Nitrogen relations in winter wheat cultivars differing in grain protein percentage and stature

Accumulation of reduced nitrogen and its partitioning between vegetative tissue and grain are two important aspects of the nitrogen economy of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The objectives of this study were to 1) determine the range of nitrogen harvest index (NHI) among four hard red winter wheat cultivars differing in grain protein percent (GPP) and the influence of NHI on grain protein percent, and 2) to contrast the partitioning of nitrogen and dry matter to the component parts of the plant throughout growth and development. Plants were grown in a nutrient solution and nitrogen salts were withheld from the solution when the wheat reached anthesis. High nitrogen percentage of plant parts tended to correlate positively with grain protein percentage at first node and anthesis stages, but correlated negatively at latter stages. Dry weight was important in the accumulation of nitrogen; however, neither dry weight nor total plant nitrogen was correlated with GPP. Nitrogen harvest index was correlated strongly and positively with GPP and was independent of plant stature. The selection of parents with high NHI could be an important criterion in breeding programs to increase GPP of wheat.     

Dry‐matter production,mineral nutrient concentrations,and nutrient distribution and redistribution in irrigated spring wheat

A field study was made of the seasonal changes in dry‐matter production, and the uptake, distribution, and redistribution of 12 mineral nutrients in the semi‐dwarf spring wheat, Egret, grown under typical irrigation farming conditions. Most of the dry‐matter production and nutrient uptake had occurred by anthesis, with 75–100% of the final content of magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), chloride (Cl), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and potassium (K) being taken up in the pre‐anthesis period. The above‐ground dry‐matter harvest index was 37%, and grain made up 76% of the head dry matter. Redistributed dry matter from stems and leaves could have provided 29% of the grain dry matter. Concentrations of phloemmobile nutrients, such as N and P, decreased in the leaves and stems throughout the season, whereas concentrations of phloem‐immobile nutrients, such as calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe), generally increased. The decline in the N concentration in stems and leaves was not prevented by N fertilizer applied just before anthesis. Leaves had the major proportion of most nutrients in young plants, but stems had the major proportion of these nutrients at anthesis. Grain had over 70% of the N and P, and 31–64% of the Mg, manganese (Mn), S, and zinc (Zn), but less than 20% of the K, Ca, sodium (Na), Cl, and Fe in the plant. Over 70% of the N and P, and from 15 to 51% of the Mg, K, Cu, S, and Zn was apparently redistributed from stems and leaves to developing grain. There was negligible redistribution of Ca, Na, Cl, Fe, and Mn from vegetative organs. Redistribution from stems and leaves could have provided 100% of the K, 68–72% of the N and P, and 33–48% of the Zn, Cu, Mg, and S accumulated by grain. It was concluded that the distribution patterns of some key nutrients such as N, P, and K have not changed much in the transition from tall to semi‐dwarf wheats, and that the capacity of wheat to redistribute dry matter and nutrients to grain is a valuable trait when nutrient uptake is severely restricted in the post‐anthesis period.     

Genotypic variation in partitioning of phosphorus in relation to nitrogen and dry matter during wheat grain development

Phosphorus has many similarities to N for plant nutrition, but little is known regarding P partitioning among genotypes and factors that affect it. Experiments were conducted to measure variation in partitioning of P and its relationship to N, dry matter, and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sixteen cultivars grown under field conditions were sampled at anthesis for P, N, and dry matter and at maturity for the same constituents and for yield components. Relationships among the traits were determined by Spearman rank correlation coefficients. Accumulation of P and dry matter during grain development and grain HI, NHI, and PHI differed significantly among genotypes. Post‐anthesis P, N, and dry matter accumulation correlated positively as did HI, NHI, and PHI, but accumulation of the constituents was not related to their His. The positive associations were attributed to requirement of P and N for growth and their accumulation as reserve compounds in grain. Genotypic variation in PHI may be as useful as variation in HI and NHI for wheat improvement.     

中、高产型小麦干物质和氮素累积转运对水氮的响应

  【目的】  研究产量高低差异明显的小麦品种干物质和氮素积累转运对水氮响应的差异,为以产量为目标的小麦优化水氮运筹提供参考。  【方法】  于2016—2018年,以中产型品种‘泰科麦33’和高产型品种‘济麦22’为供试材料进行了两因素三水平完全方案田间试验。两因素为灌水量和氮肥用量,3个灌溉水平为300、450和600 m3/hm2,依次表示为W₁、W₂、W₃;3个施氮量为135、180和225 kg/hm2,依次表示为N₁、N₂、N₃。测定小麦关键生育期氮素和干物质积累量,在成熟期调查了产量和产量构成因素。  【结果】  两个品种小麦水氮互作效应对穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、籽粒产量和氮肥偏生产力影响显著,中产型品种的产量对水氮的响应顺序表现为W₂ > W₃ > W₁、N₂ > N₃ > N₁;高产型品种的产量对水氮的响应顺序表现为W₃ > W₂ > W₁、N₂ > N₃ > N₁。高产和中产品种产量对氮素的反应一致,高产品种比中产品种对水分的要求更高。品种特性及其水氮互作效应显著影响小麦开花期和成熟期干物质积累量。籽粒产量与花前干物质对籽粒的贡献率呈线性负相关,与开花后干物质对籽粒贡献率呈线性正相关,表明开花后干物质是籽粒干物质的主要来源。品种及其水氮互作效应均显著影响小麦开花期和成熟期氮素的积累量。籽粒产量与花前氮素积累量对籽粒的贡献率呈线性正相关,与开花后氮素积累对籽粒贡献率呈线性负相关,表明花前氮素积累是籽粒氮素的主要来源。在显著相关的性状中,生物量、开花后干物质输入籽粒量、开花后干物质对籽粒的贡献率之间呈显著正相关;花前氮素积累量、总氮素积累量、花前氮素转运量、开花后氮素输入籽粒量、花前氮素积累量对籽粒的贡献率以及氮素收获指数之间显著正相关。  【结论】  水、氮及其互作效应显著影响小麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、籽粒产量、氮素偏生产力、花前干物质积累量、成熟期干物质积累量、开花后干物质输入籽粒量、花前氮素积累量、成熟期氮素积累量、花前氮素转运量等性状。不适宜的灌水量和氮肥施用量会促进花前干物质向籽粒的过度运转,不利于形成高产。中、高产型小麦籽粒产量对氮素的响应均表现为为N₂ > N₃ > N₁,但对灌溉量的响应不同,中产型品种适宜的灌水量为450 m3/hm2,高产型品种适宜的灌水量以600 m3/hm2较为理想。     

氮肥减施对宽幅播种冬小麦产量形成和氮肥利用效率的影响

为明确氮肥减施对宽幅播种冬小麦产量和氮肥利用效率的影响,设置氮肥减施(减肥处理)、农户习惯施肥量(习惯施肥处理)、不施氮(无肥处理)3个处理,通过大田试验研究了不同处理冬小麦的群体动态、干物质积累特征、产量及其构成和氮肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,无肥处理的产量比习惯施肥处理低36.83%,而减肥处理的产量比习惯施肥处理高6.01%。无肥处理的最大茎蘖数显著低于习惯施肥处理,导致亩穗数和收获期生物量显著低于习惯施肥处理。减肥处理的最大茎蘖数也显著低于习惯施肥处理,但由于成穗率显著提高,亩穗数和收获期生物量与习惯施肥处理无显著差异。无肥处理的有穗单茎花后干物质积累量、花后干物质对籽粒的贡献率与习惯施肥处理无显著差异。而减肥处理的花后干物质积累量、花后干物质积累对籽粒的贡献率比习惯施肥处理分别显著提高39.70%和14.51个百分点。减肥处理的地上部氮吸收量与习惯施肥处理无显著差异,但氮收获指数提高2.97%,氮肥农学效率提高12.94%,氮肥偏生产力提高41.09%,氮肥利用率提高11.90个百分点。上述试验结果表明,宽幅播种配合氮肥减施可通过降低最大茎蘖数,提高成穗率,促进花后干物质积累及向籽粒分配,提高氮肥利用效率和产量。本研究为宽幅播种冬小麦实行氮肥减施提供了科学依据。     

秋闲期秸秆覆盖与氮肥减施对旱地冬小麦干物质积累、结实特性和产量的影响

[目的]研究秋闲期秸秆覆盖对旱地小麦播前土壤墒情和小麦生产特性的影响以及减少氮肥用量的可行性,为四川旱地小麦高产高效管理提供理论依据.[方法]于2016―2018年在四川省仁寿县四川农业大学试验基地开展冬小麦–夏玉米轮作田间定位试验,供试作物为冬小麦.试验采用裂区设计,主区为夏玉米秸秆粉碎覆盖(SM)和不覆盖(NM);...     

氮素对温室黄瓜开花后干物质分配和产量影响的模拟研究

了解氮素对干物质分配和产量的定量影响是实现温室黄瓜氮肥优化管理的前提.该研究通过黄瓜雌性无限生长型品种"戴多星"(Cucumis sativas.'Deltastar')不同定植期和开花后不同氮素处理试验,定量分析了氮素施用水平对该类型黄瓜开花后干物质分配和产量的影响,并建立了开花后分配指数和采收指数与盛果期叶片氮浓度的关系方程.在此基础上,建立了氮素对黄瓜开花后干物质分配和产量影响的预测模型,并用独立的试验数据对模型进行了检验.结果表明,模型对茎干物质量、叶干物质量和果实干物质量及黄瓜产量(鲜质量)预测值与实测值之间基于1:1直线之间的决定系数R2分别为0.945、0.943、0.990、0.955;相对预测误差RE分别为13.0%、12.3%、9.2%、16.8%.本模型可预测不同氮素水平下温室黄瓜地上部各器官干物质量和产量,可以为中国温室黄瓜生产的氮肥优化管理决策提供参考.     

水分胁迫下不同年代冬小麦品种干物质积累与转运特性

为了明确河南中部地区冬小麦品种改良过程中物质积累与转运特性及对水分亏缺响应的差异, 选取新中国成立以来6个不同年代主栽冬小麦品种, 采用测坑试验研究了冬小麦品种在不同水分胁迫(CK: 充分供水田间持水量的75%~85%; MD: 轻度干旱, 田间持水量的60%~70%; SD: 重度干旱, 田间持水量的45%~55%)下干物质生产与积累转运特性的演进特征及其与产量的关系。结果表明, 品种改良协调了干物质在各生育阶段的分配, 使花前和花后干物质积累与转运对籽粒的贡献更加平衡。在品种更替过程中, 株高和穗下节降低, 千粒重、籽粒产量和收获指数增加, 干物质积累总量无显著差异, 千粒重和收获指数的提高对产量增加起重要作用。在CK、MD和SD处理下, 20世纪90年代和2002年品种比20世纪50年代品种平均株高降低35.2%、36.2%和38.2%, 平均千粒重比增加31.7%、17.4%和56.3%, 平均籽粒产量增加40.4%、43.0%和52.4%; 20世纪90年代和2002年品种的收获指数比20世纪80年代及以前品种增加31.4%、22.3%和24.6%。CK处理早期品种干物质积累在抽穗至开花阶段超过现代品种。MD和SD处理的20世纪90年代及以后的品种花前干物质转运能力高, 茎秆干物质输出率增加, 花后贮藏物质积累降幅小, 干物质贮藏转运分配比例适宜, 对籽粒贡献率高, 是水分胁迫条件下现代品种高产的基础。     

旱地不同小麦品种产量与干物质及氮磷钾养分需求的关系

【目的】 黄土高原是我国旱地小麦主要产区,但产量普遍偏低,明确不同小麦品种的产量与干物质及氮磷钾养分需求的关系,对高产高效小麦品种选育、科学合理施肥、实现区域小麦增产有重要意义。 【方法】 于2014和2015年,在黄土高原典型旱作雨养农业区种植来自我国不同主产区和当地的123个小麦品种,采集收获期的植株样品,测定了不同小麦品种的产量、干物质及氮磷钾养分累积和需求量,分析了产量与干物质及养分需求的关系。 【结果】 不同小麦品种的籽粒产量与生物量、收获指数、养分吸收量和养分收获指数均呈显著正相关,与干物质、需氮量、需磷量呈显著负相关。从两年的平均结果来看,当小麦籽粒产量从5474 kg/hm2增至7891 kg/hm2时,生物量从12194 kg/hm2增至17032 kg/hm2,收获指数从38%增至54%,地上部氮、磷、钾吸收量分别从159 kg/hm2增至231 kg/hm2、21.3 kg/hm2增至29.5 kg/hm2、79.1 kg/hm2增至136.9 kg/hm2,氮、磷、钾收获指数分别从62%增至83%、75%增至90%、20%增至37%。干物质需求量却从2611 kg/Mg降至1873 kg/Mg,氮、磷需求量也分别从35.1 kg/Mg降至23.7 kg/Mg、4.5 kg/Mg降至3.2 kg/Mg。品种间需钾量也随产量升高而降低,从19.9 kg/Mg降至11.9 kg/Mg,但产量与需钾量间并无显著负相关关系。 【结论】 旱地条件下,高产品种具有较高的生物量、收获指数、养分吸收量和养分收获指数,而干物质及养分需求量却较低。因此,在实际生产中,不仅要选育高产高效小麦品种,提高生物量,协调籽粒产量与生物量、养分吸收量和收获指数的关系,也要根据高产品种的养分需求规律,结合区域土壤养分供应能力和气候特点,科学合理施肥,保证作物有充足的养分吸收量,并向籽粒高效转移,使高产品种的产量潜力充分发挥。      

Effects of phosphorus and drought stresses on dry matter and phosphorus allocation in wheat

The effect of phosphorus (P) and soil water availability (W) on the growth and development of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Minaret) was studied in a pot experiment. Four levels of P supply (0, 15, 30, and 100 μgP/g soil) were applied before sowing. Thirty‐four days after sowing (DAS), the pots were kept near 100% of field capacity (FC). From 34 DAS until one week before anthesis (67 DAS), half of the pots were maintained between 60–70% FC. Control pots were kept at 85–95% FC by weighing and watering the pots every two to three days. Shoots were harvested four times before anthesis and twice after. At each harvest, dry matter and P accumulation were measured in leaves, stems, and ears. In this study, thermal time until anthesis was inversely related to the level of P application. Phosphorus additioning affected the allocation of biomass and P in aerial plant organs. Plants growing only with soil P showed a delay in the allocation of dry matter and P into leaves and stems with respect to plants fertilized with 100 μg P/g of soil. In this study, the final composition of the grain depended on re‐mobilization from other plant organs. Evidence of independent re‐mobilization of carbohydrates and P towards the ear is presented, and the pattern of plant development as well as the relationships between development and dry matter and P allocation are discussed.     

钾素营养对玉米生育后期干物质和养分积累与转运的影响

为揭示钾素营养与玉米产量形成的关系,研究了3个施钾水平（K2O　0、113和225 kg/hm2）对玉米生育后期植株不同器官干重及氮、磷、钾积累和转运的影响。结果显示,施钾能显著提高玉米产量。随着施钾量的增加,玉米生育后期干物质积累的最大速率和平均速率提高,最大速率出现时间提前。玉米干物质在各器官中的分配比例随生长发育中心的转移而变化。生育后期干物质和养分由营养体向子粒转运,其中干物质和氮、磷主要来源于穗部营养体的转运,而钾则主要来源于叶片的转运。子粒中氮、磷、钾的积累量分别占总积累量的50.3%～57.1%,59.6%～67.2%和14.0%～33.3%。施钾不但能增加子粒中干物质和氮、磷、钾养分的分配比例,而且还有助于提高干物质和氮、磷、钾养分向子粒转运的转运率。氮的转运率以K1处理最大,为45.7%;干物质、磷和钾的转运率以K2处理最大,分别为7.4%、62.6%和22.4%;子粒养分中54.5%～60.6%的氮,56.0%～85.8%的磷及52.4%～100.0%的钾可以依赖于营养体的转运。     

一次性施肥对长江中游春玉米产量及养分利用效率影响

通过大田试验,研究了一次性施肥方式对长江中游春玉米产量及养分吸收、转运和利用的影响。研究结果表明,一次性施肥方式与农民常规施肥方式相比,产量差异不显著,经济效益提高1429~1725 Yuan/hm2。一次性施肥方式降低春玉米花前干物质积累量,但中后期干物质积累速率加快,全生育期内春玉米干物质积累量及花后干物质对产量贡献率,与农民习惯施肥方式差异不显著。与农民习惯施肥相比,一次性施肥显著降低了春玉米生育前期（拔节期）氮、磷、钾素积累量,生育中后期玉米养分积累速率加快,成熟期氮、磷、钾素积累量差异不显著;一次性施肥方式对春玉米氮素转运和利用效率的影响不显著;一次性施肥减少磷素和钾素的投入,但并不影响春玉米整个生育期磷素和钾素的积累和转运,同时显著提高了磷素和钾素的养分利用效率。     

化肥减施下有机替代对小麦产量和养分吸收利用的影响

  【目的】  探讨化肥减施和氮肥有机替代对小麦产量、养分积累、运转和吸收利用的影响,为国家化肥零增长战略提供理论依据。  【方法】  于2017—2019年,定位研究了常规施肥 (CF)、等氮量有机替代 (有机替代30%N, CF+M)、化肥减施 (N、P₂O₅、K₂O分别减施25%、30%和16.7%,CFR)、减施替代 (有机替代30%N,CFR+M) 和单施有机肥 (M) 对小麦产量及其构成、生物量、不同生育期植株氮磷钾积累量、花前植株养分运转及花后养分积累、养分吸收利用的影响。  【结果】  与CF相比,CFR和CF+M处理小麦产量、成穗数和穗粒数均没有显著变化,千粒重有增加趋势;CFR提高了小麦拔节—开花阶段氮、磷、钾吸收量及其比例,CF+M与CF处理间各生育阶段尤其是拔节期后吸氮、钾量差异均不显著,而CFR处理开花—成熟期的氮磷吸收量显著降低,CF+M处理降低了花前茎叶氮运转量及花后氮磷积累量,CF+M、CFR和CF 3个处理间氮积累量差异不显著;CF+M提高了花前茎叶氮磷运转量对籽粒氮磷贡献率及花后氮积累量对籽粒氮的贡献率。籽粒氮素积累与各生育阶段氮素积累量、花前期茎叶氮素运转量及花后氮素积累量间呈显著或极显著正相关,籽粒磷素积累量仅与花后磷素积累量显著正相关,籽粒钾素积累量与返青—拔节阶段钾素积累量显著正相关,与花前颖壳+穗轴钾素运转量显著负相关。CFR和CF+M较CF提高了氮吸收、利用效率和氮肥偏生产力,CF+M较CF提高了钾素利用效率,降低了钾素吸收和钾素偏生产力。  【结论】  本试验的两年间,不同程度地减少氮磷钾化肥投入量,或不减少总氮量投入 (以30%有机氮替代化肥氮) 有利于花前期营养器官积累的养分向籽粒运转及籽粒对氮养分的吸收利用,都可以维持小麦产量。在减施氮肥量25%的前提下,用30%或者100%的鸡粪替代化肥则降低小麦各生育期干物质和氮磷钾养分的积累和运转,最终降低小麦的产量。因此,进行有机替代需要进一步研究适宜的氮肥减施比例。     

地表覆盖和施氮对冬小麦干物质和氮素积累与转移的影响

在黄土高原南部旱区,通过田间试验研究了地表覆盖在不同氮水平下对冬小麦生长和氮素累积及转移的影响。结果表明,覆膜显著增加冬小麦各生育期干物质的积累,提高干物质转移量或花后干物质累积量;覆草显著增加生长后期干物质累积量,随种植年限的增加,覆草能显著增加冬小麦生物产量和子粒产量,其增产作用与覆膜无显著差异。覆膜亦能显著增加冬小麦各生育期氮素的积累,提高氮素转移量;覆草显著增加了生长后期氮的累积,随种植年限的增加,覆草对地上部吸氮量和子粒吸氮量的影响与覆膜无显著差异。施用氮肥显著增加了各生育期干物质和氮素的累积,促进花后干物质的累积和花前累积氮的再转移,显著提高了冬小麦地上部和子粒吸氮量及生物产量和子粒产量。     

Comparisons among cultivars of wheat,hulless and hulled oats: Dry matter,N and P accumulation and partitioning as affected by N supply

A better understanding of the impact of fertilizer nitrogen (N) on biomass and N accumulation, and their partitioning into different plant components is needed to optimize crop yield and quality. A field experiment with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum), hulless (Avena nuda), and hulled (Avena sativa) oats was conducted for 3 years in Ottawa, ON, Canada, to determine the crop responses to N addition (0, 75, and 150 kg N ha^–1). Biomass, N, and phosphorus (P) accumulation and partitioning into different plant components were examined during the growth season. Lodging score was determined for all crops when it occurred and again at harvest. During the growth season, both hulless and hulled oats and the wheat cultivar showed almost similar patterns of N and P accumulation with maximum contents at late grain filling or at harvest. Plant N concentration was up to 60 g kg^–1 during the seedling stage, decreased gradually with advancing growth stages, and was lowest at harvest. Nitrogen treatments significantly increased plant N and P contents. At heading stage, N treatments enhanced dry matter (24%–45%), N (35%–135%), and P (27%–45%) contents in plant components (i.e., culm, leaf, and head), but also enhanced crop lodging, especially in oats. Both hulled and hulless oats had higher total plant N (5%–35%), N : P ratio, and dry‐matter content in leaf (6%–43%) and head (0%–129%) along with higher P (up to 27%) in culm than the wheat cultivar. The wheat cultivar accumulated greater dry matter and higher N content in kernels than both hulled and hulless oats at harvest. Both hulled and hulless oat cultivars exhibited similar lodging susceptibility to N addition (75 or 150 kg N ha^–1), produced lower dry weight and lower kernel N, and hence lower grain yield than the wheat cultivar. The larger vegetative dry‐matter accumulation at heading coupled with higher P content in culms under high‐N‐supply conditions may be related to severe lodging in oat cultivars.     

栽培管理模式对冬小麦干物质积累、氮素吸收及产量的影响

为给小麦栽培管理提供指导,连续两个小麦生长季在河南省温县通过大田试验研究了农民习惯栽培(T1)、优化管理1(T2)、高产栽培管理(T3)、优化管理2(T4)4种栽培管理模式对冬小麦干物质积累、转运和氮素吸收、分配以及产量的影响。结果表明,与T1相比,T2通过基肥和拔节期追肥2次施肥,提高了干物质快速增长的时间和速率,增加了籽粒中干物质的积累和茎叶氮素向籽粒的转运,提高了穗粒数和粒重,从而达到产量和效率的提高;与T3相比,T4减少了氮磷钾用量,通过提高花后叶片中氮素的转运量和对籽粒的贡献率来增加粒重,在不降低产量的同时提高了养分效率。T3、T4模式与T1、T2模式相比,提高了干物质快速增长的时间和速率以及花后小麦茎叶贮存氮素向籽粒的转运量和对籽粒的贡献率。在本试验条件下,T2模式是目前生产情况下值得推广的优化栽培模式,T4模式是在产量进一步提高,达到高产条件下兼顾高产高效的最优栽培管理模式。     

Tillering,nutrient accumulation,and yield of winter wheat as influenced by nitrogen form 1

When grown with mixtures of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N) and ammonium‐nitrogen (NH₄‐N) (mixed N) spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants develop higher order tillers and produce more grain than when grown with only NO₃. Because similar work is lacking for winter wheat, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of N form on tillering, nutrient acquisition, partitioning, and yield of winter wheat. Plants of three cultivars were grown to maturity hydroponically with nutrient solutions containing N as either all NO₃, all NH₄, or an equal mixture of both forms. At maturity, plants were harvested; separated into shoots, roots, and grain; and each part analyzed for dry matter and chemical composition. While the three cultivars varied in all parameters, mixed N plants always produced more tillers (by a range of 16 to 35%), accumulated more N (28 to 61%), phosphorus (P) (22 to 80%), and potassium (K) (11 to 89%) and produced more grain (33 to 60%) than those grown with either form alone. Although mixed N‐induced yield increases were mainly the result of an increase in grain bearing tillers, there was cultivar specific variation in individual yield components (i.e., tiller number, kernels per tiller, and kernel weight) which responded to N form. The presence of NH₄ (either alone or in the mixed N treatment), increased the concentration of reduced N in the shoots, roots, and grain of all cultivars. The effect of NH₄ in either treatment on the concentrations of P and K was variable and depended on the cultivar and plant part. In most cases, partitioning of dry matter, P, and K to the root decreased when NH₄ was present, while partitioning of N was relatively unaffected. Changes in partitioning between the shoot and grain were affected by N treatment, but varied according to cultivar. Based on these data, the changes in partitioning induced by NH₄ and the additional macronutrient accumulation with mixed N are at least partially responsible for mixed‐N‐induced increases in tillering and yield of winter wheat.     

不同筋型小麦干物质和氮素积累对追施氮量的响应

[目的]研究不同筋型小麦干物质和氮素积累对追施氮量的响应,揭示其干物质积累特征,为资源高效利用提供科学参考.[方法]田间试验于2016—2017年在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所北京试验基地进行,供试品种为强筋小麦'藁优2018'和'师栾02-1',中筋小麦'中麦8号'和'中麦175',弱筋小麦'扬麦22'和'扬麦15'...     

肥水调控对冬小麦产量及籽粒蛋白质组分的影响

为探明干旱处理与氮磷肥合用后小麦产量和养分积累及分配的变化,在盆栽条件下,以中麦8为试材,在设置3个氮磷肥施用量的基础上,每施肥处理下于开花期再利用称重法设置水分适宜(W1,SRWC=75%)、轻度亏水(W2,SRWC=60%)和重度亏水(W3,SRWC=45%)3个土壤水分水平,研究了肥水调控对冬小麦产量、养分积累及籽粒蛋白质组分的影响。结果表明,与花后土壤水分适宜相比,花后轻度亏水与重度亏水产量分别降低9.73%和15.55%,籽粒氮素积累量降低了3.41%和13.64%,醇溶蛋白含量降低了0.1%和1.1%,穗粒数、千粒重、籽粒磷素积累量、养分收获指数、氮素利用效率、清蛋白含量亦有不同程度的降低,但磷素利用效率、球蛋白含量及谷/醇比呈相反的趋势变化,其中,磷素利用效率以W3最高,达81.76 g·g~(-1),显著高于W1和W2。增施氮磷肥,穗数、千粒重降低,籽粒养分积累量及其蛋白质组分含量增加,但养分利用效率及氮素收获指数降低,其中,与F1(N 120kg·hm~(-2),P_2O_596 kg·hm~(-2))相比,F2(N 180 kg·hm~(-2),P_2O_5144 kg·hm~(-2))和F3(N 240 kg·hm~(-2),P_2O_5192 kg·hm~(-2))产量分别降低了7.23%和7.69%。土壤适度亏水,增施氮磷肥降低了产量、籽粒氮素分配比例及养分利用效率和氮素收获指数,籽粒蛋白质组分含量及谷/醇比提高;土壤重度亏水,增施氮磷肥降低了磷素利用效率、氮素收获指数和清蛋白含量及谷/醇比,提高了产量、籽粒磷素分配比例及球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量。本研究结果为小麦产量和品质领域研究奠定了一定的理论基础。     

氮肥基追比例对测墒补灌小麦冠层不同层次光能利用及干物质转运的影响

【目的】研究测墒补灌节水栽培条件下,氮肥基追比例对小麦植株冠层不同层次光能利用和干物质积累转运及分配的影响,为确定合理的氮肥运筹模式提供依据。【方法】以‘济麦22’小麦为试验材料,在总施氮量为240 kg/hm^2条件下,设置5个氮肥基追比例,分别为N1 (0∶10)、N2 (3∶7)、N3 (5∶5)、N4 (7∶3)、N5(10∶0),在拔节期和开花期,土壤相对含水量均补灌至田间持水量的70%。【结果】氮肥基追比例为5∶5的N3处理开花后的叶面积指数、冠层上层和中层的光合有效辐射(PAR)截获率及截获量显著高于其它处理,中层和下层的透射率显著低于其它处理,PAR转化率和利用率较N1、N2、N4和N5分别提高13.64%、8.02%、8.70%、14.38%和21.17%、8.50%、10.67%、23.88%。N3处理开花后干物质同化量、成熟期干物质积累量及中层营养器官开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运量、转运率显著高于其它处理,籽粒干物质分配量较N1、N2、N4和N5分别提高11.37%、5.68%、6.03%和16.25%。相关分析表明,中层营养器官开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运量与中层PAR截获率呈显著正相关;籽粒干物质分配量与上层、中层及总PAR截获率呈显著正相关,与下层PAR截获率呈显著负相关。【结论】氮肥基追比例为5∶5的处理显著提高了小麦冠层的光能利用,促进了中层营养器官开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运,获得了最高的籽粒产量,为本试验条件下的最优处理。