聚丙烯酰胺对几种植物种子萌发及生长的影响

用不同浓度聚丙烯酰胺溶液处理苜蓿、狗尾草、沙棘等8种草本、灌木植物发芽试验结果表明,聚丙烯酰胺溶液浓度为0.1-1.0g/kg时,对鸡眼草、沙棘、苜蓿、草木樨种子萌发有促进作用,对其幼苗苗高、根长的影响除个别有较小抑制作用外,均表现促进作用。当溶液浓度为0.5g/kg时,对兴安胡枝子种子幼苗的根系生长则表现出显著抑制作用,而对荆条种子萌发表现出极显著抑制作用。聚丙烯酰胺各处理浓度均对黄白草、狗尾草萌发表现出极显著或显著抑制作用,而对其幼苗苗高、根长表现出显著促进或较小的抑制作用。     

抗低温处理对玉米种子萌发特性的影响

用SA、SG、SN、NG 4种处理剂处理玉米种子,在不同程度低温条件下培养,研究抗低温处理后的玉米种子萌发的变化和差异.结果表明,各处理的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数等指标在低温条件下较对照(蒸馏水浸种)都有不同程度的提高.在10～16℃条件下,SG和NG处理可以大幅度提高玉米种子的萌发指标,其中对发芽率的影响最为明显,提高幅度最高达1.58倍,达极显著水平.认为,SG和NG处理可以提高玉米对低温的忍耐力,具有促使玉米种子在低温条件下早生快发的作用.     

Effects of urease inhibitors on germination of seeds in soil

Abstract

The effects of 23 urease inhibitors on germination of seeds in soil were investigated. The urease inhibitors tested were 2/5‐dimethyl‐l,4‐benzoquinone, 1/4‐benzoquinone, hydroquinone, 2,5‐dichloro‐l,4‐benzoquinone, phenylmercuric acetate, catechol, phenylphosphorodiamidate, phosphoric triamide, N‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐phosphoric triamide, N‐(diaminophosphinyl)benzeneacetamide, 4‐chloro‐N‐(diaminophosphinyl)benzamide, N‐3‐(trifluoromethyl‐phenyl)phosphoric triamide, 4‐fluoro‐N‐(diaminophosphinyl)‐benzamide/ 4‐cyano‐N‐(diaminophosphinyl)benzamide, N‐(diamino‐phosphinyl)‐3‐pyridinecarboxamide, N‐(diaminophosphinyl)‐benzamide, N‐phenylphosphoric triamide, phosphorodiamidic acid, N‐(n‐butyl)thiophosphoric triamide, thiophosphoric triamide, 4‐chlorophenylphosphorodiamidate, 2,4‐diphenoxy‐2,4,6,6‐tetraaminocyclotriphosphazene, and 2‐phenoxy‐2,4,4,6,6‐pentaaminocyclotriphosphazene. Germination tests were performed with seeds of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and corn (Zea mays L.).

None of the inhibitors tested affected seed germination when applied at the rate of 250 μg g^‐1 soil. One inhibitor (2,5‐dimethyl‐l,4‐benzoquinone) affected seed germination when applied at the rate of 500 μg g^‐1 soil, and three inhibitors (2,5‐dimethyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone, 1,4‐benzoquinone, and hydroquinone) affected seed germination when applied at the rate of 2500 μg g^‐1 soil. None of the other inhibitors tested affected seed germination when applied at the rate of 500 or 2500 μg g^‐1 soil.     

Effects of nitrification inhibitors on germination of various seeds in soil

Summary The effects of 19 nitrificiation inhibitors on germination of seeds in soil were investigated. The nitrification inhibitors tested were sodium azide, potassium azide, potassium ethyl xanthate, nitrapyrin (N-Serve), etridiazole (Dwell), 3-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (MT), 2-amino-4-chloro-6-methylpyrimidine (AM), 2,4-diamino-6-trichloromethyl-s-triazine, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole (ATC), sodium thiocarbonate (STC), guanylthiourea (ASU), thiourea (TU), dicyandiamide (DCD), sulfathiazole (STC), phenylacetylene, 2-ethynyl-pyridine, 3-methylpyrazole-l-carboxamide (MPC), and ammonium thiosulfate (ATS). Germination tests were performed with seeds of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], oats (Avena sativa L.), and corn (Zea mays). Only 2 of the 19 nitrification inhibitors studied (potassium azide and sodium azide) reduced germination of the seeds tested when applied at the rate of 12.5 g g^–1. The other inhibitors studied had no effect on the germination of wheat, alfalfa, barley, corn, oat, rye, or sorghum seeds when they were applied at the rate of 125 g g^–1 soil, and most of them had no effect on seed germination when applied at the rate of 625 g g^–1 soil.     

外源褪黑素处理对镉胁迫下水稻种子萌发的影响

为探讨外源褪黑素对Cd胁迫下植物生长发育的影响,采用室内培养实验研究外源褪黑素对Cd胁迫下水稻种子萌发及相关生理指标的影响。结果表明：外源褪黑素对Cd胁迫下水稻种子萌发具有一定的促进作用,褪黑素施用可提高水稻种子的发芽率和发芽势,促进水稻幼根和幼芽的生长,当Cd浓度为100μmol·L-1时,添加100μmol·L-1褪黑素使得水稻根系活力和总根长分别比对照处理提高15.2%和133.7%;外源褪黑素能显著降低Cd胁迫下水稻幼芽的MDA含量,提高水稻体内的POD、SOD和CAT的活性,当Cd浓度为100μmol·L-1时,添加10~1000μmol·L-1褪黑素会使水稻幼芽MDA含量比对照处理降低8.2%~16.0%,POD、SOD和CAT的活性分别比对照处理提高21.3%~45.5%、24.2%~32.2%和77.8%~145.8%。褪黑素可以有效地缓解Cd对水稻的毒害作用。     

红梗叶甜菜种子发芽特性的研究

研究了不同处理条件下红梗叶甜菜种子的发芽特性。结果表明，用一定浓度的双氧水、硼酸、磷酸二氢钾浸种处理红梗叶甜菜种子，可提高种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数，其中以浓度10g／L H2O2、0．5g／L H3BO3和5g／L KH2PO4处理较为适宜；赤霉素处理种子的发芽效果不明显；吸湿一回干处理对红梗叶甜菜种子发芽有良好的促进作用；红梗叶甜菜种球色泽、粒径大小与发芽的关系密切，黄色或黄褐色种球的发芽力显著高于黑色或褐色种球的，大、中粒种子的发芽力显著高于小粒种子的；叶甜菜种子不耐贮藏，发芽力下降较快，使用年限仅为1a。     

Effects of light treatment on isoflavone content of germinated soybean seeds

Our research objective was to increase isoflavone content in the germinated soybean seeds of four different varieties (Pungsannamulkong, Cheongjakong, Aga4, and Aga3) by optimizing light treatments (dark, greenhouse, fluorescent, incandescent, and ultraviolet lamps). The results demonstrated that the highest isoflavone content was produced from the Aga3 variety, which was developed by an interspecific cross between Eunhakong (Glycine max) and KLG10084 (G. soja) at the Plant Genetic Laboratory, Kyunpook National University. Aga3 is known to have one of the highest isoflavone content in the world at present. Our results recommend exposure of 7-day-old Aga3 sprouts to a combined light treatment of greenhouse lamps (12 h per day) and ultraviolet light (40 min per day) for maximum isoflavone production. Aga3 produced high levels of isoflavone because, in part, it contained very high isoflavone levels within the seed as compared with the other varieties. Under stress conditions, Aga3 could produce over 1.90 times more isoflavone than its seed content and 1.53 times more isoflavone than when grown under dark conditions.     

丸化剂包衣对杂交稻种子萌发及幼苗某些生理特性的影响

种衣剂是一种用于作物或其他植物种子包衣的，具备成膜特性的特殊药物剂型。种子包衣是指将种衣剂与种子按一定比例混匀后均匀包裹于种子表面形成包衣种子。按包衣方法不同可分为种子包膜和种子丸化两类。种子包膜是利用成膜剂，将杀菌剂、杀虫剂、微肥、染料等物质包裹于种子表面，形成一层薄膜，经包膜后形状、大小和重量与原种子基本一致；种子丸化是利用粘着剂，将杀菌剂、杀虫剂、微肥、染料、填充剂等物质粘着在种子表面，经丸化后种子体积和重量有所增加。     

不同浸种方法对北京工程边坡喷播常用灌木种子发芽的影响

为促进北京工程边坡喷播常用的灌木种子发芽,提高灌木种子相对草本的竞争力,尝试采用植物生长促进剂浸种、热水浸种等生产上常用的浸种方法,确定最佳浸种时长、最佳热水浸种初始温度及最优植物生长促进剂种类和浓度等,促进灌木种子发芽成活.结果表明:1)在植物生长促进剂浸种的情况下,最佳浸种时长为12h;2)对3种灌木种子发芽均有促进作用的低浓度促进剂为赤霉素100 mg/L和萘乙酸10-8 mg/L,发芽势综合约在30％;3)适宜紫穗槐、胡枝子发芽的热水浸种初始温度,分别在60 ～ 70和60 ～ 80℃,热水浸泡对荆条发芽有抑制作用.综合3个试验,发现针对具有硬实性质的种子,可先用初始温度为60 ～ 70℃的热水浸种2h,后用赤霉素100 mg/L或萘乙酸10-8 mg/L溶液浸种10h的方法,促进灌木种子发芽;对非硬实性质的种子,直接用赤霉素100 mg/L或萘乙酸10-8 mg/L溶液浸种12h.综合试验结果可用于生产,具有一定的创新性和可行性.     

The effect of aluminum on the germination of wheat seeds 1

The effect of aluminum (Al) ions on the germination of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds has been investigated using two varieties, one sensitive to Al (Robin) and the other relatively Al‐tolerant (Carazinho). High concentrations of Al (i.e. greater than 1 mM) were required to inhibit the growth of the emerging roots and shoots of germinating seeds of both varieties. Moreover, Al at concentrations up to 10 mM did not affect the mobilization of carbohydrate reserves in the germinating seeds. It was concluded that germinating seeds of both wheat varieties were much less sensitive to the effects of Al than were established seedlings.     

生长延缓剂对华北边坡绿化3种草本植物种子发芽的影响

草本植物可以稳定公路、铁路和矿山等工程建设遗留的大量裸露边坡,并改善其生态环境,而以灌草型植物为目标群落的边坡绿化中,草本种子比灌木种子萌发和生长快、竞争性强,开展植物生长延缓剂的研究,以抑制草本种子萌发和生长.以华北地区的常用的沙打旺、紫花苜蓿和高羊茅为试材,探索不同浓度的矮壮素、多效唑和烯效唑溶液,单独浸种处理对3种草本植物发芽势及胚根和胚芽生长的影响.结果表明:矮壮素和烯效唑溶液降低了沙打旺和紫花苜蓿的胚芽长度比,提高了胚根长度比;300～400 mg/L的多效唑溶液对3种草本种子的发芽势均具有抑制效果,500 mg/L的烯效唑溶液对紫花苜蓿和高羊茅的发芽势都具有抑制效果.该研究可为植物生长延缓剂处理边坡绿化草本种子提供参考指标.     

Mineral ion content of the seeds of six cultivars of Bahraini date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)

The mineral ion composition of six different cultivars of Bahraini dates palm (Phoenix dactylifera) seeds (Khalas, Murzban, Khunaizi, Khawajah, Khasaib Asfor, and Khaseeb) were analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AA and ICPS). Murzban was found to contain the higher mineral ion content. The essential bulk metal ions in the six cultivars were found to be dominant, where [K+] was the highest and [Ca2+] was the lowest. The decreasing order of essential trace metal ion concentrations is Fe2+ > Mn2+ > Zn2+. Lead ion content was found to be higher than cadmium ion as metal ion pollutant. Mineral ion contents of Bahraini date palm seeds and those of imported coffee grain and barley were studied, because date palm seeds, coffee grain, and barley are used for coffee drinks.     

Effects of sea water concentrations on germination and ion accumulation in alkaligrass (Pucclnellia spp.)

Abstract

Weeping alkaligrass (Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl.) showed higher germination than Lennnon alkaligrass (Puccinellia lemmoni (Vasey) Scribn.) both on germination pads and in sand when watered with different concentrations of sea water. When sea water was applied at seeding, 15, 30, and 45 days after seeding, adverse effects of salt increased in both species as sea water concentration increased and as plant age at the time of sea water introduction decreased. The capacity to accumulate chloride and sodium ions in shoots increased with plant age at the time of sea water introduction.     

电场处理与介电分选对棉种发芽率和幼苗质量的影响

为研究电场处理和介电分选对包衣棉种发芽率与幼苗质量的影响,该文利用芒刺电极在-16 kV（DC）下对棉种进行不同时间的高压电场处理,结果显示,处理40 s后棉种的发芽率和幼苗质量显著提高;并利用介电分选机在不同的分选电压下对棉种进行介电分选,结果发现,当分选滚筒转速为20 r/min、分选电压为-6 kV（DC）时,分选获得的I级棉种的发芽率和幼苗质量显著提高。在上述最优条件下,先利用芒刺电极对棉种进行电场处理,再利用介电分选机对电场处理后的棉种进行介电分选,结果表明：棉种的发芽率和幼苗质量显著高于未处理试样的发芽率和幼苗质量,并且也高于单独电场处理或介电分选时的发芽率和幼苗质量。这为开发新型种子处理与分选设备提供了依据。     

沼液浸种对蒙古黄芪种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

通过培养皿发芽试验,设计5个沼液浓度水平(0%,10%,25%,50%,75%)和3个浸种时间水平(4,5,6 h),探讨沼液浓度和浸种时间对蒙古黄芪种子发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、根长、苗高、根重、叶绿素(Chl)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性(CAT、POD、SOD)及根系活力的影响,以寻求最佳沼液浸种浓度和时间组合,为黄芪产量和质量的提高提供理论依据。结果表明,25%沼液浸种5 h黄芪种子发芽势最高,显著高于清水浸种4、5 h处理(P0.05);25%沼液浸种5 h的发芽指数、活力指数、根长、根重,Chla、Chlb、Chla+Chlb含量,根系活力、POD活性、SOD活性均显著高于其他14个浸种处理(P0.05);25%沼液浸种4、6 h苗高均显著高于其余13个处理(P0.05);丙二醛含量与CAT活性测定结果一致,均以25%沼液浸种5 h最低(P0.05)。说明适宜的沼液浸种有利于黄芪种子萌发和幼苗生长。其中25%沼液浸种5 h对黄芪种子萌发和幼苗生长效果最佳。     

Effect of aluminium and calcium on growth of wheat seedlings and germination of seeds

Two separate experiments were conducted to investigate the aluminium (Al) and calcium (Ca) effects on wheat seedling growth and on seed germination. Wheat (Tritcum aestivum L, cs Yangmai No. 5) seedlings were grown for a 15‐day period and treated with 0.5 mM Al with low Ca (1 mM Ca) or high Ca (5 mM Ca). The growth of seedlings was signficantly inhibited by Al. Supplement of Ca improved the growth of Al‐treated plants, increased dry matter weight of plant and leaf area, and decreased shoot/root ratio. This showed that Ca ameliorated Al toxicity in wheat. In experiments on seed germination, Al concentrations less than 2 mM in the germinating medium had little or no visible effect on length of shoot and root of germinating seed. The germinating rate of seed was not affected significantly by Al, when Al concentrations lower than 5 mM Al. The addition of 3 mM Ca did not increase the length of shoot and root and germination rate of seeds. Both pretreatments with 6 mM Ca and 1 μM GA had no significant effect on the length of shoot and root and amylolytic activity of Al‐treated germinating seeds. No significant differences were found in the total amylolytic activity in Al‐treated and control seeds two days and five days after germination. The results of Al and Ca effects on seedlings and seed germination showed that Al‐toxicity on germinating seeds was different from on seedling growth. The high concentrations of Al inhibit growth of roots and shoots of germinating seeds by other toxicity mechanism rather than interaction of Al with Ca and mobilization of carbohydrate reserves.     

盐分胁迫对林木种子发芽率的影响研究

试验研究盐分胁迫对林木种子发芽率的影响结果表明 ,NaCl和NaCl KCl 2种盐分对林木种子发芽率和苗木生长均有一定抑制作用 ;随盐分浓度的提高而发芽率逐渐下降 ,幼苗生长呈相同趋势。与复合盐分相比 ,单一盐分对种子发芽和苗木生长抑制作用更强 ,表明K 可一定程度缓解Na 的危害 ,并提出耐盐指数概念     

Ion content and ion excretion of Spartina anglica in relation to salinity and redox potential of salt marsh soil

Concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn were determined in polluted estuarine (Western Scheldt) and non-polluted (Eastern Scheldt) salt marsh soil, in the shoot tissue of plants of Spartina anglica and in the excretion of the salt glands of Spartina anglica. Excretion of ions by the salt glands of Spartina anglica was analysed with increasing salinity (0, 300, and 500 mM NaCl) and with increasing values of the redox potential of the salt marsh soil (from ?300 mV to +600 mV). Salt glands of Spartina anglica, growing in containers filled with salt marsh soil in the greenhouse excreted Na-ions at a rate of 1.0–1.8 mmol Na⁺ g^?1 dry wt of the shoot tissue over a period of 18 days implying that about every 6–18 days the amount of Na⁺ present in the shoot tissue is being removed by the salt glands. The excretion rate of K-ions was 0.02–0.14 mmol g^?1 dry wt/18 days. Zinc ions are excreted by the salt glands to such a rate (0.03–0.11 μmol g^?1 dry wt/18 days) that every 36–900 days the amount of zinc present in the leaves is removed. There was no relation between excretion of Zn ions by the plants and the concentration of zinc in the soil. The excretion of Fe and Mn is reported and was found to be related to increasing values of the redox potential.     

盐胁迫对木本滨藜叶绿素合成及净光合速率的影响

为了对盐碱地植被恢复及改造提供优良植物资源,该文以三角滨藜、努塌滨藜、四翅滨藜为研究对象,沙棘和白榆为对照,进行NaCl、Na2SO4胁迫处理,并对比分析不同盐分含量对其叶绿素含量、净光合速率及生长的影响。结果表明:1)不同盐分胁迫对3种木本滨藜叶绿素合成的影响均小于沙棘和白榆。2)3种木本滨藜净光合速率受胁迫影响程度明显小于沙棘和白榆,在高浓度盐土的胁迫下,保持较高净光合速率,维持正常新陈代谢,表现较强的抗逆性。3)3种木本滨藜在盐胁迫下,株高和基径所受影程度明显小于沙棘和白榆。5种植物株高和基径随盐分梯度变化规律与植物光合速率变化规律相一致。4)利用隶属函数对5种植物抗盐能力进行综合评价得出,抗NaCl盐分胁迫能力大小顺序为:努塌滨藜>三角滨藜>四翅滨藜>沙棘>白榆;抗Na2SO4盐分胁迫能力大小顺序为:四翅滨藜>三角滨藜>努塌滨藜>沙棘>白榆,表明3种木本滨藜在植物光合作用及生长方面表现出极强抗盐能力,有很强的推广应用价值,是中国盐碱地利用的优质植物资源,该文研究可为中国北方旱区盐碱地利用提供理论依据。     

Effects of CaCN2 treatment of seeds of Inubie (Echinochloa oryzicola) on synthesis of protein and RNA during germination

Protein and RNA induction during the germination of Inubie (Echinochloa oryzicola) seeds pretreated with CaCN₂ was studied. It was observed that the germination of Echinochloa oryzicola seeds was delayed after pretreatment with a high concentration of CaCN₂ for 18 h. A considerable difference in the protein patterns was detected in the SDS-PAGE gel between the control (H₂O) and CaCN₂ treatment, particularly a 48 kilodalton (kD) protein band disappeared in CaCN₂ treatment. At the tested three levels of CaCN₂, the induction of this 48 kD protein was apparently inhibited during the germination process even when the duration of the pretreatment was as short as 2 h. When imbibed with water, the amount of the 48 kD protein increased rapidly within 1 h from the trace level in the dry seeds, and reached the maximum level after about 1–2 d. The results showed that the CaCN₂ treatment also decreased the total RNA level in the germinating seeds. The relation of this protein induction and RNA decline with the beginning of Echinochloa oryzicola germination was discussed.