ¹⁵N absorbed was accumulated in the trunks, main and coarse roots and smaller in the fine roots and biennial branches. The NUE in 2007 and 2008 reached 9.9% and 12.2% respectively.     

NATURAL ABUNDANCES OF 15NITROGEN AND 13CARBON INDICATIVE OF GROWTH AND N2 FIXATION IN POTASSIUM FED LENTIL GROWN UNDER WATER STRESS

Dual natural abundance analysis of ¹⁵Nitrogen (N) and ¹³Carbon (C) isotopes in lentil plants subjected to different soil moisture levels and rates of potassium (K) fertilizer were determined to assess crop performance variability in terms of growth and N₂-fixation (Ndfa). The δ¹⁵N values in lentils ranged from +0.67 to +1.36‰; whereas, those of the N₂-fixed and reference plant were ?0.45 and +2.94‰, respectively. Consequently, the Ndfa% ranged from 45 and 65% of total plant N uptake. Water stress reduced Δ¹³C values. However, K fertilization enhanced whole plant Δ¹³C along with dry matter yield and N₂-fixation. The water stressed plants amended with K fertilizer seemed to be the best treatment because of its highest pod yield, high N balance, and N₂-fixation with low consumption of irrigation water. This illustrates the ecological and economical importance of K fertilizer in alleviating water stress occurring during the post-flowering period of lentil.     

用~(15)N标记肥料研究旱地冬小麦氮肥利用率与去向

在黄土旱塬 2年的田间试验表明 ,在特殊干旱年里小麦施氮肥增产仍很显著 ,但氮肥效果受到明显抑制 ,施氮处理间小麦产量差异不显著。播种前土壤水分含量对旱作小麦产量有决定性作用。15N微区试验表明 ,尿素作基肥混施入耕层后 ,小麦当年利用率为 3 6 6%～ 3 8 4% ,土壤残留率为 2 9 2 %～ 3 3 6%。氮肥的后效显示 ,土壤残留的氮素可被第 2茬小麦部分利用 ,占施氮量的 2 1 %～ 2 8% ,相当于 0～ 40cm土壤残留氮的 6 7%～ 8 7%。土壤残留的氮素主要集中在 0～ 40cm土层中 ,土壤剖面中残留氮随土壤深度增加而减少。膜间种植对小麦产量、氮肥利用率在试验年里没有显示作用 ,但大大增加了氮肥在土壤中的残留率。     

氮肥水平对鲁梅克斯K-1杂交酸模氮素利用和氮素平衡的影响

鲁梅克斯K 1杂交酸模对氮素的吸收与施氮量的关系可用线性加平台模型描述。植株氮素来自肥料氮的比例Ndff随施氮线性增加 ,但利用率随施氮量先上升后下降 ,变化范围从 32 1 1 %～ 42 78% ,在推荐施氮N3(6 0 0Nkg·hm- 2 )水平下为42 78%。根对肥料氮的截留率与植株利用率的趋势相似 ,在 1 9 87%～ 2 4 37%范围变化 ,植株吸收率在 51 97%～ 6 7 1 5%范围变化。肥料氮的土壤残留率基本不变 ,平均为 2 1 89%。氮肥回收率开始时随施氮无显著变化 ,N3处理后迅速下降 ,损失率趋势与之相同 ,但方向相反 ,在 9 40 %～ 2 5 93%范围变化。在分茬施肥的模式下 ,不同施氮下的土壤全氮不随茬次显著变化 ,但施氮对土壤全氮水平有显著影响 ,土壤全氮的全年周转率随施氮在范围 4 6 7%～ 9 39%变化     

稻草和尿素配施时水稻对肥料氮和土壤氮的吸收利用

利用＾１５Ｎ同位素示踪技术,研究了稻草和尿素配施时水稻对肥料和土壤氮的吸收。结果表明,稻草单施导致土壤速效氮的生物固定,氮素供应不足是影响水稻分蘖成穗的限制因子,稻草配合尿素施用,明显改善肥料氮和土壤氮的供应,既有利于当季水稻增产,也有利于培养土壤肥力,还有利于后茬物作产量的提高 。     

N肥深施深度对小麦吸收利用N的影响

本文应用＾１５Ｎ示踪技术，在川中紫色土上进行了聚土的表层施肥（施肥深度１－２ｃｍ）、中层施肥（深施２５ｃｍ）、底层施肥（深施４５ｃｍ）和平作表层施肥不同处理小麦吸Ｎ特性等的研究。结果表明：Ｎ肥利用率是“平＋表施”〉“聚＋底施”〉“聚＋中施”〉“聚＋表施”，处理间Ｎ肥利用率最高是２３．７８％，小麦一生有３８．７－４４．１％的Ｎ来自肥料。小麦拔节以前无论是聚土还是平作，其表层施肥地上部分ＮＤＦＦ值极显     

COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF UREA FERTILIZATION VIA SUPERGRANULES VERSUS PRILLS ON NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION,YIELD RESPONSE AND NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY OF SPRING WHEAT

The impact of urea prills (1–2 mm) versus urea supergranules (USGs, ～10 mm), placed at different depths, on the growth and nitrogen (N) use efficiency of spring wheat was investigated under greenhouse conditions. The amount of fertilizer ¹⁵N derived from either form was 50% greater in the top soil than at lower depths. The comparatively slower release and distribution of USG-N resulted in enhanced dry matter production and fertilizer-N uptake during the later growth stages that were also associated with a higher translocation of fertilizer-¹⁵N into the grain (34.9% versus 28.7% for the prills). Deeper placements of USGs (5.0–7.5 cm) resulted in greater fertilizer-N recovery in the crop (70.5–78.0%) compared to the use of prills (56.6%). Our results strongly suggest that the proper application of USGs can increase yields and fertilizer-N utilization of wheat and simultaneously decrease N losses compared to equivalent use of prills, and therefore presents important agronomic advantages.     

EFFECTS OF PERENNIAL PEANUT AND COMMON BERMUDAGRASS ON NITROGEN AND WATER UPTAKE OF YOUNG CITRUS TREES

A greenhouse experiment was conducted using a Soil-N Uptake Monitoring (SUM) system to determine nitrogen (N) and water uptake dynamics of citrus (CIT), perennial peanut (PP) (Arachis glabrata Benth), and common bermudagrass (BG) (Cynodon dactylon L.) over time. We also assessed the competition for water and N uptake between citrus and groundcover species and compared citrus N uptake measured using the SUM system with the ¹⁵N method. Nitrogen uptake followed cyclic patterns and was greatest for bermudagrass-based systems, while values were similar for PP and citrus systems. Competition for N uptake did occur during the summer months between citrus and BG, while no obvious competition for N uptake occurred between citrus and PP. Water uptake was greatest for the mixed systems and BG monoculture. Citrus, PP, and BG competed for water during the spring and summer seasons. None of the groundcovers significantly affected overall citrus tree growth. Nitrogen use efficiency was greatest for mixed systems and bermudagrass.     

用15N示踪技术研究高产小麦、玉米的施氮规律

利用稳定性同位素15N示踪技术 ,探索小麦、玉米在高N施肥下的N素营养规律。结果表明 :小麦、玉米对追加15N化肥的吸收利用率为 2 8 42 %～ 46 2 8% ,向籽粒运转量为 5 4 %～68% ,追施N的有效期可连续 3茬作物 ,累计利用率为 5 2 0 7%～ 60 39%。在较高土壤肥力基础上 ,小麦、玉米年产量达 1 5 0 0 0kg hm2 ,小麦最佳氮肥施量为 1 5 0～ 1 87 5kg hm2 ,玉米为 30 0～375kg hm2 。     

Fate of Fertilizer-15N to a Maize Crop Grown in Northern Zambia

Abstract

A field study with maize (Zea mays L.) was conducted in the 1988/89 cropping season to investigate the fate of ¹⁵NO₃-N-labelled NH₄ ¹⁵NO₃ applied at 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha^?1 (unlabelled N applied at 0, 80, 160 and 240 N ha^?1) with and without lime. The investigations were conducted in northern Zambia at Misamfu Regional Research Centre, Kasama on a Misamfu red sandy loam soil. The experimental design was a split plot arrangement with four replications with main plots receiving 0 and 2 Mg ha^?1 dolomitic limestone, while subplots received fertilizer N at various rates. Significant (p < 0.001) grain and DM yield responses to applied N up to 160 kg ha^?1 were observed. At higher rates little or no crop responses were observed and fertilizer use efficiency declined. Partitioning of amounts of total N and ¹⁵N in plants was in the order of seed = tassel > leaf> cob = earleaf> stem. Fertilizer N rates showed a highly significant (p < 0.001) effect on plant uptake of labelled N. Lime and its interaction with N rates had no effect on all measured parameters. Leaching of NO₃-N fertilizer to lower soil depths was in proportion to the rate of N applied, with highly significant (p < 0.001) differences among soil depths. Although higher concentrations of fertilizer-¹⁵N were recovered in the 0–20 cm depth the recovered portion at lower soil depths was still significant. Total recovery of labelled N by plant and by soil after crop harvest averaged 75, 55 and 54% of originally applied fertilizer-¹⁵N at 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha^?1, respectively. Corresponding unaccounted for ¹⁵N was 25, 45 and 46%. The most probable loss mechanism could have been by leaching to depths greater than 60 cm, gaseous losses to the atmosphere and root assimilation.     

应用15N稀释法测定土壤氮素初级转化速率的一些关键技术

本文综合评述了应用~(15)N库稀释法测定土壤氮素初级转化速率的一些关键技术,即~(15)N标记土壤氮库的方法、~(15)N的加入量、丰度和标记物种类的选择,以及初始取样时间的确定。只有合理地运用这些关键技术,才能更准确地测定土壤氮素初级转化速率,进而更真实地表征土壤氮素的实际周转状况。     

高肥力土壤冬小麦生长季肥料氮的去向研究 Ⅰ.冬小麦生长季肥料氮的去向

用15N示踪微区试验研究了常规灌溉和磷钾供应充足的条件下 ,冬小麦生育期肥料氮的去向。结果表明 ,冬小麦对肥料氮的吸收随施氮量的增加而显著增加 ,收获期冬小麦吸收肥料氮占总吸氮量的比例 45% ,吸收土壤氮占 55%。氮肥在整个作物 土壤体系中的回收率随施氮量的增加而显著减少 ,损失量增加。施氮量为 1 2 0kgN hm2 时 ,氮肥的损失率只有 9% ,在作物中的回收率为 45% ,在 0～ 1 0 0cm土壤中的残留率为 45% ;施氮量为 3 60kgN hm2 时 ,氮肥的损失率为 55% ,在作物中的回收率为2 3 % ,在 0～ 1 0 0cm土壤中的回收率为 2 1 %。残留肥料氮以NH4 N存在的数量很少 ,以NO3 N存在的数量随施氮量的增加而显著升高 ,低量施氮时以有机结合态存在的数量远远高于前两种形态 ,但在高量施氮条件下 ,以有机结合态存在的比例与NO3 N相当。肥料氮在 0～ 1 0 0cm土壤各层次中均有残留 ,随着深度的增加 ,残留量减少。从整体上看 ,肥料氮在收获时往下移动超出 1 0 0cm土体。     

Fate of nitrogen derived from 15N-labeled plant residues and composts in rice-planted paddy soil

Pot experiments that lasted for 3 y were conducted to investigate the dynamics of nitrogen derived from plant residues (rice root, hull, straw, corn root, and rapeseed pod-wall), and composts (rice straw compost, cattle manure compost, and cattle manure sawdust compost), which were labeled with ¹⁵N. The rates of nitrogen uptake by rice (=N efficiency), denitrification, and immobilization derived from the organic materials incorporated before the first year of cultivation were investigated throughout 3 y of cultivation. At the end of the first year of cultivation, relatively high rates of N efficiency were obtained for rapeseed pod-wall (24.6%), rice straw (19.1%), and rice hull (18.6%), while corn root and cattle manure sawdust compost displayed a noticeably high denitrification rate. Corn root, cattle manure sawdust compost, rice hull, and rapeseed pod-wall exhibited remarkably high N mineralization rates ranging from 60 to 75% of the organic materials N applied. Cumulative rates of N efficiencies from the organic materials applied before the first year of cultivation fitted well to a first-order kinetic model and their asymptotes were compared among the organic materials. The asymptotic rates of N efficiency tended to depend on the rates at the end of the first year of cultivation.     

有机、无机肥料施用后土壤生物量C、N、P的变化及N素转化

研究结果表明,有机、无机肥施用后,土壤微生物量C、N、P开始增加很快,随着时间的推移,土壤微生物量C又有所降低,但生物量N和P则基本保持稳定。硫铵施入土壤后,微生物对肥料¹⁵N的生物固持10天后达到最高峰,以后被固持在体内的¹⁵N有一部分被逐渐释放出来,但一个月后仍有17%左右的¹⁵N被固持在微生物体内。硫铵与有机肥配合施用时,微生物对硫铵¹⁵N固持比例有所增加。有机肥中的¹⁵N被微生物固持的比例也较大,在肥料施入20天左右达到最大值,一个月后仍有19-25%存在于微生物体内。硫铵施用一个月后¹⁵N损失高达18%,有机肥中的N也有少量被损失。