Response of maize to nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers in the savanna zones of Nigeria

Abstract

Field trials were conducted for three years on the response of maize to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers on Oyo Soil Series (Arenic Haplustalf) and Iregun series (Aquic Haplustalf) in the derived savanna and southern guinea savanna zones of Nigeria, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer as granulated urea at rates 0–300 kg N/ha, P fertilizer as single superphosphate at rates 0–120 kg P/h, and K fertilizer as muriate of potash at rates 0–180 kg K/ha were used for the different nutrient combinations. The base rates for N, P, and K were 100 kg N/ha, 40 kg P/ha, and 60 kg K/ha, respectively. The results of the trials showed that annual application of the blanket recommended N, P, and K rates to maize grown under intensive land use system could not produce optimum yield. Fertilizer efficiency varied along with soil test values from year to year. The highest response by maize in these zones was to N, the optimum rate ranged from 50–100 kg N/ha. Application of high rates of P and K fertilizers on soils with fairly sufficient nutrient level showed no significant effect on maize yield. But when P and K were applied at low rates (20 kg P/ha and 30 kg K/ha), their contents in the leaf and maize yield, in most cases, increased significantly. The results, however, showed that N, P, and K recommendations for optimum maize yield in both zones are 50–100 kg N/ha, 20 kg P/ha, and 0–30 kg K/ha, respectively.     

生姜对氮磷钾缺乏的反应

试验研究了N、P、K缺乏对生姜生长的影响以及缺素症的形态表现。结果表明,N、P、K对生姜生长的影响极大。其中以K处理影响最为严重,至旺盛生长期以后,地上部鲜重持续降低,根茎鲜重却有先增加后降低再增加的特殊现象。其次为N、P处理。在生长后期,N、P、K各处理的根茎鲜重只有CK的40 77%、46 65%和25 25%。     

设施栽培番茄的氮磷钾肥料效应研究

采用"3414"肥料试验设计开展了设施栽培番茄的氮、磷、钾肥料效应研究。结果表明,在高肥力土壤上适量施用氮、磷、钾肥均可增加番茄产量,但过量施用会降低其产量;钾肥的增产作用大于磷肥,氮肥的作用较小;氮、钾肥和磷、钾肥配施可增加番茄产量,而氮、磷肥配施降低产量。氮、磷(P_2O_5)和钾(K_2O)最佳经济施肥量分别为119.0、50.4和375.6 kg/hm~2,施肥比例为1∶0.42∶3.16。不同施氮量对番茄硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量的影响不规律,增施磷、钾肥番茄硝酸盐含量呈先增加后减少趋势;氮、磷肥和磷、钾肥配施可降低番茄硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量。氮、钾肥和磷、钾肥配施提高了番茄可溶性糖含量,氮、磷肥和磷、钾肥配施降低了番茄总酸含量,氮、钾肥配施则有增加番茄总酸含量的趋势,氮、钾肥和磷、钾肥配施均可提高番茄Vc含量。氮、磷、钾肥料合理配施对番茄产量和品质的提高具有重要作用。     

大白菜氮磷钾肥料配施效应研究

采用"3414"试验设计方案,研究了不同氮、磷、钾施肥处理对大白菜产量、经济效益的影响及肥料效应。结果表明:合理施用氮、磷、钾肥能够产生显著的增产、增收效果,空白区产量<缺氮区产量<缺钾区产量<缺磷区产量;氮的增产效应>钾的增产效应>磷的增产效应;单位养分增产量,全肥区>缺钾区>缺氮区>缺磷区;氮、磷、钾互作效应最高,其次为氮、钾和氮、磷,磷、钾互作效应较差。通过模型分析得氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)的最佳施用量分别为195、110和265 kg/hm2,可获得理论产量为82 162 kg/hm2。     

不同品种苹果幼树对氮磷亏缺的生理响应

【目的】探究不同苹果品种对低磷、低氮及低磷低氮胁迫的生理响应,为养分高效利用苹果品种的选育提供理论基础。【方法】采用沙培盆栽试验方法,供试材料为三年生‘嘎拉’/M9T337、‘富士’/M9T337和‘蜜脆’/M9T337矮化自根砧苹果(M9T337为矮化砧木)。以改良1/2Hoagland营养液为基础,设置正常、低氮两个氮水平(NO₃~–15、1.5 mmol/L)和正常、低磷两个磷水平(H₂PO₄~–1.0、0.1 mmol/L),共配置适氮适磷、适氮低磷、低氮适磷和低氮低磷4个处理。测定了苹果树体生长、叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数,分析了苹果叶片氮、磷代谢相关酶活性,树体氮、磷累积量。【结果】与适氮适磷相比,适氮低磷和低氮适磷条件下,‘嘎拉’和‘蜜脆’的植株总干物质量均显著降低,‘富士’的植株总干物质量有显著增加;适氮低磷条件下的‘嘎拉’、‘富士’和‘蜜脆’叶绿素b含量均显著降低,F_o呈升高趋势,但‘嘎拉’和‘富士’的F_v/F_m显著升高且P_n...     

Response of greenhouse cucumber to mineral fertilizers on a high phosphorus and potassium soil

The response of greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Lolita) to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers on a soil high in available P and K was studied during 1986. The greenhouses were located in the Beqa Valley, central Lebanon, and their soil chemical properties before planting were: NO₃‐N = 52 ppm, P(NaHCO₃ ext.) = 100 ppm, K (ammonium acetate ext.) = 650 ppm, ECe = 1.6 dS/m, pH = 7.5. Nitrogen at 200 kg/ha, P at 85 kg/ha and K at 150 kg/ha were applied in the following combinations: N, N+K, N+P+K and an unfertilized control. The rates were split into four equal weekly applications starting on the fourth week after transplanting the seedlings to the greenhouse. The treatments were applied through the drip irrigation system of the greenhouses. Fruit yield over the two months of harvest was highest in plants receiving N alone, which yielded 57 ton/ha. Yields of the plots receiving N+K, N+P+K and the control were 55.0, 54.0 and 39.5 ton/ha, respectively. Yield during the first month of harvest was comparable in all fertilized treatments and was substantially higher than the control.     

不同氮磷钾肥对土壤pH和镉有效性的影响

采用土壤培养方法研究了不同氮、磷、钾肥对土壤pH和镉有效性的影响。结果表明,在培养60 d时,所有氮肥处理均降低了土壤pH,增加了Cd的提取量;但高量尿素和氯化铵处理土壤pH降低最多,提取的Cd也最多;硫酸铵提取的Cd较对照增加最小。所有磷肥处理均引起土壤pH小幅降低,但对土壤Cd提取量的影响以普钙稍大。3种钾肥处理均降低了土壤pH,其中氯化钾在0 d时提取的Cd在所有钾肥处理中为最高,其提取能力15 d后逐渐消失,试验结束时所有钾肥处理对Cd提取量均低于对照。本研究进一步表明,在土壤Cd含量处于污染临界值附近或已受Cd污染的土壤上,应避免施用高量的酸性肥料如尿素、氯化铵、普钙,以及其他酸性物料。在常用磷、钾肥中,磷酸二铵和硫酸钾在Cd污染土壤上施用更为适合。     

Recent advances in the chemistry of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium as fertilizers in soil: A review

The advent of civilization has made humans dependent on plants for food and medicine, leading to the intensification of agricultural production. The intense cultivation of crops has resulted in the depletion of available nutrients from soil, thereby demanding the application of excess nutrients to soil to improve yield. Thus, mineral fertilizer discovery and application have, in many ways, contributed greatly to meeting global food demands. However, aside from the positive effects of mineral fer...     

不同钾肥种类对苹果产量、 品质及耐贮性的影响

【目的】苹果需钾量高,而果农普遍忽视钾肥的施用,随近年来密植栽培的推广,苹果单产大幅提升,使得陕西苹果园土壤面临缺钾现状,故合理补充钾肥对苹果生产至关重要。本文通过比较两种钾肥(KCl与K2SO4)对树体生长、 矿质养分吸收、 果实产量品质及采后贮藏特性的影响,为苹果树钾肥的合理施用提供科学指导。【方法】以陕西凤翔8年生红富士苹果树为研究对象,连续两年(2011~2013)对果树进行3种施肥处理,分别为不施钾(CK)、 KCl和K2SO4。在果树生长期间测定新梢生长量、 新梢叶片及果实矿质元素含量、 果实产量品质并定期测定采后贮藏期果实品质的变化(包括硬度、 可溶性固形物、 可滴定酸、 腐烂率)。【结果】1)CK、 KCl、 K2SO4 3个处理的平均新梢生长量分别为18.25 cm、 17.83 cm、 19.39 cm,无显著差异。与CK相比,施KCl 和K2SO4 7月中旬新梢叶片的氮、 磷含量均有所提高,其中K2SO4处理的叶片氮、 磷含量显著高于CK,但钙、 镁含量降低。2)年均苹果产量表现为KCl K2SO4CK,且3者之间差异显著。3)CK、 KCl、 K2SO4的年均单果重分别为267.42 g、 304.72 g、 287.73 g,其中KCl处理的单果重显著高于其它处理。施用KCl和K2SO4,横径80 mm以上的果实比例分别比CK提高14.9%和11.5%; 4)与对照相比,两种钾肥均提高了果实的氮、 磷含量和累积量,且KCl处理果实氮、 磷累积量高于K2SO4。果实中的钾含量和累积量3个处理之间无显著差异。施钾与对照相比均降低了果实中的钙、 镁含量及累积量。5)施钾与否对果实采收时的硬度无显著影响,但施钾可提高果实的可滴定酸、 可溶性糖及Vc含量。在室温下贮藏,90 d内不同处理果实可滴定酸含量降低,并趋势一致; KCl和K2SO4处理可溶性固形物含量呈上升趋势,而不施钾处理的可溶性固形物逐渐降低。贮藏结束后,果实软化率CK、 KCl、 K2SO4分别为19.23%、 6.96%、 22.19%,腐烂率分别为11.11%、 9.25%、 5.55%。【结论】短期内施KCl肥在增加产量,促进果实膨大,改善采收时果实品质方面效果稍好于K2SO4; 而K2SO4在促进新梢生长、 树体养分吸收,提高果实贮藏性能方面优于KCl。     

Placement of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers by drilling in spring barley grown for malt without use of pesticides

Abstract

The increasing consumer demand for food products that are produced without the use of pesticides are reflected in action plans to reduce the use of pesticides in agriculture. Most of the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) produced is used for pig feed but some is used for malting – the primary step in the production of beer. The effects of fertilizer application method, type and rate on yield and grain quality were investigated in a malting barley crop without the use of pesticides. Twelve treatments where single and multiple nutrient fertilizers were either broadcast or placed in bands by drilling, were compared in a field experiment at two sites in Denmark during 1993–96. Weeds were controlled mechanically in all treatments, and chemical control of foliar fungal diseases and insects was only carried out in two treatments.

The placement of a compound NPK-fertilizer increased the grain yield and the quality parameters grain size and grading when weeds are controlled mechanically by harrowing. The effect of fertilizer placement on grain yield and quality decreased in the order NPK > NP > N>P. Herbicide-free growing of malting barley may be possible using fertilizer placement, but the use of chemical control of foliar fungal diseases and insects may be critical when pests exceed certain thresholds as they significantly reduce grain yield, grain size and grading. The aim of growing malting barley satisfactorily without the use of pesticides was only partly met.     

Preliminary nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium,calcium and magnesium DRIS norms and indices for apple orchards in Canterbury,New Zealand

Abstract

Diagnosis and Recommended Integrated System (DRIS) norms and indices for N, P, K, Ca and Mg were developed for apple trees in Canterbury, New Zealand, based on surveys of nutrient levels of apple leaves in field experiments before and after N and K fertiliser applications and in four orchard surveys over a period of three years. Comparisons were made between calculated norms based on mean sufficiency nutrient levels and published norms. Results obtained showed that calculated norms and indices from sufficiency range provide a good indication of the order of apple nutrient requirements. High N and low Ca were identified as major nutrient problems. The best period for sampling leaves for nutrient analysis is at 3 to 5 months after blossom (i.e., December to January in New Zealand).     

Differential growth responses of agaves to nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium,and boron applications

Nutrient effects on the growth of Crassulacean acid metabolism plants have received little attention. Agave deserti and A. lechuguilla were therefore selected for study because their rate of leaf unfolding from the central spike relates closely to growth, thus providing a convenient means for monitoring the effect of nutrient applications. The greater fractional influence of nitrogen fertilization on leaf unfolding for A. deserti can be explained by its lower soil level of N than for A. lechuguilla; high application levels of N near 500 kg ha^‐1 proved slightly inhibitory compared with 100 kg N ha^‐1 during the first year after application but not during the second year for A. deserti. Agave deserti occurred in soils much higher in phosphorus, potassium, and boron than for A. lechuguilla; consistent with this, application of these three nutrients in the field had little influence on the rate of leaf unfolding for A. deserti tut could significantly increase the leaf unfolding rate for A. lechuguilla. Applications of nutrient levels that greatly stimulated leaf unfolding for A, lechuguilla, such as 100 kg N ha^‐1 or 500 kg P ha^‐1 , led to large increases in net COg uptake over 2k h; applications of 500 kg K ha‐¹ or 100 kg B ha"¹ led to lower enhancements in CO₂ uptake and in the leaf unfolding rate, but again prevented any major decrease in net COg rate during the night. In agreement with studies on other CAM plants, the macronutrients N, P, and K and the micronutrient B can enhance the growth of agaves, depending on the relative level of these nutrients in the soil.     

苹果砧木对低氮胁迫的响应及适应性评价

  【目的】  明确低氮胁迫对7种苹果砧木生长及生理生化特性的影响,为耐低氮苹果砧木的选育和氮高效吸收利用生理机制的研究提供理论依据。  【方法】  沙培试验以改良1/2 Hoagland营养液为基础,设定硝态氮含量正常水平(NN,5 mmol/L NO₃–)和低氮胁迫(LN,0.5 mmol/L NO₃–)两个处理,供试苹果砧木包括矮化砧T337、Nic29、Pajam2、B9、71-3-150和半矮化砧青砧2号、乔化砧山定子(Malus baccata L. Borkh.),均为一年生健康苗。处理60天后,测定砧木新稍生长、物质积累、根系形态、叶片和根系硝酸还原酶活性、植株氮累积量,利用隶属函数模糊评价法比较不同苹果砧木的耐低氮能力。  【结果】  在正常供氮条件下,乔化砧山定子的植株总干重和氮利用效率明显高于其他5种矮化砧;矮化砧中Pajam2的植株干物质积累量最大,B9的根冠比最高;矮化砧Nic29的新梢生长速率和叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)活性显著高于其余6种砧木;半矮化砧青砧2号的根系NR活性显著高于其余砧木,有利于植株的氮累积。与正常供氮相比,低氮条件下,T337、Nic29和山定子的新稍生长均受到显著抑制;B9、Pajam2和青砧2号的新稍生长未受明显影响;而71-3-150的新稍生长速率提高,叶面积增大,根系中干物质积累量增加,植株根冠比显著增大,为正常供氮处理的2.59倍。低氮条件下,T337、B9、Pajam2和山定子根系总表面积和总根长均显著降低,T337降幅最大;而71-3-150的根系总表面积、总根长、根系总体积、根尖数等根系参数显著升高;Nic29的根系总表面积、总根长和根总体积升高,但根尖数减少,根系分枝数也升高。低氮胁迫条件下,苹果砧木叶片NR活性减小,B9、Nic29、Pajam2和山定子根系中NR活性较正常供氮分别提高了3.70、5.16、2.85和5.14倍。低氮条件下,T337、B9、Pajam2和青砧2号的叶片、茎干和根系中氮累积量均趋于降低,植株氮累积量减小,青砧2号降幅最大,但B9、Nic29、Pajam2和青砧2号的氮利用效率均显著提高,青砧2号的增幅最大;而71-3-150的根系和植株氮累积量均显著升高。基于7种苹果砧木生长、根系参数、氮代谢酶活性、氮累积量和氮利用效率等19个指标的耐低氮胁迫指数,结合隶属函数模糊评价法和聚类分析将7种砧木分为3种耐性类型:第Ⅰ类为耐性强的砧木(71-3-150);第Ⅱ类为耐性较弱的砧木(Nic29、山定子、B9和青砧2号);第Ⅲ类为耐性最弱的砧木(Pajam2和T337)。  【结论】  在正常供氮条件下,乔化砧木山定子和半矮化砧青砧2号在植株干物质积累、根系发育和养分吸收利用等方面均强于矮化砧,但其对低氮胁迫适应性较弱。低氮条件下,苹果砧木通过提高氮利用效率适应养分亏缺,耐性强的砧木植株生长受抑制程度较小,并通过调节自身生理特性,增加根系中的物质和养分积累,提高植株根冠比,以适应低氮环境。     

Calcium nutrition affects cold hardiness,yield, and fruit disorders of apple and pear trees 1

Foliar sprays of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and to a lesser extent, soil applications of calcium nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂] fertilizer, increased calcium (Ca) concentrations in leaves and fruit of apple, (Malus domestica) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees. For most years, CaCl₂ sprays or Ca(NO₃)₂ fertilizer increased cold hardiness of ‘Anjou’ pear trees, and reduced the incidence of fruit disorders (alfalfa greening and cork spot of pears and bitter pit of ‘Delicious’ apples). Yield of ‘Anjou’ pears was usually increased with the higher rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizers [ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃), Ca(NO₃)₂, or urea]. Calcium chloride sprays increased yield of ‘Anjou’ pears if it was applied over many years.     

氮、磷、锌肥对纤维亚麻产量的效应

采用“311-B”最优回归设计,通过亚麻田间试验取得的产量数据,建立亚麻N、P、Zn肥的肥料效应函数,解析了各因素对亚麻产量的效应,提出高产纤维亚麻的施肥配方。     

芋对氮磷钾吸收分配规律的研究

芋幼苗期对氮磷钾的吸收较少,发棵期和球茎膨大期吸收速率迅速增加,球茎膨大后期吸收积累速率又有所下降。总的来说,芋植株对钾的吸收最多,氮次之,磷最少,全生育期对氮磷钾的总吸收比例为1∶0.28∶1.1。幼苗期和发棵前期氮磷钾主要分布在叶片和叶柄中;其中,氮以叶片中居多,而磷和钾则以叶柄中居多。发棵后期和球茎膨大期主要分配在芋球茎中,其中氮磷的分配率为子芋大于孙芋,而钾则是孙芋中分配多于子芋。     

洋葱氮、磷、钾养分吸收与分配规律的研究

田间试验研究了秋栽洋葱生长特性及对氮、磷、钾的吸收分配规律。结果表明,洋葱幼苗期生长极为缓慢,干物质积累量较少,对氮磷钾的吸收速率较低,吸收量仅占全生育期的4%左右;发棵期植株生长迅速,氮（N）、磷（P2O5）、钾（K2O）的吸收速率分别达 22.03、8.60和15.65 mg/(plant·d),吸收量分别占全生育期的 92.74%、91.01%和71.79%;鳞茎膨大期氮、磷吸收速率迅速降低,而钾仍高达 7.23 mg/(plant·d)。洋葱全生育期对氮磷钾的吸收比例为1:0.40:0.92;但随着生长的进行,磷钾吸收比例升高,在鳞茎膨大期达1:0.92:9.04。洋葱幼苗期吸收的氮磷钾主要分配在叶片中,发棵期则以鳞茎和叶片分配率较高,鳞茎膨大期则主要分配在鳞茎中,在这一时期分配率分别达75.88%、87.77%和71.81%。在本试验条件下,每生产1000 kg鳞茎,约分别吸收N、P2O5、K2O为2.93、1.16和2.69 kg。     

生姜对氮、磷、钾吸收分配规律研究

通过田间试验研究了高产生姜生长特性及对氮、磷、钾的吸收分配规律。结果表明,生姜幼苗期生长缓慢,虽持续时间占全生育期的52.6%,但干物质积累量较少,对N、P2O5、K2O的吸收速率较低,吸收量仅占全生育期的24%左右; 发棵期植株生长迅速,N、P2O5、K2O的吸收速率分别达3.5、1.3 和4.9 kg/(hm2·d),吸收量约占全生育期的30%左右; 根茎膨大期对N的吸收速率略有降低,而P2O5、K2O则仍分别高达1.3和5.1 kg/(hm2·d),N、P2O5、K2O吸收量分别占全生育期的44.0%、45.5%和47.1%。随生长的进行,N、P2O5、K2O在茎、叶中的分配率呈降低的趋势,而在根茎中的分配率则逐渐增加; 在根茎膨大期,根茎中的N、P2O5、K2O分配率分别达50.0%、61.0%和46.5%。生姜全生育期对N、P2O5、K2O的吸收比例约为2.5∶1.0∶3.8。本试验条件下,每生产1000 kg生姜根茎产品,分别吸收N、P2O5、K2O约4.67、1.90和7.25 kg。     

设施栽培黄瓜的氮磷钾肥料效应研究

采用"3414"肥料试验方案开展了设施栽培黄瓜的N、P、K肥料效应研究。结果表明,随着N、K肥施用量增加,黄瓜产量呈先增后减的趋势;随P肥施用量增加,黄瓜产量呈下降趋势;N、K肥配施为正交互作用,N、P肥和P、K肥配施均为负交互作用。在中等P、K肥配施水平下,黄瓜硝酸盐含量随施N量的增加而降低。施N量与黄瓜亚硝酸盐含量间存在显著的函数关系,P、K肥的影响较小。不同施肥处理黄瓜蛋白质和Vc含量差异均不显著,且与N、P、K施肥量间的函数关系拟合度较低。每生产100 kg黄瓜需要吸收的养分量为N 0.296kg、P2O50.166 kg、K2O 0.517 kg。供试条件下黄瓜最佳经济施肥量为N 150.0 kg/hm2、K2O 409.5 kg/hm2,不施或少施磷肥。     

甘肃省农田氮磷钾养分平衡状况探析

对甘肃省农田N、P、K养分平衡状况分析结果表明,甘肃省农田N、P、K养分平衡状况为N、P盈余,而K素亏损。