EFFECT OF DELAYED EMERGENCE ON CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) GRAIN YIELD

Uneven crop stands result in a reduction in corn yield production. This study was conducted to determine the effect of delayed emergence on corn yields and the effect of nitrogen (N) applications to compensate for yield reductions. The design used was a randomized complete block, with 4 sequences of delayed planting (0,4,7,and 10 days after planting) and 3 rates of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 40, 80 kg N ha^?1). At maturity, individual plants were tagged in sets of three and hand harvested. Corn ears were shelled, and yield per plant calculated. Grain yield of the delayed plant compared to that of the neighbors was reduced by 27, 8, 20 and 12 kg ha^?1day^?1 for 2007 LCB1, 2007 LCB2, 2010 LCB1 and 2010 LCB2, respectively. Over locations and years, the mean grain yield decrease of the delayed plant versus neighboring plants for each day delay was 122 kg ha^?1.     

EFFECT OF DELAYED EMERGENCE ON CORN GRAIN YIELDS

Variable corn emergence results in decreased yields. This study was conducted to determine corn (Zea mays L.) by-plant yield reduction arising from delayed emergence. Treatments included delayed planting of 0, 2, 5, 8, and 12 days at two nitrogen (N) rates. Corn was planted by hand to maintain 17.8 cm plant-to-plant competition. Fifteen plants within a row were divided into five 3-plant sequences (middle plant delayed and 2-adjacent non-delayed plants). Under irrigation, grain yields decreased when the middle plant was delayed 2, 5, 8, and 12 days, by 3, 10, 19, and 25%, respectively. At the rainfed site, grain yields decreased when the middle plant was delayed 2, 5, 8, and 12 days, by 14, 25, 23, and 11%, respectively. Over all sites and years, for each day delay in emergence (one out of every 3 plants), corn grain yields decreased 0.225 to 1.379 Mg ha^?1 day^?1.     

氮肥管理对小麦产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

氮肥过量施用造成环境污染和生产成本增加等问题已成为限制我国农业可持续生产的主要因素。为实现氮素化肥的高效利用,连续2年在山东省农业科学院作物研究所试验地同一地块利用氮肥梯度带,进行了基于小麦叶片SPAD值的氮素实时管理。结果表明,在基施区随着施肥量的增加,小麦籽粒产量增加,二者呈线性关系,但施氮量207kg/hm2(N207)和276kg/hm2(N276)处理间差异不显著;追施区小麦的2个生长季籽粒产量均以不施基肥拔节期追氮207kg/hm2(N0+207)处理最高,分别为7649kg/hm2和7522kg/hm2,基施氮肥207kg/hm2拔节期不追肥(N207+0)处理最低,仅为7318kg/hm2和7388kg/hm2,差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。基施区各氮肥处理的氮肥表观利用率(RE)和氮肥偏生产力(PFP)均存在显著性差异,均是随着基施量的增加而显著降低。追施区N0+207、N69+138、N138+693个处理的PFP、AE和RE均高于或显著高于N207和N276 2个处理。因此在确定总施氮量的条件下实行基、追肥分施能够显著提高小麦的氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力。     

施氮量对间作玉米土壤硝态氮累积量及氮肥利用率的影响

通过田间定位试验,监测了不施氮和不同施氮水平(分别为210、420和630kg.hm-2)下间作玉米各关键生育时期0～200cm土层硝态氮累积量的动态变化、玉米产量及其构成,计算分析了间作玉米的氮肥利用率。研究结果表明,间作玉米0～200cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量总体表现为0～60cm土层>60～200cm土层。0～60cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量呈"M"形变化,即玉米播种前和玉米大喇叭口期出现高峰,小麦播种前、玉米拔节期和玉米收获后出现低谷。60～120cm和120～200cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量呈倒"V"形变化,总体在玉米大喇叭口期前后出现高峰值,210～630kg.hm-2施氮处理下120～200cm土层的硝态氮累积量较不施氮处理分别高出149.1%、115.6%和126.3%。随着施氮量的增加,间作玉米穗长、穗粒数、穗重呈增大趋势,秃顶呈降低趋势,增产幅度依次减小,氮肥利用率依次降低。     

EFFECT OF LONG-TERM SEWAGE SLUDGE APPLICATION ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.)

The distribution of the nutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) in maize (Zea mays L.) was studied in a long-term sewage sludge field application in an acid coarse sandy soil at Bordeaux, France. Sewage sludge had been applied since 1974 at 100 t (dry weight) ha^?1 per 2 years (SS 100) in plots cultivated annually with maize. Treatment with farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 t (dry weight) ha^?1 per year and mineral fertilization served as control. Five plants per treatment were investigated at six different growth stages. The plants were separated into their different organs and the distribution of nutrients was determined in up to 12 different plant parts. Sludge application did not significantly influence the nutrient partitioning in maize, but improved slightly the plants' nutrient status compared with the FYM treatment. Grain yield was similar for both treatments. The values for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Fe content in sludge-treated plants were in the recommended range for optimal growth. Thus, sewage sludge would be a valuable source for maize nutrition even after long-term application, if the critically high copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentrations, previously reported in these sludge-amended plants, could be avoided by the use of sludge low in these elements.     

EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND SULFUR FERTILIZATION ON YIELD COMPONENTS,SEED AND OIL YIELDS OF CANOLA

Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) levels and their methods of application on canola. Branches plant^?1, pods plant^?1 and biological yield significantly increased with increase in nitrogen level and no significant increase in seed pod^?1 and seed and oil yields occurred beyond 120 kg N ha^?1. However, thousand seed weight consistently decreased with increasing level of nitrogen. Pods plant^?1 and biological yield continually increased with increase in sulfur level. Alternatively, significant increase in branches plant^?1, seed pod^?1, seed weight, seed and oil yields was noted with increase in sulfur level up to 40 kg ha^?1. Applications of sulfur and nitrogen in split significantly decreased seed yield as compared to sole applications. It is concluded that sulfur and nitrogen application as sole at the rate of 40 and 120 kg ha^?1, respectively performed better than the rest of their levels and method of application.     

STUDIES ON DIFFERENCES OF NITROGEN EFFICIENCY AND ROOT CHARACTERISTICS OF OILSEED RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) CULTIVARS IN RELATION TO NITROGEN FERTILIZATION

Differences of nitrogen efficiency of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars and their physiological properties were studied in a pot experiment, and the ratio of seed yield with no nitrogen supplied to that with normal nitrogen supply was adopted as a nitrogen efficiency coefficient. Results showed that the nitrogen efficiency coefficient determined for eight oilseed rape cultivars varied from 0.37 to 0.69, the ratio of nitrogen uptake amounts per plant, nitrogen transfer velocity from stems and leaves to seeds, and nitrogen physiological efficiency of oilseed rape cultivars under nitrogen stressed condition differed from with normal nitrogen supply. The higher the nitrogen efficiency of a cultivar, the higher the ratio of N uptake in no nitrogen to with N supplied. Under low nitrogen-supplying conditions, high nitrogen efficiency cultivars had longer roots, more lateral roots, higher amounts of reuse of nitrate from stem and leaves, and higher nitrate reductase activities in leaves.     

不同施肥模式对水稻生理特性、产量及其N肥农学利用率的影响

以水稻品种金优207为材料,对不施氮肥(T1)、试验区当地农民习惯氮肥用量(T2:尿素,纯N187.5 kg/hm2)和在农民习惯施氮量基础上减量配施氮肥(T3:氮减少20%,30%农民习惯用化肥+20%习惯用量的有机肥+30%习惯用量的缓释肥,纯N 150kg/hm2)3种施肥模式下水稻不同生育期的生理特性、产量及其...     

玉米对土壤中菲芘修复作用的初步研究

采用系列浓度菲芘进行盆栽试验，研究玉米对污染土壤菲芘的去除效果与累积机理。结果显示，玉米对菲芘的去除效果明显，60d试验完成后，玉米生长的土壤中平均大约有69．8％-91．2％的菲与77．0％，88．4％的芘被去除，平均去除率分别比对照1（加叠氮化钠）高63．6％和72．3％；比对照2（无叠氮化钠）高15．1％与38．2％。玉米能明显地吸收与累积污染土壤中菲和芘，并随土壤菲芘含量的增加而增大。生物富集因子（BCFs）随着土壤菲芘含量的增加而减小，芘的生物富集因子大于菲，不同种类多环芳烃以及植物不同部位间BCFs差异较大，菲的叶片BCFs（0．79，2．45）大于茎（0．17—1．76），根BCFs（0．42—1．21）最小，芘处理时叶片和茎的BCFs分别是1．03，3．31与0．2，2．17，明显低于根BCFs（2．07—6．40）。玉米能够在高浓度多环芳烃污染土壤中正常生长，并且能累积与去除污染土壤中的菲和芘，表明用玉米修复多环芳烃污染土壤是一种可行的方法。     

微生物肥对水稻产量及氮肥利用的影响

以杂交稻中浙优1号和甬优9号为材料,研究微生物肥对水稻产量及氮肥利用的影响。结果表明,在相同施氮水平下,施用微生物肥后2个水稻品种分别增产41%和87%,其中主要增加了水稻有效穗,提高结实率和籽粒粒重;但分蘖成穗率有所下降;微生物肥能提高水稻叶片的光合速率,穗分化期和齐穗期的叶片光合速率均高于对照,也有利于增加齐穗期的物质生产量。研究表明微生物肥能提高氮素的农学利用率,实现减肥增产,且随着施氮量下降,氮素利用率呈升高趋势。     

ENHANCING NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY BY COMBINATIONS OF NITROGEN APPLICATION AMOUNT AND TIME IN WHEAT

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important impact factors on development and growth of wheat. In this study the effects of nitrogen use efficiency on quantity and quality of grains were studied by agronomic management of N fertilizers on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under field conditions for two years. The experiments were performed at 16 combinations of N application amount and time, including four levels of N at 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha^?1 that were used as pre-plant fertilizers, sub-treated with four levels of the same N amount used as top-dress fertilizers. As a result, with an increase in total N fertilizers, grain yield increased in a cubic equitation, but partial factor productivity (PFP_N, kg grain yield per kg N applied) decreased exponentially. With total fertilizers, N content and accumulation in vegetative tissues and grains increased linearly, but N uptake efficiency (UtE_N, kg nutrient taken up per kg N applied) decreased exponentially. When N was over-applied (>360 kg N ha^?1 in this study), grain yield clearly declined, due to decrease in productivity from per unit N. The high N level (240～300 kg N ha^?1), the reasonable distribution between pre-plant and top dress from the same amount N fertilizer not only increased grain yield but also enhanced N use efficiency.     

EFFECT OF NITROGEN MANAGEMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY,NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY AND NITROGEN BALANCE FOR A WHEAT-MAIZE SYSTEM

Over-application of nitrogen (N) in North Central China is primary reasons for yield restriction and low nutrient use efficiencies. This study was to determine N management practices on grain yield, N efficiency, and N balance in China. Results from four season crops indicated that no significant yield differences across different N rates for the first season wheat were observed. Treatments with N rates lower than 75 kg N ha^?1 manifested yield reduction for the following seasons, and no much yield differences existed for the rest treatments. The accumulated N recovery efficiency (NREac) values ranged from 10.1% to 44.2% over the four seasons, and over N fertilization led to low NREac. The net N balance increased with N applied. Results from current study provided the proof that in the current rotation system the N₁₅₀N₁₅₀ treatment was the best economic treatment for achieving both higher yield and N use efficiency.     

高产夏玉米的种植密度和肥料效应研究

应用电子计算机和二次通用旋转组合设计法,以玉米种植密度和N、P、K施肥量为供试因子,玉米籽粒产量和经济效益为目标,得出了夏玉米产量分别为≥10500kg/hm2,11250kg/hm2和12000kg/hm2的高产高效益的种植密度和N、P、K施肥方案.种植密度为97200株/hm2,施纯N 332.4kg/hm2,施P2O5 111.8kg/hm2和K2O 150.0kg/hm2,籽粒产量≥10500 kg;种植密度105000株/hm2,施纯N 367.2kg/hm2,施P2O5 110.0kg/hm2和K2O 150kg/hm22,籽粒产量≥11250kg/hm2;种植密度105000株/hm2,施纯N 439.4kg/hm2,施P2O5 120.0kg/hm2和K2O 150kg/hm2,籽粒产量≥12000kg/hm2.籽粒产量从10500 kg/hm2增加到12000kg/hm2,扣除成本每hm2纯收益增加603.5元.     

OPTIMAL N FERTILIZATION,USING TOTAL AND MINERAL N,AFFECTING CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) GRAIN N UPTAKE

Measurement of total and mineral nitrogen (N), resulted by the presence of soil organic matter, would make the more precise determination of N fertilization possible with respect to the amounts of N absorbed by crop grains. Such a test requires a wide range of soil properties and observations. Accordingly, in a three-year experiment, grain N uptake and soil total and mineral N were determined using different analytical methods (standard laboratory and the N-Trak quick method). The other experimental treatments consisted of sampling time (seeding and postseeding where plants were about 30 cm tall), sampling depths (0–30 and 30–60 cm) as well as the condition of samples (wet or dry). Using regression equations the effects of N fertilization and soil total and mineral N on the uptake of grain N was investigated. Accordingly, the proposed N test predicted the optimum N fertilizer amounts of 236 to 271 kg ha^?1 for corn production.     

ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA,AZOSPIRILLUM AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS APPLICATION TO BABY CORN (ZEA MAYS L.): EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVITY,NUTRIENTS USE EFFICIENCY,ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY AND SOIL FERTILITY

The study was investigated at Agricultural Experimental Farm, Giridih, India during winter seasons of 2007–2008 and 2008–2009. Plants grown with 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) [nitrogen (N): phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅): potassium oxide (K₂O) = 150:60:60 kg ha^?1] + AM + Azospirillum (T₁₅) produced maximum chlorophyll, baby cob, and green fodder yield. Root biomass was highest with application of 150% RDF + arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) + Azospirillum (T₁₆). Co-inoculated plants produced higher chlorophyll, root biomass resulted higher cob and green fodder yield. Biofertilizers supplied along with chemical fertilizers saved 70, 29, and 33 kg N, P₂O₅ and K₂O per hectare, respectively. Nutrient (NPK) uptake was greatest in T_15. Residual soil fertility in terms of NPK was recorded maximum in T_16. Although, co-inoculated plots built up higher residual soil fertility as compare to sole inoculation. Nutrients use efficiency and benefit cost ratio were higher due to application of 50% RDF with co-inoculants. T₁₆ was most costly whereas T₁₄ (50% RDF + AM + Azospirillum) was most beneficial.     

INCREASING SAR OF IRRIGATION WATER AGGRAVATES BORON TOXICITY IN MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.)

We evaluated the effect of boron (B) application on shoot growth and shoot B concentration and uptake by two maize cultivars (‘FHY-396’ and ‘Sonari’) on a loam soil irrigated with water of different sodium absorption ratio (SAR) values [control, 5 and 15 (mmol_c L^?1)^1/2]. Plants were harvested after forty days of growth. Shoot dry matter decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with B application due to toxicity marked by leaf injury. Toxic effect of B was further aggravated by increasing SAR of irrigation water. In both cultivars concentration and uptake of B was significantly (P < 0.05) increased over control with B application and SAR of irrigation water. Shoot Ca concentration decreased with increasing SAR and B application. The phenomena of B toxicity and low Ca marked by reduction in shoot dry matter of plants irrigated with high SAR water could be important in management of brackish water used for irrigating crops on arid and semiarid region soils.     

垄作对冬小麦、夏玉米产量和水分利用率的影响

试验于2005-2007年两年度在河南省浚县农业科学研究所试验田进行,设冬小麦、夏玉米一体化垄作和平作（对照）2个处理,重复2个周期。采用水分平衡法,研究了一体化垄作条件下冬小麦和夏玉米的产量和水分利用效率的变化。结果表明：冬小麦、夏玉米一体化垄作后,产量性状明显优于传统平作。垄作全年2季作物较平作增产9112～21688kg/hm2,增产幅度达45%～100%,其中,垄作冬小麦增产2425～5103kg/hm2,增产幅度为27%～59%,接续的夏玉米增产6687～16586kg/hm2,增产幅度达59%～128%;产量构成因素的变化表现为,冬小麦不育小穗数降低,成穗数增加,夏玉米果穗秃尖变短,2季作物的穗粒数和千粒重均增加。垄作节水效果显著,全年2季作物总耗水量降低61%～119%,水分利用效率提高113%～249%,其中垄作冬小麦耗水量降低92%～142%,水分利用效率提高132%～234%,接续的夏玉米耗水量降低37%～95%,水分利用效率提高103%～248%。     

INFLUENCE OF CORN (ZEA MAYS L.) CULTIVAR DEVELOPMENT ON RESIDUE PRODUCTION

The amount and composition of crop residues added to soil in agroecosystems can influence decomposition processes and soil organic matter levels. This study aimed to evaluate residues (quantity and quality) of different corn cultivars commonly used in Brazilian cropping systems. The experiment was conducted for two seasons (2005/2006 and 2006/2007) in Rolândia, Paraná State, Brazil. Ten corn cultivars that represent five degrees of breeding development (i.e., landrace, commercial variety, double cross, triple cross, and single cross hybrids) were evaluated. At harvest, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) of non-yield residue and grain were determined. Except for grain C, other measures (grain N concentration, residue C and N concentration, and C:N ratio) varied among cultivars. In general, the hybrids had higher residue C and lower residue N concentrations than the landraces and commercial varieties. Findings suggest that breeding selection may have altered residue production and composition, which may influence soil C dynamics.     

YIELD AND QUALITY RESPONSE OF CRISPING POTATOES (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L.) TO APPLIED NITROGEN

The nitrogen (N) requirements of two Australian crisp potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties, Bliss and Dawmor, were compared with Atlantic in experiments over three years on loamy sands and sands in the south west of Western Australia. There was a significant response of yield to rate of applied nitrogen (N) and variety on all sites and a significant nitrogen by varietal interaction on sands. Yield increased to a maximum with rate of applied N and then decreased above this rate on sites on loamy sands and or reached a plateau with no yield decrease (exponential response) at high rates of applied N on sands. Nitrate (NO₃)- N concentration (mg kg^?1 DW) in petioles required for maximum yield of Atlantic decreased linearly (P < 0.05) from 23,947 at the 10 mm tuber stage to 13,052 at the 60 mm tuber stage, in Dawmor from 22,429 to 14,644 and in Bliss from 20,202 to 12,597 over the same tuber stages. Bliss tubers had the highest specific gravity (SG) on both soil types and Dawmor the lowest on loamy sands. The effect of rate of applied N and variety on crisp cooking color, internal defects (hollow heart and internal brown spot) of tubers and tuber nutrient concentration is also discussed.