Embryo Abortion in Relation to Fruit Size,Quality, and Concentrations of Nutrients in Skin and Pulp of Mango

To investigate the effects of embryo abortion on fruit size and weight, stone weight, and fruit quality, including total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, TSS/acid ratio, sugars, and concentrations of macro and micronutrients in skin and pulp, nubbins (seedless fruit) and seeded fruit of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars ‘Glenn,’ ‘Irwin,’ ‘Haden,’ ‘Kent,’ and ‘Kensington Pride’ were compared at the ripe stage. Nubbins had significantly smaller fruit size and lower fruit weight than in seeded fruit in all the cultivars. Mean stone weight was also significantly lower in nubbins (9.04 g) than in seeded fruit (30.27 g) and the trend was similar in all the cultivars. Percent dry pulp weight was significantly higher in nubbins than in seeded fruit in all five cultivars. Nubbins exhibited significantly lower acidity and higher TSS and TSS/acid ratio than did seeded fruit in all of the cultivars. The concentrations of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) in the skin and N, phosphorus (P), K, calcium (Ca), Mg, sulfur (S), Fe, zinc (Zn), and Cu in the pulp of nubbins did not differ significantly from those in the skin and pulp of seeded fruit in all of the cultivars. However, mean concentrations of P, Ca, and S were significantly higher in the skin of nubbins than in the skin of seeded fruit. Mean concentrations of manganese (Mn) and boron (B) in both skin and pulp of nubbins were significantly higher than in the skin and pulp of seeded fruit. The experimental results suggest that embryo abortion at early stages of fruit development, although it reduces fruit size and weight, does not affect the concentrations of these elements in the pulp and skin of mature fruit. In conclusion, embryo abortion in mango fruit substantially reduced fruit size, weight, and stone weight and improved TSS, TSS/acid ratio, total sugars, and non-reducing sugars compared with seeded fruit in all the cultivars and led to minor changes in the concentrations of most of macro and micronutrients in skin and pulp of the fruit.     

Seasonal dynamics of mineral nutrients by walnut tree fruits

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) tree fruit showed after the endocarp lignification a fast growing stage during which fresh and dry weights increased abruptly. From the beginning of fruit ripening and during the fast sperm growing stage, fresh weight started to decrease while dry weight continued to increase with a reduced growth rate. Dry weights increased in sperm and decreased in exocarp‐mesocarp tissues during the fast sperm growing stage. The material exit from pericarp tissues was completed in the ripe fruit. By contrast, fresh weight continued to decrease in the tissue. Patterns of nutrient accumulation per fruit increased continuously during the fruit growth period. The observed reductions of nutrient accumulations for total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in the fruit individuals during the very late fruit stage after fruit ripening, and in conjunction with the pericarp tissues senescence, are supposed to represent mineral nutrient returns from the ripe fruit. Patterns of total N, P, Mg, Fe, and Zn accumulations increased in the exocarp‐mesocarp tissue during the slow sperm growing stage and decreased during the fast sperm growing stage. Potassium accumulation in the tissue increased continuously up to the fruit ripening time. Calcium, Mn, and Cu increased continuously. Patterns of all nutrients in endocarp tissue increased during the slow sperm growing stage and decreased at the fast sperm growing stage. In the sperm tissues, total N, P, Mg, and Ca accumulations increased during the sperm development and slightly decreased in a late stage. The increasing trend of Ca accumulation was temporarily interrupted during the fast sperm growing stage. Iron, Mn, Cu, and Zn accumulations showed no reductions at all. Potassium accumulation was drastically restricted in the tissue with the approach of fruit ripening. Sperm tissues are extraordinary rich in mineral nutrients. Sperm total N, P, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Fe accumulations represented the 98.1%, 88.2%, 59.2%, 81.5%, 72.3%, 65.6%, and 52.5% of the total nutrients accumulation in the fruit, respectively. Sperm K and Ca accumulations represented only the 13% and 11.6%, respectively. Exocarp‐mesocarp K, Ca, and Mg accumulations represented the 76%, 72% and 37.1% of the total nutrients accumulation in the fruit individual, respectively. Total N and P accumulation in the tissue were detected in very low levels 1.3% and 7%, respectively. Iron, Cu, Zn, and Mn accumulations were detected in the same tissue in ratio values of 27.5%, 22%, 5.4%, and 11%, respectively. Macro‐ and micro‐nutrient accumulations of the endocarp tissues were detected in the lower levels as compared to the other fruit tissues. The estimated values of mineral nutrient returns from the mature fruit individuals were 2.8% for total N, 13% for P, 16.5% for K, 23% for Ca, 12% for Mg, 28.5% for Fe, and 21% for Zn. Manganese and Cu showed no returns at all. The estimated nutrient returns from the sperm tissues were 60% for total N, 67% for P, 22% for K, and 50% for Mg of the total returned nutrient from the fruit individual. The estimated nutrient returns from exocarp‐mesocarp were 100% for Zn, Fe, and Ca, 50% for Mg, 78% for K, 33% for P, and 40% for total N. Calcium, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn in the sperm and Mn and Cu accumulations in pericarp tissues showed no returns at all. A restricted nutrient diffusion from exocarp‐mesocarp and sperm tissues to the endocarp tissues is supposed to be possible. These results suggested a pericarp tissue behaviour similar to the old senescing leaves.     

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System for Monitoring Nutrient Status of Mango Trees in Submountainous Area of Punjab,India

Abstract

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was used to identify nutrient status of mango fruit trees in Punjab, India. Standard norms established from the nutrient survey of mango fruit trees were 1.144, 0.126, 0.327, 2.587, 0.263, 0.141% for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S), and 15, 3.5, 145, 155, and 30 mg kg^?1, respectively, for zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and boron (B) in dry matter. On the basis of DRIS indices, 16, 15, 12, 17, and 16% of total samples collected during nutrients survey of mango trees were low in N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively. For micronutrients, 19, 18, 12, 20, and 6% samples were inadequate in Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and B, respectively. DRIS‐derived sufficiency ranges from nutrient indexing survey were 0.92–1.37, 0.08–0.16, 0.21–0.44, 1.71–3.47, 0.15–0.37, and 0.09–0.19% for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S and 11–19, 1–6, 63–227, 87–223, and 16–44 mg kg^?1 for Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and B, respectively.     

巨桉人工林叶片养分交互效应

在四川巨桉栽培区设立了60个标准地,采用相关分析和矢量诊断法进行分析,以了解巨桉人工林养分的相互作用关系。结果表明,巨桉人工林叶片的养分交互作用较为复杂。N可促进P、K、Ca、Mn等的吸收,但易受到Fe、Zn、高Ca、高Mg的拮抗,而且高N抑制了Mn的吸收;P可促进K、Mg、Mn等的吸收,但易受Zn、Fe、高Mn、高K、高Ca、高Mg的拮抗,而高浓度的P将抑制K、Zn、Fe等的吸收;K对其他养分元素均没有明显的促进作用,但高浓度K限制P的吸收;Ca、Mg之间可相互促进吸收。同时,低浓度的Ca和Mg有利于Fe、Zn的吸收,高浓度的Ca和Mg将对N、P、Fe、Mn、S、B等养分产生拮抗,限制吸收;S可促进Zn的吸收,但易受高Ca、高Mg拮抗;Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn之间主要以拮抗为主。B相互作用较少,对其他养分几乎没有明显的促进作用。     

Nutrient Sufficiency Ranges in Mango Using Boundary-Line Approach and Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis Norms in El-Salhiya,Egypt

Nutrient sufficiency ranges are useful for diagnosing and correcting plant nutritional status in order to optimize yield and protect the environment. This study was conducted to determine nutrient sufficiency ranges for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in mango trees grown in El-Salhiya, Egypt, through boundary-line approach (BLA) and compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) technique. For this purpose, foliar samples from 310 mango trees were collected during two successive years from the study area and fruit yields were recorded. The nutrient sufficiency ranges generated by BLA were 0.744–1.430% for N, 0.074–0.142% for P, 0.543–1.045% for K, 1.366–2.653% for Ca, 0.155–0.305% for Mg, 389–1148 ppm for Fe, 23.1–60.5 ppm for Mn, 28.4–56.3 ppm for Zn, and 2.37–12.10 ppm for Cu. The CND-derived nutrient sufficiency ranges were 0.917–1.215% for N, 0.066–0.106% for P, 0.585–0.943% for K, 1.003–2.077% for Ca, 0.112–0.378% for Mg, 277.5–849.2 ppm for Fe, 27.9–82.4 ppm for Mn, 29.2–44.6 ppm for Zn, and 2.42–11.37 ppm for Cu. The optimum nutrient concentrations generated from BLA were in general comparable to those obtained using CND technique. Only Ca and Fe optimum concentrations showed poor match. Seven significant nutrient interactions were strongly evidenced through principal component analysis of the computed CND indexes. The positive interaction was P-K, while the negative interactions were P-Mg, K-Mg, Ca-Zn, P-Fe, K-Fe, and Zn-Cu.     

Seasonal dynamics of mineral nutrients by walnut tree reproductive organs

The dry weight accumulation per male and female flower as well as the concentration per gram of dry weight and the accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) were determined in walnut tree (Juglans regia L.) catkins and female flowers at the stage of flower bud and during the flower development. Catkin emergence was accompanied by a very fast hydration of the tissues. After the catkin matured, the fresh and dry weights were reduced. The female flower development period was accompanied by the dry and fresh weight increase. Total N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn concentrations in catkin buds were detected at lower levels, Mg in equal levels, and Ca at higher levels as compared to the nutrient concentrations in young growing leaves. The estimated values of the ratio NCmfb/NCygl were: total N = 0.54, P = 0.83, K = 0.56, Ca = 1.5, Mg = 1.0, Fe = 0.46, Mn = 0.71, Cu = 0.85, and Zn = 0.60. Nutrient concentration in female flower buds was detected in almost equal levels with the exception of total N and Fe. The estimated values of the ratio: NCffb/NCygl were: total N = 0.57, P = 1.1, K = 1.17, Ca = 1.06, Mg = 0.9, Fe = 0.47, Mn = 1.0, Cu = 0.92, and Zn = 0.85. Total N, P, Mn, Cu, and Zn accumulations in the catkin were increased during the fast growing phase and decreased after catkin maturing. Potassium, Mg, and Fe accumulation continued to increase in the mature catkin. Calcium accumulation decreased at a very late mature catkin phase. Total N, P, and K accumulation rates during the catkin fast growing phase were higher than the dry weight accumulation rate. Calcium, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn accumulation rates at the same period were lower or equal to dry weight accumulation rates. In mature catkins, the total N, P, Mn, Cu, and Zn depletion rates were higher than the dry weight depletion rate. The continual increase of K, Ca, Mg, and Fe accumulation in mature catkin resulted in the increase of nutrients concentration also. Total N and P showed the highest remobilization values from mature catkin of 51.4% and 45%, respectively. Calcium, K, Mg, Cu, Mn, and Zn remobilization values estimated to be 22.1%, 7.5%, 3.2%, 45.3%, 33.4%, and 31.8%, respectively. Iron showed no remobilization at all. Nutrients remobilization from catkins as compared to the leaves had almost similar values for total N, Zn, and Cu, higher for P, Ca, and Mn, and lower for Mg, Fe, and K. Accumulation of all nutrients in female flowers increased after fertilization. The dry weight accumulation rate was higher than the nutrient accumulation rates.     

Nutritional Status,Yield, and Fruit Quality of “Encore” Mandarin Trees Grown in Two Sites of an Orchard with Different Soil Properties

Abstract

The nutrient status [annual fluctuation of leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)], yield and fruit quality [soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acids (TA), SSS/TA and juice content] of “Encore” mandarin trees cultivated in two sites of the same orchard were studied. The trees were grafted on Carrizo citrange rootstock and grown under identical conditions, apart from some soil properties. Soil B (site B of orchard) contained more K, Ca, Mg, and organic matter than soil A (site A of orchard). The patterns of annual variation of leaf nutrient concentrations were similar in both soils, although leaf concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe in soil A were significantly higher than those of soil boron (B), while leaf K concentrations were significantly lower. The mineral analyses of the leaves revealed some interesting antagonisms between K–Mg, K–Ca, and K–Mn. Manganese deficiency was especially limited in the trees grown in soil B. The average fruit yield per tree in soil A, on two-year basis, was significantly higher than this in soil B. The significantly higher water infiltration rate in soil B, in contrast to soil A, seemed to be the dominant factor responsible for the differences among the two sites in yielding and leaf mineral composition.     

Seasonal changes of macro- and micro-nutrients concentration in olive leaves

Leaves of olive (Olea europaea var. minor rotunda) were collected from mature non-irrigated trees in an “off” year, at monthly intervals, from May 2015 to April 2016. Leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) were determined. Seasonal fluctuation curves were developed for each nutrient, in order to use them for interpretation of leaf analysis. Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg showed significant fluctuation throughout the year, while B, Fe, Mn and Zn showed less intense changes. Nutrient accumulation varied according to tree vegetative growth and weather conditions.     

钙、 硼对常山胡柚叶片养分、 果实产量及品质的影响

【目的】研究叶片矿质营养元素含量的季节性变化,对探明植物体中营养元素的丰缺状况、 调控养分代谢、 提高果实产量和改善品质具有重要意义。本研究结合常山胡柚园土壤养分状况,通过连续4年施用钙肥和硼肥,研究钙、 硼对常山胡柚叶片矿质营养元素含量的季节变化、 果实产量及品质的影响。【方法】采用田间定位试验,以13年生枳砧常山胡柚为试验材料,设4个处理,1)CK(对照); 2)Ca(每株0.5 kg生石灰粉); 3)B(每株25 g 硼砂); 4)Ca+B(每株0.5 kg生石灰粉+ 25 g 硼砂)。于试验的第4年采集常山胡柚不同生长期当年生春梢叶片及成熟期果实样品,并对常山胡柚叶片矿质营养元素含量的季节变化、 果实品质进行分析。【结果】常山胡柚叶片各矿质养分在果实逐渐成熟过程中总体呈现先增后降的变化规律,其中叶片氮(N)、 钾(K)、 镁(Mg)和锌(Zn)在果实坐果期达到最大值,磷(P)在果实膨大前中期(8月份)到达最大值,钙(Ca)、 硼(B)、 铁(Fe)、 锰(Mn)和铜(Cu)在果实膨大后期(9月份)出现最高值。钙、 硼肥施用均可提高常山胡柚果实各发育时期叶片Ca、 B、 N、 K、 Fe、 Mn和Cu含量,但明显抑制叶片Zn的吸收,其中钙、 硼配施对成熟叶片(8~9月份)Ca含量存在显著正交互效应,但对提高叶片B含量无显著交互作用。施钙、 硼肥可不同程度提高常山胡柚2年平均产量,增产率达到1.8%~21.4%,其中各处理增产率顺序为Ca+B＞B≥Ca,且单施硼可显著提高2年累积产量,钙硼配施对单年产量、 2年平均产量均存在显著正交互效应。钙、 硼肥单施对果实品质无显著性影响,但钙硼配施可显著降低可滴定酸含量,显著提高固酸比。【结论】常山胡柚坐果期(4月份)为叶片N、 P、 K、 Mg和Zn吸收的关键时期,果实膨大期(8~9月份)为叶片Ca、 B、 Fe、 Mn和Cu吸收的重要时期。钙、 硼配施既可明显提高常山胡柚叶片中矿质营养元素含量(P和Zn除外),又能显著提高果实产量和品质。     

Cranberry tissue nutrient levels as impacted by three levels of nitrogen fertilizer and their relationship to fruit yield and quality

Five different cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) cultivars were fertilized with either 0, 22, or 44 kg N ha/yr. After three consecutive years of these treatments, plant tissue samples were taken and analyzed for the elements, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), boron (B), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). These were compared to N dose and to fruit quality and quantity parameters. Across all cultivars, tissue N, P, and K levels increased with increasing N dose, whereas Fe tended to decrease with increasing N dose. Only the element Mn showed no relationship to N dose for any cultivar. Tissue N concentration was generally unrelated to fruit yield. However, fruit rot (both field and storage) was strongly related to tissue N. Average berry weight was related to the tissue concentration of a number of elements. This research suggests that tissue nutrient concentration may be useful in predicting rot and fruit size potential in cranberries.     

Fertilizer Regime and Weed Pressure Minimally Influence Leaf Tissue Nutrient Levels during Cranberry Vine Establishment

Cranberry leaf tissue samples were analyzed annually over a 6-year period. Vines received varied nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates and were subjected to low or high weed pressure. With few exceptions, levels of N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and boron (B) were sufficient during the 6-year period. Calcium and B concentrations in cranberry vines treated with low, medium, or high rates of N were greater in areas with high weed pressure than in areas of low weed pressure. Levels of Zn and Mn were higher and K was lower in tissue collected from high weed areas in 4 out of 6 years. Calcium, Mg, Zn, Mn, B, and Fe levels were negatively correlated with increasing N rate. Overall, application of various N rates did not adversely affect cranberry leaf tissue nutrient content during the first 6 years.     

Seasonal dynamics of mineral nutrients and carbohydrates by walnut tree leaves

The dry weight accumulation per leaf as well as the concentration per gram of dry weight and the accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) were determined in walnut tree leaves (Juglans regia L.) during a complete life cycle. Additionally, the dynamics of plant nutrient concentration in leaf petiole sap and carbohydrate accumulation in leaves were studied in relation to the main life cycle events of the walnut tree. Total N, P, K, Cu, and Zn concentrations decreased, whereas that of Ca, Mg, and Mn increased during the season. Iron concentration fluctuated around a mean value. Total N, P, K, Mg, and Cu concentrations detected in younger mature leaves were at the sufficient level, whereas Ca, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations were at higher levels as compared to those previously reported. All the detected nutrient accumulations increased abruptly during leaf ontogeny and leaf maturation until a maximum level was attained in the younger mature leaves. Similarly, sucrose, glucose, and fructose accumulation were observed at the same period. The rates of total N, P, Cu, and Zn accumulation were lower than the rates of the observed dry matter accumulation and nutrient concentration dilution. Potassium and Mn accumulation rates were almost equal, whereas those for Ca and Mg were higher as compared to the dry matter accumulation rate. The fast embryo growing phase resulted in a considerable decrease in dry weight, total N, P, K, Cu, Zn, and carbohydrate accumulation, and to a lesser degree in Ca, Mg, and Mn accumulation. Nutrient accumulation reduction in leaves by the influence of the growing fruits were estimated to be: total N 52%, K 48%, P 29.5%, Mg 16.3%, Ca 15%, Fe 51.2%, Cu 55.2%, Zn 37.3%, and Mn 5.4% of the maximum nutrient value of the younger mature leaves. Old leaves preserved nutrients before leaf fall as follows: total N 25.4%, P 45%, K 31%, Ca 74.8%, Mg 76.5%, Mn 89.2%, Fe and Zn 50%, and Cu 37%. Nutrient remobilization from the senescing old leaves before leaf fall were: total N 22.6%, P 25.5%, K 21%, Ca 10.2%, Mg 7%, Fe 3.2%, Mn 5.4%, Cu 8%, and Zn 13.3% of the maximum value in the younger mature leaves. In early spring, the absorption rates of N, P, and Ca were low while those of Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were high. During the fast growing pollen phase, the N, P, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn concentrations were reduced. Calcium concentration is supposed to be more affected by the rate of transpiration rather than during the growing of embryo. Calcium and Mg concentrations in the sap were negatively correlated. The detected K concentration level in the sap was as high as 33 to 50 times that of soluble N, 12 to 21 times to that of P, 5 times to that of Ca, and 10 to 20 times to that of Mg. The first maximum of starch accumulation in mature leaves was observed during the slow growing embryo phase and a second one after fruit ripening. Old senescing leaves showed an extensive carbohydrate depletion before leaf fall.     

Critical nutrient concentrations and antagonistic and synergistic relationships among the nutrients of NFT‐grown young tomato plants

Critical concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) with respect to dry matter yield end antagonistic and synergistic relationships among these nutrients were studied in which tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) was grown in recirculating nutrient solution (NFT). Increments of nutrient elements in the nutrient solution increased the proportional rate of the corresponding nutrient elements. Increasing levels of N negatively correlated with plant P and positively correlated with Ca, Fe, and Zn. Iron and Mn contents of the plants were increased and N, K, Ca, and Mg were decreased as a function of P applied. Increases in K in the nutrient solution caused increases in the concentrations of K, N, P, and Zn, and decreases in the concentration of Ca and Fe. Applied Ca increased the concentrations of Ca and N, and decreased the concentrations of P, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn. Potassium, Ca, and Fe contents of the plants were decreased and Zn increased, while N, P, and Mn were not affected by the increasing levels of external Mg. Iron suppressed the plant Mg, Zn, and Mn contents. Synergism between Zn and Fe was seen, while P, K, Ca, Mg, and Mn contents were not affected by Zn levels. Potassium, Ca, Mg, and Fe were not responsive to applied Mn, however, N and P contents of the plants were decreased at the highest levels of Mn.     

Elemental accumulation in mango (Mangifera indica L.) as a function of maturity stage and variety

Information about the nutritional status of a plant is a basic prerequisite for its adequate nutrition and is crucial to achieve high-yield productivity. Assessing the annual amount of nutrient that a tree needs to absorb in order to successfully complete a vegetative and reproductive growth is a fundamental step for developing rational fertilization in orchards. We are unaware of any report describing macro- and micronutrient dynamics in fruit at different growth stages of mango. Seven cultivars of mango (Dashehari, Langra, Mahmood Bahar, Menka, Sabri, Sundar Langra and Zardalu) were selected for the study. Different macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium (N,P, K, Ca, and Mg) and micronutrients such as iron, manganese, zinc and copper (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) were analyzed at four growth stages, namelymarble stage, prestone formation stage, stone hardening stage and harvest stage. There was a significant variation in nutrient content of fruits throughout the developmental stages irrespective of cultivars. There was no definite trend of nutrient variation among cultivars but in general, most of the nutrients like N, P, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Cu were the highest at the marble stage, and Ca and Fe at the stone hardening stage.     

Seasonal changes in leaf element content of cranberry,vaccinium macrocarpon ait

Abstract

Seasonal changes in leaf element composition were measured at 2‐week intervals in A Oregon cranberry bogs from June 1 to September 15 for a 3‐year period. Nitrogen, P, K, and Zn leaf concentrations decreased during the season while concentrations of Ca, Mg, B, Mn, and Fe increased. Periods of 30‐day minimal internal flux varied from July 15 to September 15, depending on the element. It was concluded that 2 samples, 1 from June 15 to July 15 for Mg, Mn, and Fe and 1 from August 15 to Sep‐ tember 1 for N, P, K, Ca, Cu, B, and Zn, would have to be taken to adequately diagnose the nutrient status of all of the essential elements for cranberry.     

Leaf mineral nutrient concentrations or media pH affect Georgia Jet sweetpotato transplant number,length, and weight 1

The results of four experiments were combined to determine the relationships between leaf mineral nutrients or media pH and sweetpotato transplant production. The relative number of transplants and the relative mean transplant lengths or weights were determined by comparing the values obtained with unamended aged pine sawdust, a traditional medium. These values were regressed against leaf mineral concentrations and media pH. There was no relationship between relative transplant production and leaf nitrogen (N), potassium (K), or manganese (Mn) concentrations. Compared to sufficiency ranges for nearly mature sweetpotatoes, concentrations of N and K were low and Mn was sufficient. An upper value of 1210 mg/L leaf iron (Fe) was obtained for relative mean transplant weight, but concentrations of this mineral were not associated with relative transplant numbers or relative mean transplant lengths. Leaf calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations were related to all three transplant characteristics directly, or indirectly through possible effects on leaf phosphorus (P) concentration or media pH. Compared to the established sufficiency ranges for nearly mature sweetpotato plants, Ca and Mg concentrations were low, P and Fe concentrations were sufficient, and zinc (Zn) concentrations were high.     

李营养累积、分布及叶片养分动态研究

基于保障生态和果品安全以及合理实施果园养分管理的前提,对大石早生李树体各部位营养元素积累、分布以及各营养元素的周年变化规律进行了分析.结果表明:①营养元素在各个器官的相对含量,除K、Zn在果实中含量最高外,N、P、Ca、Mg均以叶片中含量为最高,以叶片做营养诊断是适宜的.②大石早生李树体营养元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn的元素比值为10.00:1.26:6.42:12.57:2.46:1.87:0.14.⑧100 kg鲜果的养分吸收量分别为:N 772.47g,P74.25 g,K 730.33g,Ca874.16 g,Mg 169.82 g,Fe 66.05 g,Zn 7.53 g,N:P:K的比例为1.00:0.10:0.95.④N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu的含量随物侯期呈规律性变化.生长季初期,N、P、K、Zn、Cu的含量迅速下降,Fe、Mn、Ca、Mg呈逐渐上升的趋势;中期这9种元素总体变化幅度较小;后期Fe,Cu.N、P、K的含量呈下降趋势,Mn、Zn、Ca,Mg依然上升.本结果既丰富了国内李营养理论,同时又为制定合理的施肥措施及建立绿色优质果品科技示范基地提供了理论依据.     

Effects of organic solid cattle manure application on nutritive value of winter cereal forages

Nutritive value of winter cereal forages is one of interested subjects of farmers for animal feeding. Field experiments were established in 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons in northeast Turkey to investigate the effect of organic solid cattle manure application (0, 10 and 20 Mg ha^?1 yr^?1) on nutritive value of three annual cereals for forage. The winter cereal forages were: wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oat (Avena sativa L.) and rye (Secela cereale L.). ADF (acid detergent fiber), NDF (neutral detergent fiber) CP (crude protein), nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, sodium, zinc and boron (N, P, K, S, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Zn and B) concentrations were researched in this study. Wheat had the highest CP, N, Ca, Cu, Na and Zn concentration, whereas oat had the lowest ADF and NDF and the highest K, Fe and Mn concentrations. The greatest Mg and P concentrations were determined in rye. Organic solid cattle manure applications had no effect on N and CP contents, but it decreased ADF and NDF contents. However, in most cases it positively affected the P, B, Cu, Fe, Mg and Na concentrations, whereas it decreased K, Ca, Mn and Zn concentrations. The results showed that wheat and oat are more nutritive species than rye in terms of animal feeding and the organic solid cattle manure, in some cases increased the nutritive values of wheat, oat and rye under organic agriculture conditions.     

Elemental and chemical concentration in peach tree short life and healthy trees

Abstract

Elemental concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Zn, Mn, and Cu in peach tree short life (PTSL) trees were compared to concentrations in apparently healthy trees in the same orchard. Leaf and stem concentration of K were significantly less and concentrations of Fe and Al were significantly greater in PTSL trees than healthy trees. Leaf concentrations of Ca and Mg and stem concentrations of N, P, and Cu were also significantly less in PTSL trees than healthy trees. Increased levels of Fe and Al and a K:Fe ratio of less than 150:1 in the leaves and stems was associated with PTSL.

There were no detected differences in prunasin, amino acid, or sugar content of PTSL and healthy trees in leaf and stem samples, but significant differences in elemental content suggest some type of stress on the root system of PTSL trees.     

海南省芒果主产区土壤养分现状与果实矿质养分相关性评价与分析

研究海南省芒果主产区土壤养分丰缺及与果实矿质养分相关性,以期掌握芒果园土壤肥力现状,为科学、合理制定海南省芒果主产区的施肥策略奠基础。通过对海南省芒果主产区陵水、三亚、乐东、东方四市县芒果园0~20 cm、20~40cm土层采集的342个土壤样品和90个植物样品进行养分测定分析。研究发现,芒果园土壤pH均值为5.51,果园土壤呈酸性;果园有机质含量偏低,随土层加深而降低,四地土壤有机质含量在三级以下水平占各地土壤的比例分别为:陵水60%、三亚69%、乐东93%、东方100%;果园土壤全氮、碱解氮含量较低,基本在三级及以下水平,土壤速效钾、速效磷含量较高,大部分土壤在三级及以上水平范围,磷含量变异系数较大,分别为:0~20 cm土层为123.07%,20~40 cm土层为138.32%;芒果园土壤交换性钙含量较丰富,交换性镁含量较低,钙含量随土层加深而增加,镁则相反;芒果园微量元素含量比较丰富,随土层的加深有效铁、有效铜、有效锌含量减少,有效锰略微增加,有效硼基本不变;果园土壤养分含量与果实矿质元素含量的相关性较强,其中果实锰与土壤速效钾(相关系数0.990)、果实锰与土壤碱解氮(相关系数0.995)、果实锰与土壤有效锌(相关系数0.960)及土壤铜与果实铜(相关系数0.926)为显著的正相关,土壤有效磷与果实微量元素含量呈负相关关系,土壤有效铁与果实大量元素含量呈负相关,土壤速效钾和碱解氮与果实微量元素呈正相关。海南省芒果园土壤有机质、土壤氮(全氮、碱解氮)含量均较低,速效磷和速效钾含量为中上水平,交换性镁含量较低,果园土壤微量元素较丰富。建议生产中以基肥为主,增施有机肥,适当配施锰等微量元素,可以喷施少量叶面肥补充微量元素。在施肥时应平衡施肥,合理用量。