Shoot and root biomass,phosphorus and nitrogen uptake of spring wheat grown in low phosphorus and moisture content conditions in a pot experiment

Abstract

A pot experiment was done in a greenhouse to investigate the effect of low phosphorus (P) and moisture content on growth and yield components of four spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties. Days to emergence of seedlings were shortened, plant height, tiller number, and SPAD (Soil-Plant Analyses Development) index of the leaves were significantly (p?R²) values ranging from 0.72 to 0.90. The study underlines the strong relationship between moisture, P availability and uptake and provides more information on P nutrition during the vegetative stage of wheat in moisture and P deficient soils.     

Effect of corn cultivar,phosphorus and potassium on yield and chemical composition

A corn cultivar × P × K factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate differential responses of selected parameters to P and K soil fertility. Yield along with leaf nutrient concentration of some nutrients differed among cultivars and nutrient concentration of some elements was affected by soil fertility. Leaf K and Mg were more consistently affected by K fertility than other variables studied. Fertility effects upon micronutrient leaf concentration were not consistent among cultivars or between years.     

水氮耦合对无芒雀麦产量及氮磷钾化学计量特征的影响

[目的]合理的水分和养分供给是保障人工草地高效可持续生产的有效措施.探究不同灌溉量和施氮量及其交互作用对牧草产量及养分含量的影响,有助于深入了解牧草生长对草地生态系统的响应.[方法]以人工种植无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)为研究对象进行田间试验.采用喷灌方法,在无芒雀麦拔节期按照田间持水量(θf)范围设置4个...     

Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizations alter nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium resorption of alfalfa in the Loess Plateau of China

Abstract

Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves is a pivotal component of nutrient conservation strategy in a plant. Thus understanding the response of nutrient resorption to fertilization is of great help to minimize fertilizer use and further optimize fertilization management. However, little is known about how nutrient resorption responds to fertilization in N₂-fixing species. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers were applied at different rates to alfalfa stands in the Loess Plateau. N fertilization hardly affected leaf N and K resorptions, but tended to increase P resorption. P fertilization increased N and K resorptions but affected P resorption in various ways. However, effect of N or P fertilization was significantly interplayed by P or N rate. At N100P60, alfalfa had the maximum biomass accumulation and less leaf resorption. Therefore, alfalfa could be performed well with 100?kg N ha^?1 and 60?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 in this region.     

Phosphorus source effects on alfalfa yield,total nitrogen content,and soil test phosphorus

Abstract

Recent studies showing a lack of response by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to phosphorus (P) fertilization have raised concerns about the efficacy of commonly used P fertilizer materials in the southwestern United States. Studies were conducted between 1982 and 1985 in southeastern New Mexico to evaluate (i) alfalfa yield response to different P sources, (ii) the effect of P fertilizer source on forage total nitrogen (N) content and leafiness, and (iii) the effect of P fertilizer source on soil test P. Nine P sources were applied annually from 1982 through 1984 at a rate of 58 kg P/ha. Alfalfa was grown during 1985 without fertilization to examine the residual effect of P sources. Triple superphosphate (TSP) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP) gave the highest alfalfa forage yields over the 3‐year application period, but no residual fertilizer effects were observed when fertilization was discontinued. Fertilization did not affect forage leafiness. Except for a small N response in forage total N content in 1984, neither P nor concomitant applied N had a significant effect on forage N content over the 3‐year period. Phosphorus fertilization significantly increased average soil test P for the 3‐year period, but there were no significant differences between treatments. Currently used P materials (TSP and MAP) still appear to be the most efficacious for alfalfa production.     

Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer on growth,yield and chemical composition of sweet fennel

Abstract

In this study, the effect of different levels of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers on vegetative fresh bulb yield, quality and biochemical attributes of sweet fennel were investigated in spring 2017 and 2018. Treatments consisted of 0, 50, 100, or 150?kg ha^?1 of N and K in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that, the bulb fresh yield increased with application of N and K in both years, while the higher level of K had significant adverse effect in first year. Results also showed that sweet fennel bulb treated by N and K exhibited higher vitamin C, total phenols and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant capacity, especially in first year. In both years, alone or combined application of N and K increased total soluble solids (TSS) content as compared to control, and this effect was more pronounced in 2017 season. Macronutrient contents of bulb including magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), K, N, and calcium (Ca) were significantly enhanced by NK fertilizer, however an alone application of K decreased Ca and Mg nutrient contents. Therefore, to improve fresh bulb yield, quality and antioxidant capacity in sweet fennel, 150?kg ha^?1 K and 100?kg ha^?1 N is recommended.     

氮磷钾配施对青贮玉米生物产量和营养品质的影响

采用二次回归正交组合设计，通过田间小区试验，研究了氮磷钾配合施用对青贮玉米产量和营养品质的影响。结果表明，综合考虑青贮玉米最大生物产量和经济效益，其适宜的氮肥（N）用量范围为308．4—365．0培柑，磷肥（P2O5）适宜用量范围为100．1—117．0kg／hm^2，钾肥适宜用量（K2O）范围为65．5～89．8kg俯。不同施氮和施磷水平对青贮玉米中粗蛋白含量有一定的影响。磷和钾的施用有助于干物质含量和钙的提高。     

氮、磷和钾营养对优质玉米子粒产量和营养品质的影响

施用氮、磷和钾营养对优质玉米子粒产量和营养品质有明显的影响。氮磷钾营养平衡施用(NPK)较不施氮(PK)、不施磷(NK)和不施钾(NP)显著增加优质玉米产量,使高油玉米(农大115)分别增产15.9%、6.9%和12.1%,使高淀粉玉米(白玉109)依次增产20.3%、8.6%和12.7%。施氮能增加高油和高淀粉玉米子粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和清蛋白含量;施磷或施钾能增加高油玉米子粒蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和清蛋白含量以及氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量,而对高淀粉玉米子粒蛋白质及其组分含量基本无或较小影响。施氮使高油玉米子粒氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量提高0.83和0.41个百分点,使高淀粉玉米提高1.18和0.36个百分点;施氮、施磷和施钾增加高油和高淀粉玉米淀粉总量和支链淀粉含量,降低直链淀粉含量。施氮能增加高油和高淀粉玉米子粒油分、亚油酸和油酸含量,使高油玉米分别增加0.83、0.41和0.30个百分点,使高淀粉玉米分别增加0.34、0.18和0.13个百分点,而施磷或施钾对两品种子粒油分、亚油酸和油酸含量的影响不明显。     

氮、磷和钾营养对新海16长绒棉产量和品质的影响

氮肥、磷肥、钾肥N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.71∶0.30并配合Zn、Mn、B微肥施用,经济施肥量为N 189.3 kg/hm2、P2O5134.4 kg/hm2、K2O 57.2 kg/hm2,能显著促进棉花的生长发育和提高产量,比对照增产40%,对新海16纤维品质中的马克隆值影响显著,但对纤维综合品质影响不显著。     

施锌对玉米氮磷钾肥料利用率、产量及籽粒品质的影响

施用ZnO 4.2kg/hm~2对玉米N、K元素的吸收利用存在极显著协和作用,可分别提高N、K肥料利用率35.84％和141.07％,增产7.63％,籽粒蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉和全糖含量分别增加5.63％、5.37％、2.69％和2.29％。Zn对P的吸收利用是拮抗作用,施Zn肥显著降低P肥利用率。     

水、磷对紫花苜蓿产量及水肥利用效率的影响

【目的】紫花苜蓿作为畜牧业生产中最主要的优质绿色饲料,是发展草食畜牧业的物质基础,同时它也是一种需水需肥较多的作物。如何从技术方面提高单位面积苜蓿产量,实现苜蓿高产栽培是科学研究人员及生产者研究的重点。北京市东南部接壤的蓟县、宝坻及南部接壤的廊坊、武清等地区,是北京市在生态和环境优先发展原则下畜牧养殖业外移的重要承接区域,苜蓿在当地种植缺乏科学指导,年干重产量仅为7500~10000 kg/hm2,盐碱地年产量更低,为4500~6000 kg/hm2。本研究通过苜蓿水肥试验确立紫花苜蓿达到高产的最佳磷肥施用水平和灌水量,为京南地区苜蓿高产及水肥的高效利用提供可借鉴的水肥管理技术。【方法】实验在低磷砂壤土条件下进行,选用紫花苜蓿中苜2号品种,设置全生育期不灌水（W0）、以及返青后及第1、2茬刈割后灌水且每次灌水25 mm （W1）、50 mm （W2）、75 mm （W3）4个灌水处理;每个灌水处理下设置不施磷（F0）、施P2O5 105 kg/hm2（F1）、210 kg/hm2（F2）3个施磷量处理,研究了灌水和施磷对紫花苜蓿产量、水分和磷肥利用效率的影响。【结果】1）灌水对1、2茬苜蓿产量的影响有显著差异,对3、4茬及全年产量的影响无显著差异;施磷肥对第3茬苜蓿产量没有显著影响,但对第1、2、4茬及全年苜蓿产量的影响均存在显著差异。2）灌水和施磷肥对紫花苜蓿的水分和肥料利用效率均有显著影响,随着施磷量的增加,苜蓿的水分利用率逐渐增大,说明施磷可以提高水分利用效率;随着灌水量的增加,苜蓿的磷肥利用效率呈先增加后降低的趋势,说明适当的增加灌水量可以提高苜蓿的磷肥利用效率。【结论】综合考虑紫花苜蓿产量、水分和肥料利用效率等指标,最优试验处理为每次灌水量50 mm,施P2O5 210 kg/hm2,其次为每次灌水量25 mm, 施P2O5 210 kg/hm2。     

玉米施镁对氮磷钾肥料利用率及产量的影响

玉米施Mg与N、P、K肥料利用率呈曲线共系,适量施Mg对玉米吸收N、P、K的促进作用极显著。与仅施N、P、K肥的对照相比,玉米施用MgO 66.7kg/hm~2可分别提高N、P、K肥料利用率27.61％、18.03％和118.73％,增产6.19％;分别提高籽粒蛋白质、赖氨酸和淀粉含量3.40％、7.14％和17.15％,降低脂肪及糖分含量2.59％与10.86％,而过量施用Mg有抑制N、P、K在植株体内积累的趋势,对产量无益。     

设施栽培番茄的氮磷钾肥料效应研究

采用"3414"肥料试验设计开展了设施栽培番茄的氮、磷、钾肥料效应研究。结果表明,在高肥力土壤上适量施用氮、磷、钾肥均可增加番茄产量,但过量施用会降低其产量;钾肥的增产作用大于磷肥,氮肥的作用较小;氮、钾肥和磷、钾肥配施可增加番茄产量,而氮、磷肥配施降低产量。氮、磷(P_2O_5)和钾(K_2O)最佳经济施肥量分别为119.0、50.4和375.6 kg/hm~2,施肥比例为1∶0.42∶3.16。不同施氮量对番茄硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量的影响不规律,增施磷、钾肥番茄硝酸盐含量呈先增加后减少趋势;氮、磷肥和磷、钾肥配施可降低番茄硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量。氮、钾肥和磷、钾肥配施提高了番茄可溶性糖含量,氮、磷肥和磷、钾肥配施降低了番茄总酸含量,氮、钾肥配施则有增加番茄总酸含量的趋势,氮、钾肥和磷、钾肥配施均可提高番茄Vc含量。氮、磷、钾肥料合理配施对番茄产量和品质的提高具有重要作用。     

甘薯氮磷钾肥平衡施用效应分析

本文运用311-A拟饱和最优回归设计,在沿海赤砂土甘薯主产区设置晚薯施用氮磷钾肥料试验,模拟出甘薯薯块产量和施肥利润的氮磷钾肥料效应函数,通过极值判别均为典型函数,用边际分析寻优,获得甘薯薯块最高产量和最高施肥利润的优化施肥组合分别为:Zmax为Z1=N136 25kg/hm2,Z2=P2O552 71kg/hm2,Z3=K2O275 68kg/hm2,薯块产量最高,^ymax=39 214t/hm2;Zopt为Z1=N117 09kg/hm2,Z2=P2O546 24kg/hm2,Z3=K2O247 01kg/hm2,施肥利润最佳为^πopt=18298 99元/hm2。     

气候变暖将显著降低引黄灌区春小麦产量和氮磷钾养分吸收

【目的】探索宁夏引黄灌区春小麦不同生育时期氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）养分吸收利用对气候变暖的响应机制,为预测气候变暖对干旱半干旱区春小麦生长的影响提供依据。【方法】试验于2018年3月在宁夏银北引黄灌区宁夏大学试验站进行。供试春小麦品种为‘宁春50号’,供试肥料为磷酸二铵和尿素。采用自动控制红外线辐射器进行野外增温,每个小区内分别设置一组红外灯管作为增温装置、一套自动控温电子设备与一组可移动温度传感器作为控温装置,增温装置直接连接控温装置以使增温梯度达到预设水平,增温时间为昼夜不间断增温。以春小麦冠层自然温度为对照温度 (增温0℃,CK),设置4个增温梯度 (0.5℃、1℃、1.5℃、2.0℃) 处理。于苗期、拔节、抽穗、灌浆、灌浆后10天、成熟期采集植株样品,测定叶、茎、穗的N、P、K养分含量,计算地上部各器官的养分累积吸收量、养分分配率和地上部植株养分累积量,并测定春小麦植株地上部干物重和产量。【结果】增温0.5℃,春小麦植株苗期干物重、拔节期地上部各器官N、P、K养分含量及养分累积吸收量均显著高于CK。增温1.0℃,苗期植株N、K含量和N素吸收量以及拔节期叶片的N、P、K含量显著高于CK,较对照提高3.2%～23.7%。增温1.5℃,仅苗期植株K含量显著高于CK,较对照提高22.2%。增温2.0℃,从苗期开始各项指标均显著低于CK。拔节期以后,除增温0.5℃春小麦K素含量与CK差异不显著外,其余指标均显著低于CK,春小麦成熟期小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量均随温度的升高呈下降的趋势,增温2.0℃,分别较对照降低53.7%、24.1%、13.4%、21.7%。增温梯度越大,各指标下降的幅度越大。【结论】春小麦苗期温度升高0.5℃～1.0℃尚有利于拔节期前春小麦对N、P、K养分的吸收,但拔节期后增温超过1.0℃以上都会对N、P、K养分吸收产生显著负作用,导致使生育后期干物质的累积量减少,千粒重、穗粒数等降低,并最终导致产量和品质的下降。     

水稻控制灌排模式的节水高产减排控污效果

为合理地集成控制灌溉和控制排水技术,实现节水、高产、减污目标的统一,该文应用控制灌排技术于2015-2016年在涟水县水利试验站开展大田小区试验,对稻田灌溉用水量、产量及氮磷流失情况进行监测和分析。2 a研究结果表明:与对照处理(控制灌溉)相比,采用轻旱控制灌排技术并不导致水稻减产,且稻田灌溉定额能够降低11.89%(P0.05),同时由于排水峰值和排水次数明显减少,总磷、铵态氮、硝态氮稻田表面径流流失负荷分别降低54.58%、36.29%和60.10%(P0.05),但在雨量较多的年份会增加渗漏量,从而造成总磷、铵态氮淋失负荷升高;采用重旱控制灌排技术时,水稻减产不显著,稻田灌溉定额减少29.88%,排水定额减少58.95%,总磷、氨态氮、硝态氮地表径流流失负荷分别降低59.23%、38.88%和62.97%,但淋失负荷分别增加了24.57%、30.17%和15.88%,可能造成地下水污染。应用基于序关系分析法和熵值法组合权重的TOPSIS理想解法对水稻灌排方案进行优选决策,结果表明轻旱控制灌排在保证粮食生产量的前提下具有良好的节水减排控污效果。     

长期施氮、磷、钾化肥对玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响

以1990年建立的国家褐潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测基地(北京昌平站)的长期肥料定位试验为研究平台,研究了不同施肥制度对玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,长期均衡地施NPK肥或NPK与有机肥配施,可以显著提高玉米产量和土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾等肥力指标,并能提高土壤微量元素的含量;而不均衡施肥(N、NK、NP、PK)导致相应的营养元素的耗竭。相关分析表明,在褐潮土上增施磷肥和有机肥对提高玉米产量具有重要的作用。     

Poultry litter effects on unmanaged pasture yield,nitrogen and phosphorus uptakes,and botanical composition

Abstract

The poultry industry must dispose vast amounts of waste, mainly litter (PL), generated during production processes. This study was conducted to investigate the short‐term effects of various rates of PL application, i.e., cumulative 2‐year totals of 9.9, 19.4, 29.3, 39.0, and 48.9 mt ha^‐1, to unmanaged pasture on a Starr clay loam (fine‐loamy mixed thermic Fluventic Dystrochrepts). Dry matter yield, N and P concentrations, and changes in botanical composition were measured on a mixed species, tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) pasture. Dry matter yields (r² = 0.99*), N uptake (r² = 0.99*), and P uptake (r² = 0.99*) increased curvilinearly with rate of PL application in both years. Yield increase was attributed to correction of N deficiency in pasture by the PL application. Lower levels of PL increased forage yields in 1992 compared with 1991, due to the residual effect of unmineralized N from PL applied in 1991. Nitrogen concentration in tissue increased with levels of PL application but P tissue concentration was not similarly affected. Based on environmental and economic considerations, the PL application rate of 11.4 mt ha^‐1 in 1991 followed by 8.0 mt ha^‐1 in 1992 was the most effective for pasture renovation when compared with the recommended inorganic N and P fertilizer rate. Forage yields on this treatment were 21.5 mt ha^‐1 versus 21.7 mt ha^‐1 for the inorganic N and P fertilizer treatment. All rates of applied PL increased the percentage of tall fescue (from approximately 50 percent to > 80 percent) and decreased the percentage of bluegrass in this mixed pasture. Rates of PL application of 22.9 mt ha^‐1 and above temporarily depressed plant growth. This research indicates that PL properly tested and applied at appropriate rates is a suitable source of fertilizer for pasture renovation and production.     

Effect of inoculum,variety, nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium on yield,protein and oil content of soybeans at jabalpur,M.P. India

Abstract

Regardless of inoculum or fertility rate Bragg outyielded Clark 63 soybeans. Yields of Bragg and Clark 63 were increased about 1000 kg per ha by treatment with inoculum at the rate of approximately 313, 000 bacteria per seed. At the highest rate of applied N, yields of uninoculated soybeans, were lower than the inoculated soybeans at the lowest applied N rate. Phosphorus fertilizer increased yields at a decreasing rate and yields were decreased at the highest rate of applied P. Potassium fertilizer had a negative effect on soybean yields and did not significantly effect the protein or oil content of soybean seed. With increasing P fertilizer rates, there was a decrease in oil content and in increase in protein content of soybean seed.     

茶树工厂化育苗的氮磷钾肥施用效应分析

应用311-A最优回归设计方法,研究了冬季施用氮、磷、钾对于工厂化育苗条件下茶苗生长的影响,建立了施肥与茶苗生长过程中株高变化的多项式回归模型,并且寻求出其最佳用量方案。当N=185.7 kg/hm2,P2O5=239.8 kg/hm2,K2O=0.0 kg/hm2,株高的最大增加量预计为8.3 cm。