超声波辅助提取干辣椒辣椒素工艺技术研究

旨在优选超声波辅助提取干辣椒中辣椒素工艺。以辣椒素得率为考察指标,通过单因素实验初步确定乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间和料液比的较优范围,然后通过正交实验以及最佳方案验证性实验,优化筛选了超声波辅助乙醇溶剂提取辣椒素工艺技术。结果表明,超声波辅助提取辣椒素的过程中,各因素对辣椒素得率影响的主次顺序为乙醇浓度＞料液比＞提取时间＞提取温度,最优工艺技术为乙醇浓度95%、提取温度60℃、提取时间45 min、料液比1:35,在该工艺条件下,辣椒素得率为0.87%,显著高于水浴浸提法提取得率0.43%,且验证性实验显示标准差为0.04%,相对偏差0.04%,说明实验重复性、稳定性好。     

超声波辅助提取辣椒素工艺技术研究

旨在优选超声波辅助提取干辣椒中辣椒素工艺。以辣椒素得率为考察指标,通过单因素实验初步确定乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间和料液比的较优范围,然后通过正交实验以及最佳方案验证性实验,优化筛选了超声波辅助乙醇溶剂提取辣椒素工艺技术。结果表明,超声波辅助提取辣椒素的过程中,各因素对辣椒素得率影响的主次顺序为乙醇浓度料液比提取时间提取温度,最优工艺技术为乙醇浓度95%、提取温度60℃、提取时间45 min、料液比1:35,在该工艺条件下,辣椒素得率为0.87%,显著高于水浴浸提法提取得率0.43%,且验证性实验显示标准差为0.04%,相对偏差0.04%,说明实验重复性、稳定性好。     

均匀设计法优化超声波提取蜂胶精油工艺条件的研究

优选了超声波提取蜂胶精油工艺参数。以蜂胶精油得率为评价指标,采用均匀设计试验对超声波提取蜂胶精油提取工艺进行优选。结果表明,超声波辅助蜂胶精油提取的最佳提取工艺条件为:提取温度59℃,料液比为1:15,提取时间62 min,蜂胶精油得率达8.83%。     

超声波辅助浸提木枣多糖优化工艺的研究

通过正交试验,研究了超声波功率、提取温度、提取时间、料液比和提取液pH值对木枣多糖得率的影响。结果表明,各因素影响程度依次为:提取液pH值>料液比>提取时间>提取温度>超声波功率;得到最佳工艺参数为:超声波功率为200W,料液pH值为9,料液比为1∶12,温度为50℃,提取时间为15min。在此参数条件下,木枣多糖提取得率为1.81%。     

油菜蜂花粉醇提工艺的优化

本实验以未破壁和破壁油菜蜂花粉为材料,通过正交试验获得两种花粉最佳醇提工艺。未破壁和破壁油菜蜂花粉最佳醇提工艺分别为：固液比1:8、提取时间2 h、提取温度55℃、震荡频率145 rpm和固液比1:8、提取时间2 h、提取温度65℃,震荡频率145 rpm。在各自最佳醇提工艺条件下,未破壁和破壁花粉的平均提取率存在极显著差异（P<0.01）,分别为32.00％和43.16％。以破壁油菜蜂花粉为原料,可极显著地提高提取率。本文为油菜蜂花粉加工过程中普遍应用的醇提工艺环节,提供优化的工艺实验数据和原料选择的依据。     

响应面法优化回流提取苦荞麦黄酮工艺研究

为优化苦荞麦黄酮的回流提取工艺,采用单因素和响应面试验研究回流法,研究乙醇体积分数、液料比、提取温度、提取时间对苦荞麦中黄酮提取效果的影响。研究表明,最佳提取工艺条件为液料比6 mL/g,提取时间30 min,提取温度40℃,乙醇体积分数56%。在此条件下,苦荞麦中黄酮得率为3.378 mg/g,验证值为3.434 mg/g,误差为1.66%。     

龙眼壳黄酮的超声波提取工艺研究

采用超声波法对龙眼壳中黄酮类化合物进行提取,在单因素分析的基础上,采用正交试验优化工艺。结果表明,影响龙眼壳黄酮超声波提取主要因素为乙醇体积分数,其次为料液比、温度和提取时间。超声波提取的最佳工艺条件为提取剂乙醇体积分数为30%,料液比1:30,超声波时间为20 min,温度为70℃。     

蜂胶中黄酮类化合物提取工艺的优化

蜂胶具有消炎、杀菌及抗氧化等生理活性。通过对蜂胶有效成分黄酮提取工艺的研究表明,影响蜂胶总黄酮提取率的主要因素是提取温度、提取时间、乙醇体积分数和料液比对提取率影响甚微。水浴条件下蜂胶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺是:提取温度60℃,提取时间3h,乙醇体积分数为80%,料液比1∶25,此条件下测得黄酮得率为43.50%。     

玉米须黄酮超声波提取工艺优化及数学模拟

采用正交试验的方法优化了玉米须黄酮的超声波提取工艺,同时对提取进行了数学模拟。试验结果表明,优化的超声波提取工艺条件为：以50 %的乙醇为提取剂,料液比（g︰ml）1︰84,提取温度75℃,超声波提取时间75 min。此条件下,玉米须黄酮提取率可达1.51 %。与加热浸提法相比,提取时间缩短了25%,提取率提高了约20 %。超声波提取的数学模拟值与试验结果基本吻合。     

油菜花多糖提取工艺优化研究

为提高油菜花多糖的应用价值,以十字花科芸苔属植物油菜花朵为研究对象,研究了油菜花多糖提取优化工艺。油菜花干燥、粉碎,过100目筛,脱脂,通过热水浸提法并结合浸提时间、浸提温度、浸提料水比以及浸提次数等单因素条件进行实验,在此基础上进行正交设计,获得油菜花多糖提取工艺优化条件。实验结果表明,单因素最佳条件下,油菜花多糖得率最大为17.85%;正交优化最佳条件下,油菜花多糖得率为19.18%。正交实验最佳条件为油菜花多糖优化提取工艺,即提取条件为：浸提温度100℃,浸提时间1.5 h,浸提料水比1:40(m:v),提取次数为2次。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.