长期定位试验中氮肥与磷肥有机肥联合施用通过刺激根的生长增加玉米产量和养分吸收

Imbalanced application of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers can result in reduced crop yield, low nutrient use efficiency, and high loss of nutrients and soil nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) accumulation decreases when N is applied with P and/or manure; however, the effect of applications of N with P and/or manure on root growth and distribution in the soil profile is not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effects of different N and P fertilizer application rates with or without manure on maize (Zea mays L.) yield, N uptake, root growth, apparent N surplus, Olsen-P concentration, and mineral N (Nmin) accumulation in a fluvo-aquic calcareous soil from a long-term (28-year) experiment. The experiment comprised twelve combinations of chemical N and P fertilizers, either with or without chicken manure, as treatments in four replicates. The yield of maize grain was 82% higher, the N uptake 100% higher, and the Nmin accumulation 39% lower in the treatments with combined N and P in comparison to N fertilizer only. The maize root length density in the 30--60 cm layer was three times greater in the treatments with N and P fertilizers than with N fertilizer only. Manure addition increased maize yield by 50% and N uptake by 43%, and reduced Nmin (mostly NO₃^--N) accumulation in the soil by 46%. The long-term application of manure and P fertilizer resulted in significant increases in soil Olsen-P concentration when no N fertilizer was applied. Manure application reduced the apparent N surplus for all treatments. These results suggest that combined N and P fertilizer applications could enhance maize grain yield and nutrient uptake via stimulating root growth, leading to reduced accumulation of potentially leachable NO₃^--N in soil, and manure application was a practical way to improve degraded soils in China and the rest of the world.     

有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及土壤氮磷淋溶的影响

【目的】氮、磷是农作物生长所必需的营养元素,对提高农作物产量和改善产品品质均有重要作用,但由于肥料不合理施用,农田土壤中养分大量盈余,在降雨或灌溉条件下易随水流失,导致水环境质量下降。因此,研究有机无机肥料配施对土壤氮、磷淋溶风险的影响,可为地下水环境质量保护提供依据。【方法】采用田间渗滤池法,对华北地区玉米季氮磷淋溶状况连续5年进行监测,具体施肥处理如下:对照(不施用氮肥,PK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施有机肥(与NPK处理等氮量,SW)、有机肥无机肥料配施(用猪粪中氮替代50%NPK处理中氮用量,SNP)。采集120 cm处淋溶水,测定氮、磷含量,研究在总氮投入量相同条件下,有机无机肥料配施对华北地区玉米产量及土壤剖面120 cm处氮磷淋溶的影响。【结果】1)有机无机肥料配施(SNP)处理,可以保证玉米较高产量,5年平均产量较单施化肥处理(NPK)提高10.3%。2)有机无机肥料配施可以显著减少总氮(TN)淋溶量,SNP处理较NPK处理减少71.4%;NPK处理淋溶水中NO-3-N浓度显著高于SNP处理,其平均浓度分别为54.93 mg/L、13.47 mg/L。3)在等氮量投入条件下,有机肥的投入带入了大量磷素,单施有机肥(SW)较NPK处理总磷(TP)淋溶量增加了0.6倍,分别为0.056 kg/hm2、0.035 kg/hm2;淋溶水中TP浓度分别为0.09 mg/L、0.066 mg/L。在氮磷养分淋溶损失中,NO-3-N占淋溶水TN的80%以上,可溶性总磷(TDP)占淋溶水TP的70%左右。4)在监测淋溶水中,NPK处理NO-3-N平均浓度已超过我国地下水Ⅲ类水质量标准(GB/T 14848-9),SW处理TP平均浓度0.09 mg/L,也高于水体富营养化TP浓度(0.02 mg/L)的临界值,可对水体造成污染。【结论】在氮磷养分淋溶损失中,NO-3-N占淋溶水TN的80%以上,TDP占淋溶水TP的70%左右。采用猪粪氮替代50%化肥氮素的有机无机肥料配施处理,5年玉米平均产量显著高于单施化肥处理,证明该施肥方法不仅可以确保产量,还可降低氮素淋溶,基本保证淋溶水中NO-3-N浓度低于地下水Ⅲ类水质量标准(GB/T 14848-9)。     

冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中不同施氮水平对玉米生长及其根际土壤氮的影响

在河北衡水潮土上进行田间试验,以当地习惯高氮用量(小麦季施N 300 kg/hm2,玉米季施N 240 kg/hm2)为对照,研究冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中减少氮肥用量对玉米季植株生长、氮素吸收及根际土壤中无机氮与微生物量氮的影响。结果表明,两季作物氮肥施用量减少25%和40%,对玉米产量、生物量及植株体内氮累积量未产生明显影响,氮肥利用率提高。不同氮肥施用量对根际和非根际土壤铵态氮含量的影响不显著;减少氮肥施用量,对玉米根际土壤硝态氮含量也没有明显影响。在玉米苗期、抽雄期和成熟期,习惯高施氮量处理的非根际土壤硝态氮含量较高,其中抽雄期,非根际土壤硝态氮含量较氮肥减施40%用量处理高出近一倍,但非根际土壤微生物量氮水平含量明显降低。氮肥减施未影响根际土壤微生物量碳、氮含量,反而增加了非根际土壤微生物量碳、氮水平。在高肥力的潮土上,冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中适当减施氮肥并未影响玉米根际土壤氮素水平,可保证玉米稳产,实现减氮增效。     

Short-Term Irrigation Level Effects on Residual Nitrate in Soil Profile and N Balance from Long-Term Manure and Fertilizer Applications in the Arid Areas of Northwest China

A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of long-term applications of fertilizers and manure (1982 to 2003) and short-term irrigation level (2002 and 2003) on accumulation of nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) in soil at Zhangye Oasis, China. The treatments included manure (M) and no manure (M₀) as main plots; check (Ck), nitrogen (N), nitrogen + phosphorus (NP), and nitrogen + phosphorus + potassium (NPK) as subplots; and two amounts of irrigation (I₁ and I₂) as subsubplots. The application of N alone resulted in large NO₃-N accumulation in soil, accounting for 6% of the applied N, and the lowest crop N recovery. Application of manure resulted in increased NO₃-N in the soil profile compared to treatment with no manure, and the MN treatment resulted in the greatest amount of NO₃-N in soil. Nitrogen applied with P and/or K reduced the amount of NO₃-N in soil in both manure and no-manure treatments compared with N only. The unaccounted N was greatest (60%) in the N-alone treatment and lowest (30%) in the NPK treatment. When manure plus fertilizer were applied together, the unaccounted N ranged from 35%–42%. Based on results from only 2 years, greater amounts of irrigation (I₂) caused greater leaching of NO₃-N in the soil profile compared with I₁, especially in treatments receiving manure. The implications of these findings are that these high amounts of accumulated NO₃-N in surface and subsoil layers can be a potential threat to surface water, underground water, and air quality in the long run. This accumulated N in the soil profile can be used as a source of available N for future crops and should be recycled by using proper crop, soil, fertilizer, and water-management strategies/practices. The findings also suggest the need for further research to make an effective and efficient use of this accumulated NO₃-N in the soil profile in order to save cost of N fertilizer application to future crops.     

土壤高残留氮条件下施氮对夏玉米氮素平衡、利用及产量的影响

土壤残留氮是不容忽视的土壤氮素资源.通过田间小区试验研究了土壤高残留氮下不同施氮量(0、80、160、240和320 kg/hm2)对夏玉米土壤硝态氮积累、氮素平衡、氮素利用及产量的影响,分析了夏玉米的经济效益.结果表明,土壤剖面硝态氮积累量随施氮量的增加而增加,且施氮处理硝态氮积累量显著高于不施氮处理;各施氮处理土壤硝态氮在0-60 cm土层含量最高,在0--180 cm剖面呈先减少后增加的变化趋势.不施氮处理夏玉米收获后土壤无机氮残留量高达378 kg/hm2,随施氮量的增加,无机氮残留和氮表观损失显著增加.作物吸氮量、氮表观损失量与总氮输入量呈显著正相关,总氮输入量每增加l kg作物吸氮量增加0.156 kg,而表观损失量增加0.369 kg,是作物吸氮量的2.4倍.高残留氮土壤应严格控制氮肥用量,以免造成氮素资源的大量浪费.夏玉米籽粒吸氮量随施氮量的增加呈增加的趋势,氮收获指数呈降低的趋势.氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理利用率、氮肥利用率和氮素利用率在施氮量80 kg/hm2时最高,随施氮量的增加降低;增施氮肥能降低高残留氮土壤中氮肥的增产效果和利用率.综合考虑产量、氮素利用和环境效应,N 80 kg/hm2是氮素高残留土壤上玉米的合理施氮量.     

华北山前平原农田土壤硝态氮淋失与调控研究

本文依托中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站小麦-玉米一年两熟长期定位试验, 应用土钻取土和土壤溶液取样器取水的方法, 研究了不同农田管理措施下土壤硝态氮的累积变化, 计算了不同氮肥处理通过根系吸收层的硝态氮淋失通量。结果表明, 小麦-玉米生长季土壤硝态氮累积量和淋失量随着施氮量的增加显著增加, 相同氮肥水平下增施磷、钾肥增加了作物的收获氮量, 施磷肥增加的作物收获氮量最高可达123kg·hm^-2·a^-1, 施钾肥增加的作物收获氮量最高为31 kg·hm^-2·a^-1。不同灌溉水平下0~400 cm 土体累积硝态氮随着灌溉量的增加而降低, 控制灌溉(小麦季不灌水, 玉米季灌溉1 水)、非充分灌溉(小麦季灌溉2~3 水, 玉米季按需灌溉)、充分灌溉(小麦季灌溉4~5 水, 玉米季按需灌溉)各处理剖面累积硝态氮量分别为1 698 kg·hm^-2、1148 kg·hm^-2 和961 kg·hm^-2。与非充分灌溉和充分灌溉处理相比, 控制灌溉在100~200 cm 土层硝态氮累积量显著高于其他层次, 2003~2005 年间控制灌溉剖面增加的硝态氮量占施肥总量的23%; 非充分灌溉处理剖面增加的硝态氮量占施肥总量的22%; 充分灌溉处理剖面增加的硝态氮量占施肥总量的47%。免耕措施降低了作物产量, 影响土壤水的运移, 增加了硝态氮的淋失风险。根据作物所需降低氮素投入(N 200 kg·hm^-2·a^-1), 增施磷、钾肥, 控制灌溉量是减少华北山前平原地区硝态氮淋失, 保护地下水的有效措施。     

硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素对土壤硝态氮含量及氮素平衡和氮素利用率的影响

【目的】控释尿素已被证明对于提高氮素利用率、减少氮素损失和增产有积极意义,且不同包膜的控释尿素由于包膜材料的不同,对于氮素的释放和供应强度有所不同。本文在黄淮海区域采用玉米田间试验,探讨硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素在氮素供应和减少氮素损失等方面的效应,以期为黄淮海区域夏玉米在高温多雨的种植条件下两种控释尿素的选择和应用提供依据。【方法】以硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素为研究对象,采用田间试验研究0—100 cm土壤剖面中的硝态氮含量,玉米整个生育期的土壤氮素平衡和玉米产量以及氮素利用率。【结果】与相同施氮量的普通尿素相比,硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素均具有"前控后保"的特性,使玉米苗期0—100 cm土层的土壤硝态氮含量降低了11.7%~56.7%和28.8%~68.2%,玉米灌浆期和收获期0—40 cm土层的硝态氮含量分别提高了16.3%~46.7%、0.5%~60.7%;两种控释尿素均能有效降低玉米整个生育期土壤残留的无机氮量、氮素表观损失量和盈余量,降幅分别为12.0%~18.4%、13.2%~66.4%和15.6%~30.9%,使玉米产量提高14.6%~37.5%,氮素利用率提高12.3~20.8个百分点。在N 210 kg/hm2、N 300 kg/hm2两种施氮量条件下,与相同施氮量的硫膜控释尿素相比,树脂膜控释尿素处理的玉米苗期0—60 cm土层的硝态氮含量降低了26.4%~39.1%,灌浆期0—40 cm土层和收获期0—20 cm土层的硝态氮含量分别提高了10%~21.8%和9.6%~16.4%,土壤残留无机氮量、氮素表观损失量和盈余量分别降低了2.3%~6.0%、44.6%~61.3%和17.0%~17.7%,玉米产量提高了6.8%~8.3%,氮素利用率提高了7.1~8.4个百分点,说明树脂膜控释尿素的效果优于硫膜控释尿素。树脂膜控释尿素和硫膜控释尿素在施氮量N 300 kg/hm2时均比N 210 kg/hm2条件下玉米整个生育期不同土层的硝态氮含量提高了1.2%~90.9%和2.0%~56.7%,玉米整个生育期土壤残留无机氮量、氮素表观损失量和盈余量分别提高了42.1%~47.6%、66.2%~137.9%、52.5%~53.8%,玉米产量和氮素利用率分别提高了20.8%和22.5%、6.5和5.2个百分点,施氮量N 300 kg/hm2优于N 210 kg/hm2。【结论】树脂膜控释尿素在减少夏玉米农田土壤剖面硝态氮残留、维持土壤氮素平衡和提高氮素利用率等方面的效果优于硫膜控释尿素和普通尿素。综合考虑保证土壤氮素供应、减少氮素损失、提高玉米产量及氮素利用率等因素,在黄淮海区域高温多雨气候条件下种植夏玉米,以施氮量N 300 kg/hm2的树脂膜控释尿素或者硫膜和树脂膜控释尿素二者配合施用效果最佳。     

施氮和豌豆/玉米间作对土壤无机氮时空分布的影响

为探明甘肃河西走廊绿洲灌区豌豆/玉米间作体系土壤无机氮时空分布现状和过量施用氮肥对环境的影响,2011年在田间试验条件下,采用土钻法采集土壤剖面样品,采用Ca Cl2溶液浸提、流动分析仪测定土壤无机氮含量的方法,研究了不同氮水平[0 kg(N)·hm?2、75 kg(N)·hm?2、150 kg(N)·hm?2、300 kg(N)·hm?2、450 kg(N)·hm?2]下豌豆/玉米间作体系土壤无机氮时空分布规律。结果表明:作物整个生育期内,灌漠土无机氮以硝态氮为主,其含量是铵态氮的7.55倍。在玉米整个生育期内,与不施氮相比,75 kg(N)·hm?2、150 kg(N)·hm?2、300 kg(N)·hm?2和450 kg(N)·hm?2处理的土壤硝态氮含量分别增加29.7%、67.5%、88.2%和134.3%。与豌豆收获期相比,在玉米收获时土壤硝态氮含量平均降低44.2%。间作豌豆和间作玉米分别比对应的单作在0~120 cm土层硝态氮含量降低6.1%和5.1%。豌豆/玉米间作体系土壤无机氮累积量在不同施氮量和不同生育时期都是表层(0~20 cm)最高。豌豆收获后,0~60 cm土层土壤无机氮累积量间作豌豆和间作玉米分别比相应单作降低4.9%和1.9%,60~120 cm土层降低10.8%和9.2%;玉米收获后0~60 cm土层平均降低28.2%和9.4%,60~120 cm土层平均降低23.5%和12.5%。土壤无机氮残留量间作豌豆比单作豌豆在0~60 cm土层降低4.9%,60~120 cm降低10.9%。因此,施用氮肥显著增加了土壤无机氮含量和累积量,且主要影响土壤硝态氮。过量的氮肥投入会因作物不能及时全部吸收而被大水漫灌和降雨等途径淋洗到土壤深层,造成氮肥损失和农田环境污染。间作能显著降低土壤无机氮浓度和累积量,特别在作物生长后期对土壤无机氮累积的降低作用更加明显。     

烤烟钾素库源关系生理调控措施研究

在大田生产条件下 ,采用单株挂牌设置处理的研究方法 ,研究涂抹生长素与其它不同生长调节剂和烟株顶端调控等措施对烤烟钾吸收及其在库源中再分配的影响。结果表明 ,现蕾后不打顶或打顶结合生长素处理茎断面均有利于不同部位叶片含钾量的提高 ,以打顶结合涂抹生长素效果更好 ;内源生长素和外源生长素都有利于烟株体内的钾素向叶片中分配 ,其中外源生长素的活性更强 ,能更有效地提高烟株叶片的含钾量 ,且涂抹 2次比涂抹 1次的效果好 ,但涂抹次数间差异不显著。     

不同肥料结构对红壤稻田氮素迁移的影响

不同肥料结构对红壤稻田淹水层、不同深度渗漏水、外排水和土壤剖面中氮素的含量、形态及其动态变化的影响研究结果表明 ,各处理淹水层、外排水和渗漏水中NH4+-N含量明显高于NO3--N。淹水层中N的含量 ,水稻生育前期以单施化肥的高 ,约相当于配施有机肥的 1.18～ 1.20倍 ,而水稻生育后期 ,后者为前者的 1.11～ 1.2 1倍。各处理外排水中N素的输出量均以苗期最高 ,单施化肥明显大于配施有机肥。土壤剖面中NH4+-N向下迁移比碱解N更为明显 ,且配施有机肥的远高于单施化肥的 ,而NO3--N则相反。不同深度渗漏水中NO3--N的比例 ,上层 (30cm)低于下层 (50cm) ,随水逸出的N量各处理渗漏水均小于外排水 ;随水输入的N量远低于随水输出的N量 ,且以单施化肥的N亏损最大。水稻未利用的N量也以单施化肥的最大 ,约为配施有机肥的 1.0 9倍。     

施氮与灌水对夏玉米土壤硝态氮积累、氮素平衡及其利用率的影响

通过田间裂区试验研究了不同施氮量(N 0、150、210和270 kg/hm2)和灌水量(900、1200、和1500 m3/hm2)对夏玉米土壤硝态氮分布累积、氮素平衡以及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,夏玉米收获期各处理土壤硝态氮在表层(0—20 cm)含量最高,在0—200 cm剖面均呈现先减少后增加再减少的变化趋势;土壤剖面NO3--N累积量随施氮量的增加而增加,且施氮处理硝态氮积累量显著高于不施氮处理。作物吸氮量、氮素表观损失量均与施氮量和总氮输入量呈显著相关,氮素输入量每增加1 kg,作物吸氮量仅增加0.301 kg,而表观损失量增加0.546 kg,是作物吸氮量的1.8倍左右。随施氮量的增加土壤剖面中NO3--N的损失量逐渐减少。夏玉米子粒吸氮量和收获指数随施氮量的增加有增加的趋势;氮肥回收效率和氮肥农学效率均以处理W1500N150最高,分别为46.15%和12.98kg/kg;氮肥生理效率以处理W1200N150最大,为34.49 kg/kg。本试验条件下,以水氮处理W1500N150的土壤硝态氮残留量、表观损失量较低,夏玉米氮肥回收效率和农学效率较高。     

A nitrogen dynamic hydroponic culture on performance and quality of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)

Abstract

In view of the unreasonable application of chemical fertilizers in agriculture and the groundwater pollution caused by nitrogen (N) leaching, a nitrogen dynamic hydroponic culture was used to simulate the dynamics variation of ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) in the leaching loss soil. Solutions with different ratio of NO₃-N and NH₄-N (100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70 and 0:100) were prepared as well as the same solutions that not containing NO₃-N .Water spinach was chosen to culture in the two solutions that differ from NO₃-N every two (E2) or five days (E5) to observe the growth, quality and nutrient solution uptake. In terms of the growth, uptake of N source, N use efficiency and the chemical indicators, plants grown in the balanced solution all showed the best results. The nitrogen dynamic hydroponic culture showed some differences between E2 and E5 in some aspects. Under the same N source level, plants in E2 showed a better growth and higher NO₃-N uptake than E5. On the other hand, the uptake of NH₄-N seemed to be affected significantly by the interchanged frequency, which showed the same variations of glutamine synthetase activity. The activity of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase showed the coexist of NO₃-N and NH₄-N could play synergistic effect. It is not recommended to supplement NO₃-N frequently in the case of N leaching loss, which has little impact on the growth and may lead to the hard taste and groundwater pollution.     

不同耕作模式对小麦—玉米轮作下潮土养分和作物产量的影响

通过分析裂区设计下的6个处理,即小麦季深耕和旋耕2个主处理×玉米季免耕播种、行间深松和行内深松3个副处理:(1)旋耕+免耕播种(RT—NT);(2)旋耕+行间深松(RT—SBR);(3)旋耕+行内深松(RT—SIR);(4)深耕+免耕播种(DT—NT);(5)深耕+行间深松(DT—SBR);(6)深耕+行内深松(DT—SIR),对土壤养分含量和作物产量影响,筛选适宜于小麦—玉米轮作体系的耕作模式。结果表明,各处理土壤养分含量在小麦、玉米两季中均随土层深度增加而降低。小麦季,旋耕处理0—10cm土层土壤全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量、硝态氮含量显著高于深耕处理;但深耕增加当季30—40cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、硝态氮、铵态氮含量。玉米季,DT—NT处理0—30cm土层有机质含量较RT—NT处理增加40.1%～64.3%。RT—SBR、RT—SIR处理显著提升土壤0—30cm全氮含量,其中RT—SBR处理0—10cm土层全氮含量最高,为1.4g/kg。RT—SIR处理显著增加0—20cm土壤碱解氮含量,较RT—NT显著增加15.0%～25.3%。在0—40cm土层,DT—SBR处理的有效磷含量最高,而RT—SBR处理的速效钾含量最高。DT—SIR处理显著提升20—50cm土层硝态氮和铵态氮含量,其中硝态氮含量为8.5～30.4mg/kg,铵态氮含量为2.6～8.9mg/kg。与小麦季相比,玉米季提升10—20cm土层有机质含量、0—50cm土层的碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量以及40—50cm土层的硝态氮、铵态氮含量。DT—SBR和DT—SIR处理穗长、百粒重、收获指数和产量显著高于其他处理,且二者产量较RT—NT处理显著增加6.4%～10.8%。玉米季DT—SIR处理的肥料偏利用率和经济效益最高。综上所述,深耕+行内深松处理有利于增加土壤养分含量,且增产效果较好,在本研究中最优。     

PERFORMANCE OF DUALEX IN SPRING WHEAT FOR CROP NITROGEN STATUS ASSESSMENT,YIELD PREDICTION AND ESTIMATION OF SOIL NITRATE CONTENT

Dualex and SPAD are devices developed for the purpose of testing crop nitrogen (N) status. These instruments were used in a wheat experiment in order to compare their respective performance in assessing leaf nitrogen (N) concentration, response to N topdressing application, soil nitrate (NO₃)-N levels and in predicting grain yield. The experiment included different N rates in 2005 and 2006 in the Montérégie region of Quebec, Canada. Dualex readings correlated negatively with SPAD readings, leaf N concentration, soil NO₃-N content and wheat grain yield. SPAD alone and the ratio of SPAD to Dualex measurements (Chl/Phen) were linearly related to N application rate but no effect of N application rate was found for individual Dualex parameters. However, both SPAD and Dualex readings were affected by year effects. The Dualex was also capable of indirect evaluation of in-season soil NO₃-N accumulation and the prediction of wheat yield, but more so as Chl/Phen.     

施用磷肥对土壤NO3——N累积的影响

在黄土高原南部的国家黄土肥力和肥料效益监测基地进行的长期定位试验结果表明 ,在小麦 玉米轮作中 ,当年施氮量为N 352kg/hm2 时 ,单施氮肥或氮钾配合的 0～4m土壤剖面的NO3--N累积量达 1000kg/hm2 以上 ,其中约 50%～60%的NO3--N分布在 2～ 4m以下的土层中 ,而氮磷配合的 0～ 4m土壤剖面的NO3--N累积量仅为 220kg/hm2,且 80 %的NO3--N分布在 0～2m的土层中 ,增施磷肥由于增加了氮的吸收和对水分的利用而有效地降低了土壤中NO3--N的累积。     

A global meta-analysis shows soil nitrogen pool increases after revegetation of riparian zones

Purpose

Sustainable management of riparian zone soils is required to ensure the health of natural ecosystems and maintenance of soil nitrogen (N) pools and soil N cycling. However, the effect of revegetation type and age on soil N pools remains poorly understood.

Materials and methods

This study compiled data from published articles to understand the effects of revegetation types and age on soil total N (TN) and soil inorganic N (NH₄⁺-N, and NO₃^?-N) using a meta-analysis. We extracted 645 observations from 52 published scientific articles.

Results and discussion

The revegetation of riparian zones led to a significant increase of soil TN (mean effect size: 11.5%; 95% CI: 3.1% and 20.6%). Woodland increased soil TN significantly by 14.0%, which was associated with the presence of N fixing species and high litter inputs. Soil NH₄⁺-N concentration significantly increased (mean effect size: 20.1%; 95% CI: 15.1% and 25.4%), whereas a significant decrease in soil NO₃^?-N (mean effect size: ? 21.5%; 95% CI: ? 15.0% and ? 27.5%) was observed. Of the revegetation types considered in this paper, NO₃^?-N concentration in soil followed the order: grassland < shrubland < woodland, suggesting that woodland might be more efficient in soil NO₃^?-N retention than grassland. The high plant N uptake and accelerated NO₃^?-N leaching in grassland could be related to the decreased soil NO₃^?-N in grassland compared with other revegetation types. Revegetation significantly decreased soil moisture by (mean effect size: ? 7.9%; 95% CI: ? 3.3% and ? 12.2%) compared with the control, which might be associated with the selection of exotic species as dominant vegetation in the riparian zone. Soil TN increased in revegetation ages between 10 and 40 years following revegetation and was related to increased soil organic carbon inputs within those ages following the establishment.

Conclusions

This study provides insight into influence of different vegetation types and age on soil N pools and soil moisture. This study also highlights the importance of revegetation in riparian zones to increase soil TN.

     

Effects of substituting chemical fertilizers with manure on rice yield and soil labile nitrogen in paddy fields of China: A meta-analysis

Substituting chemical fertilizers with manure is an important method for efficient nutrient management in rice cropping systems of China.Labile nitrogen(N) is the most active component of the soil N pool and plays an essential role in soil fertility.However,the effects of manure substitution on soil labile N in rice cropping systems and their relationships with soil properties,fertilization practices,and climatic conditions remain unclear and should be systematically quantified.Here,we investiga...     

Nitrate Dynamic in a Tropical Mollisol Amended with Organic Manures,Planted with Sweet Corn,and Monitored with SPAD Readings

Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of relative chlorophyll content (RCC) in sweet corn leaves as an indicator of nitrate concentration in soil. Study objectives were (1) to evaluate the effect of manure types (chicken and dairy), rates (0, 168, 336, and 672 kg ha^?1 equivalent N), and application frequency (one and two applications) of organic amendments on (a) nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) concentration within and below the crop root zone and (b) the RCC of sweet corn leaves and (2) to quantify the relationship between RCC and NO₃-N concentrations. The results showed a significant increase in NO₃-N concentrations within and below the root zone and plant leaf RCC under chicken manure treatments. Manure application rates and frequency had a significant effect on both NO₃-N concentration within and below the root zone and leaf RCC. It appears that leaf RCC can be used as an indicator of NO₃-N availability for sweet corn cultivated under the study conditions.     

The behaviour of nitrogen fertilizers in neutral and acid loess soils II. Distribution and balances of 15 N-tagged nitrogen

A study, to investigate the remaining fertilizer-N in undisturbed soil columns from agricultural and forest soils after 60 days of percolation (see part I), was carried out. The columns were fertilized with two 15-N tagged nitrogen fertilizers (Ca(NO₃)₂ and (NH₄)₂SO₄) at a rate of 80kg N/ha. The investigation involved the distribution and fractionation of nitrogen in the soils. The soil columns were therefore cut into 8 segments and nitrogen forms analyzed were: total N, fixed-NH₄-N, exchangeable NH₄-N, NO₃-N and organic N. Consequently, the N-balances were established. It was ascertained that immobilization and gaseous losses from the fertilizers were higher after NH₄- than after NO₃-application in both soils. Immobilization in all treatments was temperature dependent and concentrated at the upper segments of the columns. The forest soil had higher incorporation than the agricultural soil. Nitrification was low in the forest soil while in the agricultural soil there was a fairly high nitrification even at 4°C. The balances showed losses of nitrogen in the range of 10 to 35 %. While this agrees with the findings of other workers in case of the agricultural soil, it leaves however, some questions unanswered in case of the forest soil.     

Corn Monoculture Yield Response to Fertilization and Nitrate Nitrogen Distribution

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of fertilization system, nitrate (NO₃)– nitrogen (N) distribution along soil profile, and their interaction on corn yield. The study was conducted at the experimental field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad (Serbia) during 2001–2004. Corn monoculture included four fertilization variants: control (Ø), nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) mineral fertilizers, mineral fertilizer + corn stalks (NPK + S), and mineral fertilizers + manure (NPK + M). The greatest yield was found in the variant NPK + M (9.25 t ha^?1). Path coefficients showed that greatest direct positive effects on corn yield were exhibited by NO₃-N levels at soil depths of 60–90 cm and 30–60 cm. The path analysis showed that winter precipitation (WP) had a direct negative effect on yield performance. However, the effect of the downward movement of NO₃-N from the topsoil to deeper soil layers of WP on yield was positive.