Relation between available boron and boron extracted from soils by hot water or phosphoric acid

Abstract

A measure of biologically available B (BAB) was obtained by assaying the amount of B removed from a small volume of soil by sunflowers grown until they displayed B deficiency symptoms. Four different mineral soils and one organic soil which had been treated in the field with variable lime and B applications 2 years prior to sampling were compared. The amount of B extracted with hot water from soils before cropping was well correlated with BAB. The B extracted by the more intensive hot water extraction methods was closely related to the absolute level of BAB. Digestion of soils with concentrated H₃PO₄ resulted in the dissolution of larger amounts of B than that extracted with hot water. The proportion of H₃PO₄ soluble B that was measured as BAB was quite variable. Thus H₃PO₄ was a less suitable extractant than hot water for assaying the amount of soil B available to plants during a short growing period. In no case was the difference between the B extracted from soils before and after cropping as large as the BAB values.     

Boron and zinc deficiencies and toxicities and their interactions with other nutrients in soybean roots,leaves, and seeds

In many parts of the world, soils deficient and/or toxic in micronutrients reduce potential soybean (Glycine max) yields. The objective of our study was to grow plants in low to high concentrations of boron (B) and zinc (Zn) to determine how B and Zn deficiencies and toxicities affect soybean growth and interact with other essential nutrients in roots, leaves, and seeds. We found that B significantly affected levels of all essential nutrients except manganese and iron, while Zn significantly affected all essential nutrients in at least one plant tissue tested. Some of the physiological responses and nutrient interactions were cultivar-dependent. This study showed how deficiencies and toxicities of B and Zn affect plant growth and how B and Zn fertility interacts with many of the other essential nutrients.     

Calcium deficiency and gibberellic acid enhance susceptibility of pumpkin and sunflower seedlings to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection

Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings were grown in culture deficient in calcium and inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Three days after inoculation the seedlings showed a susceptibility to the pathogen that was inversely proportional to the calcium content of the nutrient solution. Plants treated with gibberellic acid (GA₃) became more susceptible to infection by S. sclerotiorum. Increased addition of GA₃ resulted in increases in infection both in rate and severity. Sunflower was more susceptible to the pathogen than was pumpkin. GA₃ treatment consistently decreased the calcium content in both species. The effect of calcium deficiency on infection by S. sclerotiorum was greatly amplified by GA₃ addition.     

Promoting deep-sowing germinability of corn (Zea mays) by seed soaking with gibberellic acid

The effects of seed soaking with gibberellic acid (GA₃) on germinability of conventional corn variety ‘Nongda 108’ and super sweet corn variety ‘Chaotian 3’ were investigated under deep-sowing condition. GA₃ soaking significantly improved seed germination and mesocotyl elongation of both varieties under 10 or 6 cm sowing depth. The most significant promotion occurred at 0.175 g L^?1 GA₃ in ‘Nongda 108’ and 0.035 g L^?1 GA₃ in ‘Chaotian 3’. To further illustrate the physiological explanations, seed respiration was estimated from dehydrogenase activity test and oxygen-sensing test. Dehydrogenase activities of both varieties were dramatically promoted after GA₃ soaking. Compared with water soaking, the dehydrogenase activity in 0.175 g L^?1 GA₃-soaked seeds of ‘Nongda 108’ and 0.035 g L^?1 GA₃-soaked ones of ‘Chaotian 3’ was increased by 15.4% and 78.8%, respectively. Oxygen-sensing test showed that increased metabolism time (IMT) critical oxygen pressure (COP) and relative germination time (RGT) were decreased while oxygen metabolism rate (OMR) and relative germination rate (RGR) were increased in GA₃-soaked seeds, suggesting that exogenous GA-accelerated seed respiration. Our results suggested that seed soaking with exogenous GA₃ was a simple and practicable method to improve deep-sowing tolerance during corn seed germination, and the significant promotions were attributed to vigorous respiratory metabolism.     

玉米与赤霉素对向日葵列当种子萌发、防除以及对后茬作物向日葵生长的影响

向日葵列当(Orobanche cumana Wallr.)是一种根寄生草本植物,对向日葵等经济作物造成严重危害。为了减少向日葵列当对向日葵的寄生,降低土壤中向日葵列当种子库,本试验以新疆地区广泛种植的玉米品种‘京糯一号’和‘新玉57号’为研究材料,通过穴盘试验研究在不同时期(出苗后10 d和15 d)施加两种不同浓度赤霉素(10~(-4 )mol·L~(-1)和10~(-5 )mol·L~(-1))对上述两个品种玉米生长发育和分泌列当萌发刺激物质的影响;24 d后收集并提取玉米根系分泌物,用其进行刺激向日葵列当种子的萌发试验,从而筛选出刺激向日葵列当种子萌发能力较强的玉米品种进行盆栽试验。通过盆栽试验,在玉米种植后的不同时期(20 d和40 d)喷施10~(-4 )mol·L~(-1)赤霉素以探究玉米与赤霉素共同防除向日葵列当种子的效果,收获时(105 d后)采集玉米地上部、根和根际土样品,用其甲醇浸提液刺激向日葵列当种子萌发;次年在种植过玉米的盆中种植后茬作物向日葵,收获时测定向日葵的农艺指标并统计向日葵列当的出土数。结果表明:穴盘试验中施加赤霉素对玉米的株高有显著增高作用,对玉米根系分泌萌发刺激物质没有抑制作用,即在玉米生长时期可以施加10~(-4 )mol·L~(-1)和10~(-5 )mol·L~(-1)赤霉素。此外,‘新玉57号’根系分泌物的100倍稀释液刺激向日葵列当种子的萌发率显著高于‘京糯一号’,因此选取‘新玉57号’作为盆栽试验的玉米品种。盆栽试验中不同时期施加10~(-4 )mol·L~(-1)赤霉素,玉米株高同样显著高于对照,增长率分别为22.5%、19.1%。次年种植后茬作物向日葵,在第20 d向玉米施加赤霉素处理的盆中种植的向日葵的花盘直径比对照(种植玉米时不施加赤霉素)显著增加57.1%。与对照相比,在种植玉米后的20 d和40 d施加赤霉素的处理种植向日葵,向日葵列当的出土数分别是1.3个·盆~(-1)、1.8个·盆~(-1),分别降低76.4%和67.3%。因此,可以在玉米种植的后20 d和40 d施加10~(-4 )mol·L~(-1)赤霉素,与玉米共同诱导向日葵列当种子"自杀发芽",以减少向日葵列当对向日葵植株的危害。     

Adequate range of boron nutrition is more restricted for root nodule development than for plant growth in young soybean plant

A pot experiment was conducted under growth chamber conditions to determine the lower and upper critical levels of boron (B) for plant growth, nodule development, and nodule acetylene reduction activity (ARA) in young soybean plants. Plants of a soybean cultivar, Tachinagaha, were grown in pots containing river sand to which a nutrient solution with different B levels was added and were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum A1017. At 8, 12, and 16 d after sowing (DAS), among the plants supplied with the solution at 0, 1.0, and 2.0 mg B L^-1 , plants with 1.0 mg B L^-1 showed the highest values for dry shoot and fresh root weight, root length, total number of developing nodules and meristematic nodules (DMN), and ARA. At 20 DAS plants grown with 11 B levels (0-2.0 mg L^-1) were compared. The B critical deficiency levels for soybean dry shoot weight, fresh root weight, root length, DMN, number of complete nodules, and ARA were approximately 46, 35, 34, 57, 60, and 50 mg B kg^-1 dry matter, and the critical toxicity levels were approximately 114, 137, 134, 97, 104, and 89 mg B kg^-1 dry matter, respectively. The optimum B levels for the growth characters were approximately 34 to 137 mg B kg^-1 dry matter. The optimum range of B levels for nodule formation and function was more restricted than that for the growth characters. Based on the results of treatments with various B concentrations, 0.4 mg B L^-1 was found to be the concentration most beneficial for all the growth characters including nodule formation at the early stage (20 DAS) of development of soybean plants.     

基于近红外分析技术检测大豆脂肪酸含量的研究

为探索近红外光谱技术在大豆脂肪酸测试中的应用,寻找一种快速的检测方法。以黑龙江省各地的25份大豆品种为材料,采用Perten8620型近红外光谱仪对搜集到的样品进行扫描并得到光谱数据,采用多元线性回归(MLR)和偏最小二乘法(PLS)对试验数据进行了多元统计分析。结果表明：在1700～2300 nm范围内检测大豆脂肪酸含量是可靠的,并且PLS模型的性能优于MLR模型。该文还对近红外仪中的滤光片组合作了初步探讨,表明不同的滤光片组合对测量精度有一定影响。     

铝胁迫下大豆根系脱落酸累积与柠檬酸分泌的关系研究

为探讨铝(Al)胁迫条件下脱落酸(ABA)调控植物根系有机酸分泌的机制,进行了ABA与Al诱导大豆根系柠檬酸分泌的关系试验。结果表明:1)外源ABA和ABA合成抑制剂fluridone分别提高和降低了Al诱导的大豆根尖ABA含量的增加,但对根系柠檬酸分泌量均无影响,ABA对根系内源柠檬酸含量和柠檬酸合成酶的活性也没有影响;2)分根试验表明,与Al直接接触的根部(Part A)内源ABA含量发生变化,且有柠檬酸的分泌,而不与Al直接接触的根部(Part B)内源ABA含量也发生变化,但没有柠檬酸分泌;3)Al胁迫下,大豆耐Al基因型柠檬酸分泌量远高于敏感基因型,但二者的内源ABA含量却没有差异;4)30μmol AlCl3处理,在0~12 h柠檬酸分泌速率和内源ABA含量随Al处理时间增加而增加,去除Al胁迫时(12~18 h),柠檬酸分泌速率继续增加,但内源ABA含量则迅速下降。综合以上结果,推测ABA不是通过提高Al诱导柠檬酸分泌来调控大豆耐Al性。     

Effect of humic acid and fulvic acid based liquid and foliar fertilizers on the yield of wheat crop

Abstract

An organic-mineral liquid fertigation fertilizer containing humic acid, nitrogen (N)–phosphorus (P)–potassium (K), zinc (Zn), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn) and a liquid foliar fertilizer consisting of fulvic acid and gibberellic acids were formulated and applied to wheat. The purpose of this study was to develop an efficient and cost effective liquid and foliar fertilizer and compare their potential with commercially available urea and DAP. The fulvic acid and humic acids were obtained by alkaline extraction of lignite coal. All the treatments were significant over the control. The application of the liquid fertigation fertilizer and liquid foliar fertilizer along with 50?kg of urea per acre showed the best results biological yield (grain plus straw yield). It was found that the highest yield was obtained in T₆ treatment and the second best results were obtained with T₂ treatment, but has a high cost, while treatment T₆ was the most significant economical and yielded a high income when compared to other treatments.     

玉米种子萌发过程内部水分流动规律的低场核磁共振检测

为研究玉米种子萌发过程中内部水分的流动规律,分析其内部生理代谢状态,该文利用低场核磁共振技术,连续60 h对3个品种玉米种子的吸胀、萌动和发芽3个阶段的萌发过程进行动态监测。分别在萌发时间为0、12、36和60 h这4个典型的萌发时刻,对处于25和31℃的2个恒温萌发环境中的玉米种子进行核磁共振横向弛豫时间信号采集,并通过反演运算得到其横向弛豫时间T_2反演谱。试验结果表明:通过横向弛豫时间可以将玉米种子内部水分划分为结合水(0.1T_210 ms)、半结合水(10T_2100 ms)及自由水(100T_21 000 ms)3种水分相态;随着萌发时间的延长,3个品种玉米种子在2个不同温度的萌发环境中,结合水均呈现先迅速增加后逐渐降低的趋势,自由水均反映为先降低后不断增加的态势,而半结合水和总体水分含量则表现为持续增加的现象;外界温度对3种相态水分含量的影响不尽相同,但提高萌发温度可以明显促进玉米种子吸水,同时提高玉米种子的发芽率。本试验快速并直接揭示了玉米种子在萌发过程中的水分分布情况,可为玉米种子萌发过程的机理研究提供重要参考。     

胁迫对菜用大豆种子抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

采用蛭石栽培,在100 mmol/L NaCl 胁迫下,对耐盐性不同的两个菜用大豆［Glycine max (L.)Merr.］品种种子的过氧化氢（H2O2）含量及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽（AsA-GSH）循环进行了研究。结果显示,NaCl胁迫显著增加了菜用大豆种子的H2O2含量,但耐盐品种 绿领特早的增幅低于盐敏感品种理想高产95-1。NaCl胁迫期间,绿领特早种子中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性,AsA、GSH含量以及AsA/DHA值和GSH/GSSG值的增幅高于同期的理想高产95-1,或降幅低于同期的理想高产95-1; 脱氢抗坏血酸（DHA）、氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）含量的增幅低于同期的理想高产95-1。表明 绿领特早种子在胁迫期间能够保持较高的AsA-GSH循环效率,可有效地抑制H2O2的积累,这可能是其耐盐性较强的重要原因之一。     

硼肥用量对油菜产量与硼养分吸收的影响

以华油杂9号和中油杂12号为供试油菜品种,在鄂东油菜主产区布置田间试验,试验设置3个硼肥用量梯度,硼砂用量分别为0、3和12 kg/hm2,研究硼肥用量对两种油菜产量、干物质积累量和硼素积累量的影响。结果表明,土壤严重缺硼(有效硼含量为0.12 mg/kg)条件下,施硼显著提高油菜产量和地上部各部位生物量,促进硼素吸收,且其影响随着生育进程的推移而加大。试验条件下最佳硼肥(B含量11%)用量为3 kg/hm2,相比不施硼处理,华油杂9号和中油杂12号分别增产26.8%和38.4%。硼用量为3 kg/hm2时,华油杂9号和中油杂12号的硼肥相对利用率分别为32.2%和19.4%,硼用量进一步增加,利用率显著降低。两个油菜品种相比结果表明,不同品种油菜对硼的吸收利用能力及敏感程度不同,华油杂9号具有较强的吸收、利用硼的能力,而中油杂12号对缺硼更加敏感,增产幅度更显著。研究结果说明,在当前生产条件下,油菜施硼增产效果显著,但目前油菜生产中不施硼和推荐施硼量过大的现象同时存在,应根据实际情况进行调整。     

Effect of exogenous salicylic acid supply on nodule formation of hypernodulating mutant and wild type of soybean

Soybean plant is characterized by a systemic autoregulatory control system of nodulation (autoregulation) by initial infection with rhizobia, and plants commonly display a systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to pathogenic microbe infection related to salicylic acid (SA) signal transmission. We investigated the effect of exogenous SA supply on soybean nodulation to determine whether SA affects the autoregulation of nodulation. Seedlings of the hypernodulating mutants NOD1-3, NOD2-4 and their parent cv. Williams were treated or not treated (control) with a 100 μmS-SA solution at 5 d before the inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA110. The nodule dry weight and the number of nodules of the wild type soybean Williams exhibiting autoregulation drastically decreased by the addition of 100 μm SA. The decrease in the nodule number was not caused by the reduction of the rhizobium number in the medium. Salicylic acid inhibited only early nodule formation and did not affect the growth of formed nodules. The inhibitory effect of SA on the nodulation of NOD1-3 and NOD2-4 was significantly less pronounced than that in Williams. These results indicate that SA is directly involved in signal transmission in the autoregulation, and that SA or the SAR induced by SA stimulates the autoregulation of nodulation in soybean.     

极低频脉冲电场与高压静电场对作物种子萌发影响的差异

为了明确基于极低频脉冲电场(pulsed electric field,PEF)的种子处理技术与基于高压静电场(highvoltage electrostatic field,HVEF)的种子处理技术的有效性及其差异,研究了极低频PEF和HVEF对绿豆生长的影响。结果表明,极低频PEF处理对绿豆幼苗的质量、芽长和根长都有明显的促进作用,相同强度的HVEF处理对绿豆幼苗的根长生长有一定促进作用,对芽长的影响不显著。机理研究显示,极低频PEF和HVEF处理均对萌发绿豆的氧化代谢和蛋白质代谢有一定影响,在种子萌发初期,极低频PEF处理促进了种子储藏蛋白的分解,在后期促进了新蛋白的合成,HVEF处理则对萌发后期的蛋白合成有一定促进作用。研究还发现,极低频PEF和HVEF均可通过诱发超氧阴离子自由基激活种子超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,促进过氧化物酶(POD)的合成,但是,极低频PEF对SOD和POD的影响大于HVEF。讨论了极低频PEF和HVEF对绿豆萌发影响差异的原因。     

大豆蛋白热变性程度对速溶豆腐花粉凝胶成型的影响

针对速溶豆腐花粉的制备工艺中需要对大豆进行热处理,热处理过程中大豆蛋白的热变性程度对豆腐花粉凝结的凝胶强度与凝结所需的时间具有显著影响,而现在速溶豆腐花粉的工业生产中还没有对豆浆热处理程度较为合适的标准。该文以大豆、大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate,SPI)、大豆球蛋白(glycinin,11S)、β-伴大豆球蛋白(beta-conglycinin,7S)为原料,研究大豆蛋白热变性程度对速溶豆腐花粉凝胶成型的影响。研究表明11S比7S更难发生完全变性,SPI中的7S和11S比单独存在的7S、11S更难发生完全变性。传统制备方式、前热处理后喷雾干燥或冷冻干燥制备方式、先喷雾干燥或冷冻干燥后热处理制备方式对豆腐花凝结成型影响不同,其中传统方式制备的豆腐花凝胶效果最好,先干燥后热处理制备的豆粉凝胶效果比前热处理后干燥的豆粉好,引起豆腐花凝胶强度差异的主要原因是大豆蛋白中7S和11S热变性程度不同。制备同一凝胶强度的豆腐花,热处理温度越低,所需的热处理时间越长;制备高凝胶强度的豆腐花比制备低凝胶强度的豆腐花所能进行的热处理温度与时间范围小。大豆蛋白的7S处于完全变性而11S处于未完全变性的状态时,适合制备速溶豆腐花粉的大豆蛋白变性程度应控制热处理温度与时间范围为80℃时热处理20~65 min,85℃时热处理15~50 min,90℃时热处理10~35 min,95℃时热处理5~20 min。该研究结果为调控速溶豆腐花粉的凝胶特性提供理论依据。     

6-苄基腺嘌呤对大豆内部水分分布及其生长状态的影响

为研究大豆发芽过程中加入不同浓度的6-苄基腺嘌呤（6-Benzylaminopurine,6-BA）后大豆内部水分的分布及对其生长状态的影响,以中黄13为研究对象,在相同环境条件下,用浓度分别为0（对照）、1、3、5、7、9 mg/L的6-BA溶液处理大豆。利用低场核磁共振技术（Low Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,LF-NMR）对中黄13在浸泡8 h及萌发12、24、36、48、60 h时间点的波谱信息、图像信息进行采集,同时对豆芽的生长状态进行理化指标和形态指标检测。结果显示：与其他处理组相比,浓度为3 mg/L的6-BA溶液处理的大豆的发芽周期、吸水率、平均质量、发芽率、豆芽轴长、轴径各指标表现均为最优;低浓度（1、3 mg/L）6-BA加速大豆蛋白质的水解,导致其渗透势降低,促进大豆蛋白质体吸收更多的水分,进而促使豆芽轴长变长、轴径变粗;高浓度（5、7、9 mg/L）6-BA使大豆细胞壁在细胞的渗透作用下遭到破坏,导致大豆吸水率降低,进而抑制了大豆的生长。该研究从大豆原料的预处理开始对整个加工过程进行了研究,为豆芽的生产加工提供一定的理论支持和数据参考。     

受钙、锌影响硼在酸性紫色土中的吸附特征

酸性紫色土对硼的等温吸附-解吸和吸附动力学试验表明，硼的等温吸附符合Frendlich方程，根据方程的K值（0．441），供试土壤对硼的吸附较弱。锌与硼复合，对土壤硼的吸附量和解吸量影响均不大，但吸附强度下降。钙则大大地提高了土壤对硼的吸附量和吸附常数，使土壤硼平均吸附量提高191．9％，并使平均解吸率下降6．4％。土壤吸附硼的动力学以Elovich方程（Ct=a＋blnt）描述最佳，反映土壤对硼吸附速率大小的方程参数b值以B＋Ca〉B＋Ca＋Zn〉B＋Zn〉B，钙对硼的吸附速率影响比锌的作用更强。     

硼对烤烟硼、钾积累及碳氮代谢的影响

采用砂培法研究不同硼浓度处理对烤烟碳氮代谢的影响.结果表明,低浓度硼(5 μmol/LH3BO3)处理下,烟株各器官中的硼、氮、钾、干物质积累以及NO3-的吸收及同化受阻,叶片中的NH4 积累增加,而氨基酸和蛋白质含量降低;缺硼还降低烟株叶片的光合速率,并使叶片中的水溶性葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、淀粉大量积累.增加硼的供给(20/μmol/L和40 μmol/L),使烟株叶片碳氮代谢增强.植株各器官的氮、钾、硼含量增加,干物质积累增强.     

Physiological and biochemical effects of boron toxicity in mustard during the seedling stage

A study was conducted to determine the physiological and biochemical effects of boron in seedlings of mustard (Brassica juncea L. var Varuna). For this seeds were sown in petridishes with varying concentrations of boron (0, 0.33, 3.3, 33, 330 mM) in seed germinator. Seed germination and vigor index was found to be decreased and percentage phytotoxicity was increased in seeds with increase in the concentration of boron in germinating solution. There was accumulation of sugars and decreased starch concentration in cotyledons and embryonic axes of growing seedling with increasing boron stress. For the estimation of oxidative damage in cotyledons and embryonic axes of mustard seedlings, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), phenols and activities of antioxidative enzymes- polyphenoloxydase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were determined. Boron toxicity caused accumulation of H₂O₂, TBARS and phenols and affected the antioxidative enzyme activity in growing seedling components.     

Soil factors affecting iron chlorosis of soybean in the red river valley of North Dakota and Minnesota

Iron chlorosis tolerant soybeans exhibit chlorosis symptoms in the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota. Previous research suggests that chlorosis was generally related to high calcium (Ca) carbonate levels in the soil, so a relationship of chlorosis with the presence of Calciaquoll (carcareous at the surface, with very high levels of calcite in the subsurface) and non‐Calciaquoll soil types would be expected. Six sites each in 1996, 1997, and 1998 were studied to identify soil factors correlated with the incidence and degree of chlorosis. Gradients between green soybeans and severely chlorotic plants were established, soil type was determined at the green and chlorotic gradient endpoints, and soil samples were taken at the 0–15 cm depth at each gradient location. Iron chlorosis symptoms were filmed using a video recorder. The images recorded were then analyzed using an image analyzer to give a digital chroma number. The digital values were correlated with soil factors to determine the degree of relationship of symptoms with each factor. Soil type differences were only associated with chlorosis at four of twelve sites. Both Ca carbonate equivalence and soluble salts were most often correlated with chlorosis symptoms. The relationship of iron chlorosis with soluble salts, along with soil carbonate level, appears to be a factor that should be considered in soybean chlorosis resistance breeding for the Red River Valley. A greenhouse experiment was conducted which was unsuccessful in duplicating field chlorosis symptoms when gypsum and Ca carbonate was added to soil obtained from non‐chlorotic areas. The study was able to show a decrease in soybean nodule number with increasing Ca carbonate and gypsum levels.