Absorption of copper by Iris pseudacorus

Iris pseudacorous has been shown to possess a high affinity for absorption of heavy metals. Tests with Cu²⁺ solutions indicate that a higher amount of adsorbed metal is found in the roots than in the rhizome or leaves. High concentrations of sodium chloride as well as surfactants (both anionic and non ionic) have little affect on metal absorption. Sequestering agents prevent absorption, while weak ligands partially hinder.     

Deficiency of manganese is alleviated more by low zinc than low copper in wheat

Abstract

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) var. Sonalika was grown in purified sand in complete nutrient solution (normal), deficient manganese (Mn) (0.0055 mg L^‐1), deficient copper (Cu) (0.0065 mg L^‐1), deficient zinc (Zn) (0.0065 mg L^‐1), deficient ?n/deficient Cu, deficient ?n/deficient Zn, deficient Cu/deficient Zn, and deficient ?n/deficient Cu/deficient Zn treatments. The deficiency of Mn decreased the biomass, concentration of Mn, chlorophyll, sugars, Hill reaction activity, acid phosphatase activity, and increased that of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. The magnitude of Mn deficiency effects was mitigated to variable extent when Mn was deficient along with deficient Cu and/or deficient Zn. The effects of either Cu or Zn deficiency viz., intensification of foliar symptoms, decrease in biomass, leaf Cu/Zn, seed yield and starch content were increased further in combined deficiency of Cu and Zn. The stimulation in acid phosphatase and decrease in the activity of polyphenol oxidase and carbonic anhydrase in Cu or Zn deficient leaves were further aggravated when both Cu and Zn were deficient together. All these changes reveal a synergism between Cu and Zn in wheat.     

设施栽培黄瓜临界氮浓度和氮营养指数模拟

以黄瓜津春5号为试验材料,采用随机区组设计,2016和2017年分别设置了5个氮浓度梯度,构建了黄瓜地上部生物量的临界氮浓度稀释模型,在此基础上建立了氮素吸收模型和氮营养指数模型。结果表明,黄瓜地上部临界氮浓度与地上部最大生物量之间符合幂指数关系,%Nc=4. 539 7x-0. 06,相关系数为R2=0. 749 6。基于临界氮浓度建立的设施栽培黄瓜氮素吸收(Nupt)模型、氮素营养指数(NNI)模型,可作为设施栽培黄瓜氮素营养状况的判别指标,本试验条件下295. 7～305. 5 kg/hm~2为黄瓜最佳施氮量。     

超低浓度马来酸水解玉米芯纤维素

为考察超低浓度马来酸对玉米芯纤维素的水解性能,该文采用高温液态水预处理和超低马来酸水解相结合的两步法。3,5-二硝基水杨酸(DNS)比色法和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析表明,第一步预处理(200℃,10min,4MPa,500r/min,液固比20:1mL/g)玉米芯可获得12.24g/L还原糖,半纤维素转化率91.76%,损失3.61%的纤维素;其残渣进行第二步酸水解(质量分数0.1%,220℃,20min,4MPa,500r/min,液固比20:1mL/g)可获得9.94g/L还原糖,纤维素转化率达95.17%,约1/3转化为糖。气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)分析表明,第二步水解液中含有多种木质素降解副产物,如苯酚、苯甲酸等,带有多种活泼基团,可能与糖降解物反应,加快葡萄糖降解正反应的进行。改进反应器,使得糖降解物和木质素降解物及时排出,可提升马来酸水解性能,为马来酸在生物质水解领域的应用提供参考。     

Effect of various microorganisms on phosphorus uptake from insoluble Ca‐phosphates by cucumber plants

Rhizospheric microorganisms can increase P availability to plants. The objective of this work was to elucidate the effects of two plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and biocontrol agents (Bacillus subtilis QST713 and B. Amyloliquefaciens FZB24), a biocontrol agent (the fungus Trichoderma asperellum T34), and Aspergillus niger CBS513.88 on P uptake from insoluble Ca‐phosphates by plants. An experiment involving microbial cultivation in liquid media and three involving cultivation of cucumber plants in a siliceous growing medium fertilized with 40 mg P kg^?1 as phosphate rock (PR), a calcareous medium supplied with the same fertilizer, and one fertilized with KH₂PO₄ or PR at 200 mg P kg^?1 were conducted. In spite of the observed PR solubilization in liquid culture, not all the microorganisms improved P uptake by plants from this P source. The effect of each microorganism also differed depending on the plant‐growing medium, revealing that its P‐solubilizing activity was affected by pH and P concentration in the medium. Overall, best results were obtained with Bacillus subtilis QST713 which increased P uptake from the siliceous growing medium and the calcareous medium fertilized with 200 mg P kg^?1. Improved P nutrition of plants was the result not only of increased P solubilization, but also of enhanced ability of plants to absorb P. The other microorganisms studied provided less promising results despite the P mobilizing strategies they exhibited in the liquid culture (acidification and organic anion exudation). Therefore, these cannot be the only mechanisms contributing to P uptake by plants. Our results support the ability of B. subtilis QST713 to enhance the use of PR as a P source for calcareous soils or to improve uptake of residual P in the form of sparingly soluble Ca‐phosphates.     

Effects of copper source and concentration on in vitro phytate phosphorus hydrolysis by phytase

Five copper (Cu) sources were studied at pH 2.5, 5.5, and 6.5 to determine how Cu affects phytate phosphorus (PP) hydrolysis by phytase at concentrations up to 500 mg/kg diet (60 min, 40-41 degrees C). Subsequently, Cu solubility with and without sodium phytate was measured. Adding Cu inhibited PP hydrolysis at pH 5.5 and pH 6.5 (P < 0.05). This inhibition was greater with higher concentrations of Cu. Tri-basic copper chloride and copper lysinate inhibited PP hydrolysis much less than copper sulfate pentahydrate, copper chloride, and copper citrate (P < 0.05). A strong negative relationship was observed between PP hydrolysis and soluble Cu at pH 5.5 (r = -0.76, P < 0.0001) and 6.5 (r = -0.54, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, pH, Cu concentration, and source influenced PP hydrolysis by phytase in vitro and were related to the amount of soluble Cu and the formation of insoluble copper-phytin complexes.     

Application of magnetometry for delineation of anthropogenic pollution in areas covered by various soil types

Soil magnetometry is already frequently applied as a tool for rapid evaluation of contamination in different case-studies. It relies on the well established fact that most of the industrial wastes contain strongly magnetic fraction, which enhances magnetic response of the top-soil. Current regional-scale study applies magnetometry on  2800 km² area in north-eastern Bulgaria. The main pollution sources are several plants of chemical industry (soda production, polymers, fertilizers), cement plant and power plants. Pollutants emitted as a result of these industrial productions do not contain as much magnetic fraction in order to cause extreme magnetic enhancement of top-soils, which is a typical feature for the metallurgical industries, mining, coal-burning power plants. A new approach is proposed to correct the data (field and laboratory) for the effect of different soil types in the area, which is not a negligible factor in such case. As a result, more precise lateral distribution of the anthropogenic magnetic fraction is obtained, delineating all affected by pollution regions. The efficiency of the newly proposed method for taking into account differences in soil types is validated through correlation analysis between magnetic parameters and heavy metal content in selected samples. Correlation between the corrected magnetic susceptibility values, Co, Ni, As, Pb and the Enrichment Factors (EF = ∑Ci/Ck, Ci — measured concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, As; Ck — background concentrations for the corresponding elements) increase after the applied correction.     

不同浓度的NO_3~-对黄瓜幼苗光合特性的影响

水培条件下,不同浓度的NO_3~-处理黄瓜幼苗7d.测定了黄瓜幼苗光合速率及相关参数的变化,揭示了黄瓜幼苗光合作用功能对高浓度NO_3~-胁迫响应机理。结果表明.营养液中NO_3~-浓度在较低范围(14～98 mmol/L)内时,适当增加NO_3~-有利于净光合速率的提高,光饱和点的升高,羧化效率增大,淀粉粒增加,叶面积增加,有利于黄瓜幼苗光合物质的积累及植株的生长;营养液中NO_3~-浓度进一步增加(>98 mmoL/L)时,黄瓜幼苗叶绿素的含量降低,净光合速率显著降低,光饱和点、羧化效率均降低;182 mmoL/L NO_3~-的处理,叶绿体的结构受到损伤,基粒数、基粒片层数、淀粉粒均减少,且淀粉粒变小,干重和叶面积均降低。所以,NO_3~-浓度过高时,黄瓜幼苗利用强光、弱光、CO_2的能力减弱,叶肉细胞被损伤,非气孔限制造成光合速率降低,不利于黄瓜幼苗的生长。     

Adsorption of cobalt by soil iron oxides at low solution concentration

Abstract

Eleven selected soils from Denmark and Tanzania were treated with ammonium acetate (controls), EDTA, and dithionite‐EDTA (DE) to fractionate iron and (manganese) oxides. The amounts of cobalt adsorbed were determined from a 3 μM equilibrium cobalt solution, corresponding to the cobalt level in natural soil solutions using sodium nitrate (0.2 M) to suppress non‐specific adsorption, by the extracted soils as well as by two synthetic iron oxides.

No significant correlations were found between cobalt adsorption and the contents of organic matter and extractable manganese, presumably due to their low contents in the soils investigated. Close correlations were, however, found between the amounts of cobalt adsorbed, especially fractions thereof, and the contents of iron oxides.

The amounts of cobalt adsorbed by the DE‐ex‐tracted soils, void of iron (and manganese) oxides, were attributed to the clay silicates. The remaining cobalt adsorption, i.e. the difference between cobalt adsorbed by acetate‐extracted and DE‐extracted samples, was attributed to the iron oxides. This portion of adsorbed cobalt was well described by considering soil iron oxides composed of only two fractions, an EDTA‐extractable fraction of high reactivity and a less reactive fraction corresponding to the difference between DE‐extractable iron and EDTA‐extractable iron.

The amounts of cobalt adsorbed by the soil iron oxides were well predicted from the contents and specific surface of the two iron oxide fractions in soil together with the amount of cobalt adsorbed by the synthetic iron oxides.     

Lake liming in different types of acid lakes using various types of calcite powders and methods

Results from experiments show that instant dissolution efficiency of calcite powder increases with finer particles, and that initial dissolution efficiency decreases with and increased dose. The Sverdrup model predicts and the results show that the dissolution efficiency is dependent on pH, dose, depth and grinding. Dry application can reduce the dissolution efficiency by 40% in relation to a well slurried application. Experiments in two lakes indicate that residual calcite on the lake bottom cannot accomplish bulk neutralization of the lake even if substantial effects on the microenvironment around the calcite and the reacidification time can be seen. Bioassays with Atlantic salmon indicate that fish mortality due to Al toxicity is greatly reduced when the Ca concentration exceeds 3.5 mg L^?1. The results show that the pH and alkalinity in almost any acidified lake can be established and maintained by liming at levels where fish populations can be sustained by natural reproduction.     

不同浓度铜离子土壤的吸附-解吸行为——兼论弱专性吸附态的存在

研究了三种可变电荷土壤和两种恒电荷土壤不同铜离子浓度条件下的吸附-解吸行为。结果表明,不同铜离子浓度下土壤的pH-Cu2+吸附率曲线均在低pH段出现会合,且随着铜离子浓度升高,pH-Cu2+吸附率曲线有向右偏移的趋势。证实了可变电荷土壤中吸附性铜离子可被去离子水解吸,并存在解吸峰现象。针对解吸前后吸附体系pH值的变化研究结果显示,吸附时体系pH低于5.0时,解吸后pH上升;而吸附体系pH高于5.0时,解吸后pH下降,表明pH5.0可能是土壤吸附铜离子机理发生变化的又一个转折点。本文还对专性吸附中弱吸附态的存在和形成原因进行了初步探讨。     

Detection of lipid peroxidation catalyzed by chelated iron and measurement of antioxidant activity in wine by a chemiluminescence analyzer.

We measured directly the reactive oxygen generated from a peroxide-free reaction system when a ferrous complex with nitrilotriacetic acid was oxidized to the ferric complex. Further, it was observed by a measurement of chemiluminescence that peroxidation of a lipid substrate added in the system is initiated by the Fe(3+)-type of reactive oxygen generated. Antioxidant activity can be estimated by contrasting the reaction rates of lipid peroxidation between the systems with and without a putative antioxidant sample. By this method, the antioxidant activity, expressed as catechin equivalent, of red wines for linoleic acid peroxidation was shown to be higher than those of rosé and white wines (189-311, 84, and 37 microM for red, rosé, and white wines, respectively) because of a higher concentration of polyphenols such as flavanol and anthocyanin in red wines. The chemiluminescence measurement would be a promising method for evaluating the antioxidant potential because of its highly specific and sensitive detection of the hydroperoxide and for monitoring in situ peroxidation reaction.     

Effect of Kaolin concentration on distribution coefficient of copper

Varying amounts of H⁺-Kaolin were equilibrated with spiked (high activity radioactive⁶⁴Cu) water and kept overnight in a constant temperature water bath shaker. After proper filtration, through 0.45 µm Millipore memberane, the amount of radioactivity on the filter paper and the filtrate was measured separately using a Gamma ray well counter. Adsorption of Cu (expressed as distribution coefficient ? K_d) was plotted against the final clay concentration. Kd values decrease initially with increasing clay concentration and then seem to reach an equilibrium condition at higher clay concentrations. At low clay concentration higher particle aggregation (nucleation) of the metal with clay in suspension is a possible explanation for this behavior.     

Analysis of volatile compounds from various types of barley cultivars

We identified volatile compounds of barley flour and determined the variation in volatile compound profiles among different types and varieties of barley. Volatile compounds of 12 barley and two wheat cultivars were analyzed using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography. Twenty-six volatiles comprising aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and a furan were identified in barley. 1-Octen-3-ol, 3-methylbutanal, 2-methylbutanal, hexanal, 2-hexenal, 2-heptenal, 2-nonenal, and decanal were identified as key odorants in barley as their concentration exceeded their odor detection threshold in water. Hexanal (46-1269 microg/L) and 1-pentanol (798-1811 microg/L) were the major volatile compounds in barley cultivars. In wheat, 1-pentanol (723-748 microg/L) was a major volatile. Hulled barley had higher total volatile, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, and furan contents than hulless barley, highlighting the importance of the husk in barley grain aroma. The proanthocyanidin-free varieties generally showed higher total volatile and aldehyde contents than wild-type varieties, potentially due to decreased antioxidant activity by the absence of proanthocyanidins.     

Temporal variation in soil carbon in various paddy soil types in a cold temperate continental monsoon climate

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the most important carbon pool in the terrestrial ecosystem. However, temporal variations in paddy SOC under a temperate continental monsoon climate are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that significant SOC variations occur in meadow soil (MS), black soil (BS) and planosol (PS) paddy soils. Several soil samples were collected from different regions where rice was cultivated for 1, 6, 10, 23 and 40 years for MS samples; for 1, 6, 10, 20 and 35 years for BS samples and 1, 5, 10, 15 and 25 years for PS samples. The total organic carbon (TOC) content and humus organic carbon (HOC) content were found to increase as the rice cultivation duration increased, while the mineralizable organic carbon (MOC) content and carbohydrate organic carbon (COC) content exhibited the opposite trend. The relationships between the relative carbon accumulation (Y) in the three soil types and time (X) were consistent with the following models: Y_TOC = 0.9973X^0.0245, Y_HOC = 0.9936X^0.0457, Y_MOC = 1.023X^−0.073, and Y_COC = 1.040X^−0.059, describing the temporal variation in the various forms of organic carbon in paddy soils under a temperate continental monsoon climate. The results of this study provide a reference for soil carbon pool management and fertilization management.     

Speciation of copper in soils and relation with its concentration in fruits

Abstract

Different extraction reagents were studied in soils and the results obtained were compared with copper (Cu) contents of seven type fruits grown in these soils. For fruits, wet and dry ashing methods were applied and acceptable results were obtained by using dry ashing. The speciation is based on the dissolution of the soil samples in HNO₃/H₂O₂, oxalic acid, acetic acid, EDTA and citric acid as extraction reagents at hot and cold conditions. Mean total Cu concentrations for all fruits studied were (mg kg^‐1) in the range of 3.0–7.0 (dried weight basis). Significant positive correlations have been found between Cu contents of various fruits and different extractants studied. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry was used for determination of Cu in digestions. Probable chemical forms of Cu in soils were evaluated.     

拖拉机驾驶室内吸声降噪的试验研究

试验表明,简易式驾驶室内噪声较高的主要原因之一是内部混响比较严重。该文在对国产某50型轮式拖拉机驾驶室内的混响特性及其内部噪声进行试验分析的基础上,对驾驶室内吸声材料的选择、使用及吸声性能进行了分析,对吸声降噪进行了设计计算和试验研究     

环境条件和外源硅浓度对黄瓜硅吸收分配的影响

【目的】研究不同环境条件和根际硅水平对黄瓜硅主动和被动吸收过程的影响。【方法】以‘新泰密刺’黄瓜为试材,在人工气候室内采用水培法,设置4种环境条件:1) T1,昼/夜温度22℃/12℃、相对湿度85%/95%、光照强度300 μmol/(m2·s);2) T2,昼/夜温度22℃/12℃、相对湿度85%/95%,光照强度600 μmol/(m2·s);3) T3,昼/夜温度28℃/18℃,相对湿度55%/65%、光照强度300 μmol/(m2·s);4) T4,昼/夜温度28℃/18℃、相对湿度55%/65%、光照强度600 μmol/(m2·s)。硅吸收动力学试验营养液设置为10个Si处理浓度,依次为0、0.085、0.17、0.34、0.51、0.68、0.85、1.02、1.36、1.70 mmol/L,硅吸收分配试验设置3个硅浓度为0.085、0.17、1.7 mmol/L。【结果】不同环境条件下黄瓜对硅的吸收速率及器官中硅含量均为T4 > T3 > T2 > T1处理;低外源硅浓度 (0.085和0.17 mmol/L) 下,黄瓜硅吸收在T1、T2、T3处理环境中以主动过程为主,在T4处理环境中以被动过程为主;高外源硅浓度 (1.7 mmol/L) 下,4种环境条件下的硅吸收均以被动过程为主;相同温度条件,强光下被动吸收的占比大于弱光,相同光照条件,高温下被动吸收的占比大于低温;相同环境条件下,随着外源硅浓度的增加,黄瓜对硅的被动吸收量和总吸收量均呈上升趋势,且被动吸收的占比增加。【结论】环境条件和外源硅水平影响黄瓜对硅的主动和被动吸收过程,高温、强光及高外源硅浓度提高黄瓜被动吸收硅的比例。     

喷雾助剂类型及浓度对喷头雾化效果影响

为达到农药减施增效的目的,助剂逐渐成为农药喷洒过程中必不可少的部分,其效果及浓度直接影响着施药过程中农药利用率。为探索不同助剂及浓度对喷头雾化效果的影响,该文利用激光粒度仪比较分析了IDK120-025型和LU120-015型喷头喷施不同浓度典型增效剂意欧、减量增产助剂激健、尿素时,其雾滴体积中径及雾滴分布相对跨度差异。两款喷头应用广泛,喷雾角度相同、喷腔雾化结构相异。结果表明：3种助剂溶液对IDK120-025型喷头的影响效果相比于LU120-015型喷头更为显著,但是LU120-015喷头喷雾雾滴均匀性较优于IDK120-025。激健溶液配比为1:3 000时,在0.4 MPa喷雾压力条件下,与水相比可将IDK喷头雾滴体积中径增加20.43%,粒径分布相对跨度减小1.74%;意欧溶液配比为1:2 000时,在0.4 MPa喷雾压力条件下,与水相比可将IDK喷头雾滴体积中径增加11.10%,粒径分布相对跨度减小8.86%;意欧溶液配比1:3 000时,在0.2 MPa喷雾压力条件下,与水相比可将LU喷头雾滴体积中径减小5.99%,粒径分布相对跨度增大1.56%;尿素溶液在配比1:2 000时,在0.4 MPa喷雾压力条件下,与水相比可将IDK喷头雾滴体积中径增加16.92%,粒径分布相对跨度减小6.92%。该试验可为田间农药施用中助剂及喷头的选择提供依据,为进一步研究喷头及助剂提供数据基础。     

Influence of deer exclusion on soil nutrients in oak forests of a central European low mountain range

High densities of red deer can have severe impacts on soil nutrient status by removing the ground vegetation and enhancing erosion of the fertile soil layers. We compared four fenced deer exclosures with adjacent unfenced sites to evaluate the effect of deer grazing and trampling on the soil nutrient status (C_org, N_t, PO₄³⁻, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺) in sloping oak forests of a central European low mountain range. The investigation was set up as a three‐factor randomized complete block design (RCBD) with the factors: ‘fencing’ (fenced/unfenced), ‘gradient’ (gentle/steep) and ‘aspect’ (windward/leeward). We hypothesized that exclusion of red deer by fencing would increase soil nutrient contents independent of slope gradient and aspect. Fencing increased the contents of C_org, N_t, Ca²⁺ and PO₄³⁻, but only at the windward sites. This effect was less pronounced at the gently sloping site than at the steep site, which exhibited the lowest contents of C_org, N_t and PO₄³⁻ of all sites. We did not find increased soil nutrients in the fenced exclosures at the leeward sites, neither at the steep nor at the gently sloping site. At both slope aspects nutrient contents (C_org, N_t, PO₄³⁻, K⁺) tended to be higher on the gentle than at the corresponding steep slopes. Our results suggest that red deer trampling and grazing enhance the loss of soil nutrients at predisposed sites such as windward locations with a high slope gradient. Only at such sites did the exclusion of red deer increase several soil nutrients. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.