Fruit quality and mineral nutrient from exposed verses internal canopy positions of four scitrus varieties

>Quality and mineral content of fruit from internal tree canopies were compared with those from external canopy positions in 4 citrus varities: ‘Kinnow’ mandarin; ‘Redblush’ grapefruit; ‘Valencia’ orange; and ‘Lisbon’ lemon. Fruit weight, total juice per fruit, peel fresh and dry weight, and rind thickness of fruit from internal canopies of all 4 varieties were significantly higher compared with external fruit. Mandarin, grapefruit, and orange fruit from external canopies had higher soluble solids and specific gravity. Fruit from internal canopies of all varieties had generally higher peel concentrations (% dry weight) of N, P and K due to a dilution effect, while the opposite condition existed in mandarin when these elements were expressed on a percent fresh weight basis. Peel Mg and S from external fruit were higher in all varieties, expressed as percentages of either dry weight or fresh weight. Nitrogen content of mandarin and orange juice and Ca content of grapefruit and lemon juice from external fruit were significantly higher compared to those from internal canopy fruit. Elimination of fruit quality and mineral variations as a result of canopy positions is recommended by the means of cultural practices.     

基于彩色信息的树上柑橘识别研究

为正确识别自然环境中的树上水果,从而为机械手的运动提供参数并完成水果的自动采摘,研究了基于彩色信息的树上柑橘识别方法。在对53幅含有各种背景情况的可见光彩色图像进行颜色特征提取和理解的基础上,建立了利用柑橘、树叶、树枝在R-B颜色指标上的差异进行树上柑橘识别的颜色模型,并利用动态阈值法,根据图像特征动态产生阈值T,将柑橘从背景中分割出来。分别在顺光条件和逆光条件下进行了试验分析,试验结果表明该识别模型可以实现对树上可见的柑橘的识别,并适用于单个和多个果实的识别,正确识别率较高。     

Gas chromatographic determination of fenpropimorph residues in citrus fruit

A rapid gas chromatographic method for determining fenpropimorph residues in citrus fruit is reported. The fungicide is extracted with hexane after pH adjustment of the fruit homogenate. A short liquid-liquid partitioning process is performed before gas chromatography on an OV-17 column with nitrogen-phosphorus specific detection. The limit of detection of the method was 0.01 mg/kg, based on a 25 g sample. Recovery was always higher than 70%. Fenpropimorph residues in "Washington Navel" oranges and "Hernandina" clementine fruits dipped in a 1500 mg/L fungicide solution were determined. The fungicide remains mainly in the peel, with levels less than 0.1 mg/kg in the pulp. Fungicide residues in the peel decrease during storage, mainly in Washington Navel peel, where values decreased from 5.2 to 2.8 mg/kg.     

Chemical composition of throughfall and stemflow from citrus canopies 1

The main objective of this study was to examine the chemical composition of incident rainfall, throughfall, and stemflow from canopies of ‘Marsh’ grapefruit, and ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Temple’ orange trees. The concentrations of ammonium (NH₄) and nitrate (NO₃) were lower in the throughfall under the canopy or along the dripline as compared to those in the incident rainfall. This reduction is due to absorption of those nitrogen (N) forms by the tree foliage, thus, provides an evidence of contribution of (N) through wet deposition to N requirement of the trees. In contrast, concentrations of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and chloride (Cl) were greater in the throughfall or along the dripline compared to those in the incident rainfall. This is due to possible leaching of those elements from the foliage by the rainwater. Stemflow and throughfall also had greater pH and electrical conductivity (only in two out of three citrus varieties) as compared to the incident rainfall. Good correlation were found between concentrations of either K, Mg, or Ca, and Cl, phosphorus (P), or sulfur (S) in the incident rainfall for two storm events.     

生草栽培对柑橘园土壤水分与有效养分及果实产量、品质的影响

试验研究生草栽培对柑橘园土壤水分和有效养分含量及果实产量品质的影响结果表明,生草栽培7～11月份干旱时期可提高果园土壤含水率;生草栽培初期降低果园土壤有效氮、磷、钙、镁、锰、铜和锌等矿质养分含量,但生草栽培2年后土壤有效氮、钾、铁和锌等矿质养分含量高于清耕对照。生草栽培可提高果实产量和果实可溶性固形物含量,降低果实柠檬酸含量,且种植百喜草比白三叶效果更明显     

Transpiration and canopy conductance at two slope positions in a Japanese cedar forest watershed

Plant–soil system patterns and processes along a slope are among the greatest causes of uncertainty in estimating watershed-scale transpiration (E). Tree-to-tree and radial variations in xylem sap flux density (F_d), in addition to tree biometrics, were measured over a 2-year period (2005–2006) in two slope stand positions. The areas of interest consisted of an upper slope plot (UP) and a lower slope plot (LP) in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) forest watershed and the environmental controls of stand E for each plot were compared. Canopy stand E (E_C) and canopy stomatal conductance (G_C) in the UP were less than those in the LP during the growing season, while those in the UP were greater than those in the LP over winter. In addition, mean stand F_d (J_S) in the UP was greater than that in the LP over winter, but J_S values were similar in the UP and LP except in the winter, which allows us to extrapolate watershed-scale E based on J_S estimated from F_d measurements of a partial stand in the watershed. However, this relationship contains a bias and differed between 2005 and 2006. Although there were significant differences in soil moisture conditions between the UP and LP in both years, a systematic relationship between the similarity in J_S and soil moisture conditions was not found. The bias was due to a tendency for J_S in the LP to be greater than that in the UP in 2006. This tendency was amplified because J_S in the LP was greater than that in the UP around an atmospheric humidity deficit (D) of 1–1.5 kPa and frequencies of this D range were higher in 2006 than in 2005. The greater J_S in the LP at D  1–1.5 kPa could be explained by the difference in the response of G_C to D between the UP and LP. Our results suggest this to be the cause of the similarity in J_S values for the UP and LP and for the occasional abortion of its similarity. However, even when the bias or the occasional deviation is disregarded, the error in estimating stand E from a partial stand is so small that it is comparable to an F_d measurement error. For example, the error when using only the LP was 6.6% for stand E.     

超声波果树冠层测量定位算法与试验

本文利用姿态航向参考系统、RTK-DGPS和超声波传感器,研究超声波果树冠层扫描时探测点在大地坐标系下的定位问题,建立了定位算法以校正车身倾斜对测量点位置计算的影响。文中考虑了车体的位置和姿态角信息以及超声波传感器安装的位置角度关系,利用一次、二次坐标转换建立算法模型,求解得到超声波探测点的绝对坐标位置。并利用农用拖拉机进行了直线行走试验和果树冠层扫描试验,其中的直线行走试验验证了校正模型的正确性。试验表明：通过姿态角和位置信息等建立的校正模型,消除了车体姿态角变化的影响,能正确解算作业车上任意点的大地坐标位置和冠层上超声波传感器探测点的大地坐标位置,使作业车辆在不平路面上工作时仍能准确地测绘出果树冠层形状。     

Risk assessment of repetitive movements in the citrus fruit industry

Musculoskeletal disorders are injuries of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, or spinal discs and are often classified as soft tissue injuries. They are the result of chronic or gradual development and are not caused by acute incidents such as slips, trips, or falls. The significance of this phenomenon prompted us to carry out a broader study of pathologies attributable to repetitive movements in the upper limbs within the citrus growing industry. Calabria, a very important region for citrus fruit growing in Italy, was chosen as the study area. The study analyzed the risks of repetitive movements for 180 workers on 35 different farms using the OCRA (Occupational Repetitive Actions) checklist method By analyzing the scores obtained in the different work phases, it was possible to determine the tasks that incur more risk in the citrus fruit industry. The OCRA checklist considers all the repetitive tasks involved in a complex job and estimates the level of exposure to each worker. In support of the specific aims of the present study, it is possible to identify a series of working conditions for which the level of risk may be reasonably estimated and for which it is possible to adopt a checklist system. The results of this study suggest that there must be a significant increase in the use of effective ergonomic interventions in the workplace in order to attain reductions in the number of local musculoskeletal complaints.     

基于点云的果树冠层叶片重建方法

精确的果树三维冠层结构是农业科研人员进行功能结构模型研究的重要载体,该文提出一种快速、精确、自动的果树冠层叶片重建方法。首先根据带叶果树点云的局部和全局特征,建立椭球分层的点云密度收缩方法实现器官点云分离,然后利用邻近传播主成分分析算法实现叶片特征参数的求解,利用Laplacian收缩算法实现冠层骨架点的连通,从而实现冠层叶片的快速自动重建。最后利用C++及Point Cloud Library(PCL)点云库,开发果树叶片点云冠层自动重建系统,对苹果树、柑橘树等不同类型果树进行算法验证,结果表明该方法能够正确识别出的叶片数占冠层总叶片数的90%以上,叶面积指数的正确率大于95%,叶片倾角偏离5?以内的叶片数占总叶片数的90%以上。该方法得到了较好的可视化效果和叶冠三维重建精度,可为后期树体冠层内光合作用的研究、整形修剪、农业仿真试验等提供参考。     

Evaluation of auraptene content in citrus fruits and their products

Auraptene quantities in Tanaka's 77 Citrus species (including 14 varieties and cultivars), 5 Fortunella species, one Poncirus species, 27 hybrids between Citrus species, and 51 intergeneric hybrids between Citrus and Poncirus have been evaluated. The genus Citrus has been divided into eight groups. Auraptene is found in all of the species of Cephalocitrus group, a part of the species of Aurantium group, and most of the species of Osmocitrus group. The Citrus species contain a small amount of auraptene in the juice sacs compared with in the peels except for Henka mikan (C. pseudo-aurantium), Ichang lemon (C. wilsonii), and a Hassaku (C. hassaku)-pummelo hybrid (Okitsu No. 39), which contain large quantities of auraptene in their juice sacs (0.23, 0.52, and 0.14 mg/g, respectively). The Hong Kong wild kumquat (F. hindusii) alone contains auraptene in Fortunella species. All of the Citrus-trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata) hybrids as well as the trifoliate orange contain a large quantity of auraptene in both the peel (16.57-0.51 mg/g) and the juice sac (10.32-0.15 mg/g). These hybrids are almost inedible. The Iyo (C. iyo)-trifoliate orange hybrid (IyP269) is edible and contains auraptene in the peel (1.49 mg/g) and in the juice sac (1.73 mg/g). Citrus fruit products, for example, brand-named grapefruit juice and marmalade, retain about 0. 1 mg and 0.3 mg/100 g of auraptene, respectively.     

Quantification of carotenoids in citrus fruit by LC-MS and comparison of patterns of seasonal changes for carotenoids among citrus varieties

To quantify the 18 carotenoids on the basic routes of the carotenoid biosynthesis in plants simultaneously, a method for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was developed. With this method, the seasonal changes of carotenoids in the flavedo and juice sacs of 39 citrus varieties were analyzed. On the basis of the patterns of seasonal changes of carotenoids in both flavedo and juice sacs, 39 citrus varieties were classified. In flavedo, 39 varieties were classified into 5 clusters, in which the carotenoid profiles were carotenoid-poor, phytoene-abundant, violaxanthin-abundant, violaxanthin- and beta-cryptoxanthin-abundant, and phytoene-, violaxanthin-, and beta-cryptoxanthin-abundant, respectively. In juice sacs, they were classified into 4 clusters, in which the carotenoid profiles were carotenoid-poor, violaxanthin-abundant, violaxanthin- and phytoene-abundant, and violaxanthin-, phytoene-, and beta-cryptoxanthin-abundant, respectively. In flavedo, many citrus varieties, except for the carotenoid-poor and phytoene-abundant varieties, massively accumulated beta,epsilon-carotenoids (e.g., lutein), beta,beta-carotenoids (e.g., beta-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin), and phytoene, in that order. In juice sacs, the accumulation order among beta,beta-carotenoids was observed. Violaxanthin accumulation preceded beta-cryptoxanthin accumulation in violaxanthin-, phytoene-, and beta-cryptoxanthin-abundant varieties. In each variety, the carotenoid profiles of the flavedo and juice sacs on the basis of the concentration in violaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin were similar, with the exception of a few varieties.     

Nitrate content of leaves of differentially fertilized citrus trees

Abstract

The presence of small amounts of apparently physiologically significant nitrate‐N in citrus leaves was demonstrated. Nitrate‐N and total N were determined and compared in citrus tree leaves receiving different rates of N and, in one case, additional P and K fertilizers. The nitrate‐N in the leaves showed a close relationship with the N fertilizer rate. In P and K fertilized trees, nitrate‐N content was also affected by these two elements.     

Influence of mitochondria origin on fruit quality in a citrus cybrid

Sugar, organic acid, and carotenoid are the most important indicators of fruit taste and nutritional and organoleptic quality. These components were studied on fruit pulp of the cybrid between Willow leaf mandarin ( Citrus deliciosa Ten.) and Eureka lemon [ Citrus limon (L.) Burm.] and the two parents. The cybrid possessed nuclear and chloroplast genomes of Eureka lemon plus mitochondria from Willow leaf mandarin. The impact of new mitochondria on fruit quality was studied during the mature period. Levels of organic acids were slightly higher in the cybrid fruit pulp than in Eureka lemon. No significant difference in sugar and carotenoid content was observed between the cybrid and the lemon. Results confirm that the main genetic information for the biosynthesis of sugars, organic acids, and carotenoids is contained in the nucleus. In Citrus, cybridization can be used as a strategy to breed specific traits associated with mitochondrial genomes, such as male sterility, without affecting the main organoleptic and nutritional qualities.     

HL-60 differentiating activity and flavonoid content of the readily extractable fraction prepared from citrus juices

Citrus plants are rich sources of various bioactive flavonoids. To eliminate masking effects caused by hesperidin, naringin, and neoeriocitrin, the abundant flavonoid glycosides which make up 90% of the conventionally prepared sample, the readily extractable fraction from Citrus juice was prepared by adsorbing on HP-20 resin and eluting with EtOH and acetone from the resin and was subjected to HL-60 differentiation assay and quantitative analysis of major flavonoids. Screening of 34 Citrus juices indicated that King (C. nobilis) had a potent activity for inducing differentiation of HL-60, and the active principles were isolated and identified as four polymethoxylated flavonoids, namely, nobiletin, 3,3',4',5,6,7, 8-heptamethoxyflavone, natsudaidain, and tangeretin. HPLC analysis of the readily extractable fraction also indicated that King contained high amounts of these polymethoxylated flavonoids among the Citrus juices examined. Principal component and cluster analyses of the readily extractable flavonoids indicated peculiarities of King and Bergamot.     

苹果树冠不同部位叶片结构、内含物和模拟光合能力的比较

以富士苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.cv.‘Fuji’)树冠不同部位叶片为试材,对其解剖结构、内含物和光合能力进行了比较研究。苹果叶片光合速率对小气候因子的响应是根据C3植物光合机理模型模拟,其中气孔导度由气孔的半机理模型模拟。结果表明,树冠中、上部叶片比下部叶片分别厚31.8%和37.0%,栅栏组织分别厚44.8%和62.7%;中、上部叶片的叶绿素含量比下部叶分别高18.0%和20.6%,可溶性糖分别高25.2%和38.8%,脯氨酸分别高11.7%和29.0%。树冠不同部位叶片光合能力差异和叶片结构及叶绿素等内含物差异一致。苹果叶片净光合速率的变化主要由光合有效辐射的变化引起,同时对CO2浓度的变化也非常敏感。模拟显示,从树冠上部到下部,叶片净光合总量晴天从约400mmol·m-2·d-1减少到130mmol·m-2·d-1,减少67%,阴天从约170mmol·m-2·d-1减少到22mmol·m-2·d-1,减少87%,叶片的最大光合速率相应减少67%。     

基于超声波的果树冠层三维重构与体积测量

为了克服地面不平整和拖拉机非线性行驶对果树冠层参数测量的影响,该文在超声波传感器阵列测量果树冠层体积技术的基础上,使用RTK-DGPS空间定位技术和姿态航向参考系统,通过空间坐标的平移和旋转转换,直接获得以大地坐标表示的果树冠层的三维点阵云图数据,通过PC机后台处理重构果树冠层三维轮廓和计算果树冠层体积,并详细介绍了系统的结构与工作原理。以果园荔枝树为试验对象,采用该系统对15棵不同高度和体积的果树进行了3次重复试验,另对56棵树的测量结果与人工测量结果进行了对比分析,试验结果表明该方法具有较好的重复性（     

有机无机复混肥对柑橘产量和品质的影响

采用田间小区试验研究了有机无机复混肥对柑橘产量和品质的影响.结果表明,施有机无机复混肥能增加柑橘产量,改善果实品质,提高经济效益.柑橘产量以施有机无机复混肥处理最高,施有机无机复混肥能增加柑橘果实的Vc含量、可溶性总糖含量、糖酸比和可溶性固形物百分比,降低可滴定酸含量.     

Greenback disease and mineral content of tomato fruit

The hypothesis that a relatively high Ca content in the fruit associated with relatively low K/Ca, K/Ca and K + Mg/Ca ratios are indicators of a slow ripening and a delayed senescence has been confirmed by analysing the sound and greenback fruits of two tomato varieties. The elemental changes characterizing a retardation of ripening are associated with the greenback disorder not only in the diseased calyx end of the fruit but also in the apex end where the fruit seems to ripen and colour uniformly.