水稻弹性秧和半水秧某些生理特性比较研究初报

比较了两个水稻品种弹性秧和半水秧秧苗的一些生理特性。结果表明,两个品种弹性秧的根系活力、ATP 酶活性和叶绿素含量均高于半水秧;而秧苗膜相对透性、生长量、总糖含量和过氧化物酶活性则相反,弹性秧低于半水秧;但四种不同秧龄的秧苗移栽后,均表现为弹性秧的根系活力、生长量和 ATP 酶活性高于半水秧。     

稻米功能性成分的生理活性及其产品开发

本文就稻谷主副产品如淀粉、碎米、米糠、米胚和稻壳等中的主要功能性成分,包括抗性淀粉、γ氨基丁酸、多磷酸肌醇、谷维素、维生素E和二十八烷醇等的生理功能及富含特定功能因子产品的开发研究进展进行了简要综述,以期为开发与研制新型功能食品提供思路。     

辐照处理对Bt水稻苗期生理生化特性的影响

分别以50、100、150、250和350Gy的60Co γ射线处理Bt水稻成熟干种子,将其培养成实生苗,进行苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等的活性以及叶绿素含量、根系活力和种子萌发时淀粉酶活性的检测,并观察水稻苗期的生长状况,以研究不同辐射强度对Bt水稻...     

杂交水稻及其花粉植株后代某些生理生化特性比较研究

杂交水稻(Oryza sative)汕优桂34F_1的三个花培品系89 AH-97,89 AH-167和88AHW-16叶绿素含量在分蘖盛期明显低于亲本汕优桂34F_1,在孕穗期则差异不大。但三个花培品系的净光合强度在分蘖盛期与汕优桂34F_1无明显差异,在孕穗期则显著地高于汕优桂34F_1。各品系的乙醇酸氧化酶活性均无明显差别。同时,三个花培品系的硝酸还原酶活性和核酸量均极显著高于汕优桂34F_1,其可溶性蛋白质含量在分蘖盛期和孕穗期亦均显著地高于汕优桂34F_1。经4℃低温处理后,三个花培品系脯氨酸含量增加率极显著地低于汕优桂34F_1,其超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性下降率则极显著地高于汕优桂34F_1。而三个花培品系的酯酶和SOD等同工酶谱无质的差别,只有某些酶带的活性与汕优桂34F_1有不同程度的差异。以上结果表明,通过花药(粉)培养所得植株后代可相对地将杂交水稻亲本某些优良性状“稳定”下来。     

剪根稻苗移栽后叶鞘3H-同化物的运转分配特点

用3H同位素示踪方法研究了剪根稻苗移栽后叶鞘同化物的运转分配特点。结果表明,剪根处理稻苗各器官干重均低于对照,而3H-同化物的比活度却高于对照,标记后10d多数器官高出对照1倍左右,分蘖高2倍,新根高4倍。剪根处理发根节和新根的放射性总活度和3H-同化物的分配比例均高于对照,意味着其新根的发生更加依赖于主茎叶鞘物质输出。     

GENETIC ANALYSIS AND MAPPING OF LIPOXYGENASE ISOENZYME Loxl OF RICE EMBRYO

为研究水稻种胚脂肪氧化酶Loxl的遗传规律及分子机制,以Loxl缺失突变体1297分别与Loxl活性正常的9311、日本晴杂交,构建2个F2群体,对2个F2群体种子的种胚Loxl进行定量测定和遗传学分析,结果表明低Loxl是受l对单基因控制的隐性性状。以1297与日本晴组配的F2分离群体300个单株为定位群体,将水稻种胚低Loxl基因定位于水稻第3染色体的RM4512和RM282之间,距两侧标记的遗传距离分别为13．0cM和9．1cM,为进一步的分子标记辅助育种和图位克隆打下了基础。通过人工加速老化对种子进行了耐储性评价,表明水稻种胚Loxl与种子储藏特性关系密切。     

GROWTH,NUTRIENT ACQUISITION,AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF HYDROPONIC GROWN TOMATO TO SODIUM CHLORIDE SALT INDUCED STRESS

□ Growth and nutrient acquisition of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cv ‘Amani’ were studied under induced salt stress in Hoagland's solution. The plants were treated for 37 days with salinity induced by incorporating different concentrations [0.0 (control), 50, 100, 150, or 200 mM] of sodium chloride (NaCl) to the nutrient solution. Slight reduction was obtained in growth represented by (shoot length and number, leaf number, and dry weight) when seedlings were directly exposed to NaCl stress from 0.0 to 100 mM. At higher concentrations (150 or 200 mM), growth parameters were adversely affected and seedlings died thereafter. Elevated salinity significantly reduced crude protein and fiber in shoots and roots. Tomato shoot and root contents of potassium (K), iron (Fe), and ash were reduced significantly in response to increased levels of salinity. Tissue contents of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) increased with elevated salinity treatments.     

水稻类病变突变体lmm1的诱发与初步分析

用1.0%化学诱变剂EMS处理抗稻瘟病水稻品种Katy,获得一个水稻类病变坏死突变体,命名为lmm1。与对照Katy相比,该突变体的主要农艺性状表型发生了显著变异:植株变矮,分蘖数和千粒重显著减少。遗传学分析研究表明,该突变为单基因细胞核隐性突变。经稻瘟病与纹枯病真菌人工接种实验,结果表明该突变体比对照Katy具有更强的广谱抗性,表明lmm1对于提高水稻广谱抗性具有一定的价值。     

水稻种胚脂肪氧化酶Lox1基因的遗传分析及定位

为研究水稻种胚脂肪氧化酶Lox1的遗传规律及分子机制,以Lox1缺失突变体1297分别与Lox1活性正常的9311、日本晴杂交,构建2个F2群体,对2个F2群体种子的种胚Lox1进行定量测定和遗传学分析,结果表明低Lox1是受1对单基因控制的隐性性状。以1297与日本晴组配的F2分离群体300个单株为定位群体,将水稻种胚低Lox1基因定位于水稻第3染色体的RM4512和RM282之间,距两侧标记的遗传距离分别为13.0cM和9.1cM,为进一步的分子标记辅助育种和图位克隆打下了基础。通过人工加速老化对种子进行了耐储性评价,表明水稻种胚Lox1与种子储藏特性关系密切。     

EMS诱变水稻矮生资源的鉴定评价

用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理水稻优良籼型恢复系缙恢10号,获得了24份半矮化突变体,其中4份较为特别.与其他半矮化突变体相比,d11和d24的包穗程度较轻,分别为-2.7和-2.6cm,农艺性状变化较小,有效穗与原始材料相比无变化;缙恢10号对GA3敏感,d9和d18对GA3钝感,d9是全节间缩短型突变体,d18则为顶...     

南瓜发芽期对Na2CO3胁迫的生理响应及耐受性评价

研究了南瓜发芽期对Na2CO3胁迫的生理响应及耐受性评价。结果显示,在不同Na2CO3胁迫下,南瓜的发芽率、幼苗鲜重、主根长、侧根数和下胚轴长与对照相比均有显著差异,但下胚轴粗度变化不显著。随Na2CO3胁迫程度的加大,3个南瓜品种的相对电导率、可溶性糖含量和SOD活性呈上升趋势,丙二醛含量和根系活力则呈先升后降趋势。对11个指标进行的主成分分析显示,下胚轴长、侧根数、下胚轴粗度、发芽率、丙二醛含量和可溶性糖含量,6项指标在评价南瓜Na2CO3耐性方面比较重要。     

NUTRIENT UPTAKE,PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES,AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) EXPOSED TO EARLY AND LATE DROUGHT STRESS

The response of different wheat cultivars to drought imposed after three and six weeks of seedling emergence was evaluated in the wire house. The seeds of recommended local wheat cultivars were sown in plastic pots. The drought stress decreased the water relation, nutrient uptake and grain yield of all the wheat cultivars. The early drought stress significantly reduced the nitrogen (N) uptake by 38% while late drought stress decreased nitrogen uptake by 46%. The phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake were decreased by 49% and 37% under early drought stress, respectively while their uptake was decreased by 51% each under late drought stress. Grain yield was reduced by 24% under early drought stress while it was reduced by 60% under late drought stress. Water deficit at early growth stages reduced grain weight by 10% while it was reduced by 35% under water deficit at later stages of growth.     

GENETIC ANALYSIS AND GENE FINE MAPPING FOR MUTATION OF YELLOW-GREEN LEAF IN RICE

通过甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）诱变晚粳稻品种秀水09,获得了1个稳定遗传的全生育期黄绿叶突变体Ygl,遗传分析表明该突变性状由1对隐性核基因控制。利用突变体与籼稻品种珍汕97杂交,构建F2群体对突变基因进行定位,发现目的基因与第11号染色体上的SSR标记RM2459连锁,在该标记附近发展了14对InDel标记,将突变基因定位在约82kb区间内。通过在线最新水稻注释系统的基因功能预测分析,寻找候选基因,经测序发现突变体发生单碱基突变。     

诱变与组织培养相结合诱发水稻耐盐突变的初步研究

以4个水稻品种的成熟种子作为外植体,用γ射线、叠氮化钠(SA)施行单项或复合诱变处理后进行组织培养,出愈后的部分愈伤组织再用γ射线辐照处理,并在含NaCl的筛选培养基上进行耐盐突变的筛选。结果表明,15kRγ射线对出愈率和生长率均有严重的抑制作用,而1mMSA单独处理对出愈率和生长率则有促进作用,所有诱变处理都降低了植株分化频率,愈伤组织的生长速率和植株再生率虽随筛选培养基中NaCl含量的提高而下降,但1％NaCl作为耐盐突变体的筛选压较为适宜。诱变处理的种子愈伤组织再以适当剂量的γ射线辐照,有提高诱发耐盐突变频率的作用。适宜的照射量为500—750R。     

早籼新品种浙辐910的培育、特征特性与生产应用

浙辐 91 0系用浙辐 2 1 9与广东优质籼稻长丝软占杂交、杂种F1辅以 3 0 0Gyγ射线辐照处理后选育而成的早籼新品种。浙辐 91 0在湖南省湘潭市 1 997、1 998两年区试中 ,比对照品种湘早籼 1 3分别增产 6 4% (达显著水平 )和 6 9%。在浙江省金华市 1 997、1 998两年区试中 ,浙辐 91 0比对照品种浙 852分别增产 5 5%和 9 8% (达显著水平 )。已分别于 1 999年 1月和 2 0 0 0年 4月通过湖南省湘潭市和浙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定。经稻米品质分析 ,浙辐 91 0糙米的蛋白质含量达 1 3 2 % ,因此 ,它是一个高蛋白水稻品种。     

水稻不育系培矮64S的空间诱变效应及后代的SSR分析

对经过卫星搭载的培矮64S种子及后代进行了有关性状研究和SSR标记分析,结果表明:培矮64S空间诱变后代SP1代发芽率、存苗率、株高、抽穗期、株叶型的性状与对照相比没有明显变化;但SP2代在株高、粒型和育性等性状上发生了变异;从SP3代中获得柱头比培矮64S明显增大的变异株系,这对于改良培矮64S的异交结实率和提高制种产量具有重要意义。此外,对10个SP3变异株进行SSR分析结果表明,扩增片段数目变化约占55.21%,扩增片段分子量变化约占44.79%,空间诱变引起的变异可能是以DNA缺失-重复为主。SSR座位的变异频率平均为23.33%,变异座位在水稻基因组中是随机分布的。     

NUTRIENT AND GROWTH RESPONSES OF LEERSIA ORYZOIDES,RICE CUTGRASS,TO VARYING DEGREES OF SOIL SATURATION AND WATER NITROGEN CONCENTRATION

Leersia oryzoides (rice cutgrass) is an obligate wetland plant common to agricultural drainage ditches. The objective of this greenhouse study was to expose plants to various flooding and aqueous nitrogen (N) concentrations and then to quantify the allocation of nutrients and biomass to plant components. Plants in the continuously flooded treatment (CF) had the highest tissue concentrations of copper (Cu), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and manganese (Mn) in one or more plant components. Plants in the partially flooded treatment (PF) had the highest concentrations of magnesium (Mg) in leaves. The N input affected phosphorus (P) and S concentrations in roots. Leaf, stem, and root biomass were highest in PF plants. Rhizome biomass was the lowest in CF plants. These results indicate that L. oryzoides may significantly affect elemental concentrations in surface waters by its ability to uptake various elements and subsequent sequestration in various biomass components.     

LEAF PHOTOSYNTHESIS,BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND WATER AND NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCIES OF TWO CONTRASTING NAKED VS. HULLED OAT GENOTYPES SUBJECTED TO WATER AND NITROGEN STRESSES

Water and nitrogen (N) are the two most important factors influencing the growth and yield of oat (Avena sativa). A pot culture study was conducted to determine the physiological and biomass production of contrasting oat genotypes to water and N supply conditions. With sufficient water, biomass yield of the naked ‘Shadow’ was 12.4% and 10.0% greater than ‘Bia’ in the treatments 750 and 1250 mg N pot^?1, respectively, but ‘Bia’ produced greater grain yield than ‘Shadow’. Under severe water stress conditions, increasing N supply decreased P_N mainly due to the reduction of g_s and E. ‘Shadow’ had higher chlorophyll and leaf N than ‘Bia’, while there were no differences in plant total N, NuptE and NUE. With increasing N application and water stress, WUE_L and WUE_P both increased. NUE was inversely related with increasing N rates and water stress levels, resulting in a trade-off relationship between WUE_P and NUE.