调亏灌溉对滴灌成龄香梨果树生长及果实产量的影响

调亏灌溉对果树节水、提高果实产量和品质具有一定效果。2009-2010年,在新疆库尔勒巴州农业科学研究所进行试验,研究滴灌调亏时间及土壤水分亏缺程度对树龄24a的成龄库尔勒香梨果树生长及产量的影响。果实细胞分裂期、果实缓慢膨大期、果实细胞分裂期至缓慢膨大期,分别进行中度土壤水分亏缺与重度土壤水分亏缺灌溉。中度土壤水分亏缺的灌水量为美国A级蒸发皿蒸发量(Ep)的60%,重度土壤水分亏缺的灌水量为Ep的40%。其它时段灌水量与对照相同,为Ep的80%;对照处理整个生育期灌水量均为Ep的80%。灌溉周期为7d。结果表明,前2个生长阶段的调亏灌溉均抑制了香梨树的营养生长,提高了香梨果实产量和灌溉水利用效率。各调亏处理的夏季修剪量比对照减小了8.4%～43.2%。2a内,细胞分裂期重度调亏处理,产量分别比对照增加了15.5%和19.2%,较对照节水9.7%和8.1%;果实缓慢膨大期中度调亏处理,产量分别比对照增加了14.0%和18.0%,较对照节水13.2%和11.3%;果实细胞分裂期及果实缓慢膨大期的重度调亏处理,产量分别比对照减少了15.4%和13.2%,较对照节水34.7%和28.4%。调亏灌溉对香梨果实品质无显著影响。结果对成龄库尔勒香梨灌溉管理具有指导意义。     

板蓝根耗水特性和其产量及品质对膜下滴灌调亏的响应

研究旨在通过大田试验了解水分调亏对膜下滴灌板蓝根生长、耗水规律、产量、水分利用效率及品质的影响。于2018年在甘肃河西中部的民乐县益民灌溉试验站开展板蓝根水分控制试验,在板蓝根苗期和肉质根生长期保持充分灌水,营养生长期和肉质根生长期分别进行不同梯度(轻度、中度和重度)的水分调亏处理,并测定各项生长指标、产量、水分利用效率和品质。结果表明:(1)营养生长期和肉质根生长期中度和重度水分调亏显著降低了板蓝根株高、叶片数、主根长和主根直径,且降幅随调亏程度的加剧而增大,而轻度水分调亏与对照组无显著差异。(2)板蓝根在营养生长期和肉质根生长期各处理的耗水量呈现出随着水分调亏程度的加重而逐渐降低趋势,与对照相比降低显著(P<0.05);耗水强度变化次序为营养生长期和肉质根生长期(约3.0 mm/d)>肉质根成熟(约1.5 mm/d)>苗期(约1.0 mm/d)。(3)营养生长期轻度水分调亏处理的板蓝根产量与水分利用效率最高,分别达到8475.38 kg/hm^2和23.33 kg/(hm^2·mm),营养生长期和肉质根生长期连续轻度水分调亏处理次之,其余水分调亏处理产量和水分利用效率均有所下降,且与对照组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。(4)在营养生长期和肉质根生长期轻中度连续水分调亏有利于靛蓝、靛玉红、(R,S)-告依春、多糖含量的提高,且与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),重度水分调亏处理各项指标均最低。因此,综合分析板蓝根产量、水分利用效率和品质可知,最优控水处理为营养生长期和肉质根生长期连续轻度水分调亏,即该阶段土壤相对含水率为65%~75%,可作为河西冷凉灌区板蓝根种植的最佳灌水策略。     

河西绿洲膜下滴灌板蓝根生长、耗水特性和品质对水分调亏的响应

通过大田试验研究了水分调亏对膜下滴灌板蓝根生长、耗水规律、产量、水分利用效率及品质的影响。于2018年在甘肃河西中部的民乐县益民灌溉试验站开展板蓝根水分控制试验,板蓝根苗期和肉质根生长期保持充分灌水,在营养生长期和肉质根生长期分别进行不同梯度(轻度、中度和重度)的水分调亏处理,并测定各项生长指标、产量、水分利用效率和品质。结果表明：(1)营养生长和肉质根生长期中度和重度水分调亏显著降低了板蓝根株高、叶片数、主根长和主根直径,且降幅随调亏程度的加剧而增大,而轻度水分调亏与对照组无显著差异。(2)板蓝根在营养生长期和肉质根生长期各处理的耗水量呈现出随着水分调亏程度的加重逐渐降低,与对照相比显著降低(P<0.05);耗水强度变化次序为营养生长期和肉质根生长期(约3.0mm/d)>肉质根成熟(约1.5mm/d)>苗期(约1.0mm/d)。(3)营养生长期轻度水分调亏处理(RD1)的板蓝根产量与水分利用效率最高,分别达到8475.38kg/hm_²和23.33kg/hm_².mm,处理RD4次之,其余水分调亏处理产量和水分利用效率均有所下降,与对照组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。(4)在营养生长期和肉质根生长期轻中度连续水分调亏有利于靛蓝、靛玉红、(R,S)-告依春、多糖含量的提高,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),重度水分调亏处理各项指标均最低。因此,综合分析板蓝根产量、水分利用效率和品质可知,最优控水处理为营养生长期和肉质根生长期连续轻度水分调亏(RD4),即该阶段土壤相对含水率为65%~75%,可作为河西冷凉灌区板蓝根种植的最佳灌水策略。     

调亏灌溉对膜下滴灌菘蓝生长发育和产量的影响

2019年在河西绿洲冷凉灌区民乐县益民灌溉试验站进行了调亏灌溉对膜下滴灌菘蓝生长动态、产量和水分利用效率影响的大田试验研究。在苗期充分供水条件下,以全生育期充分供水(75%～85%的田间持水量)为对照,在营养生长期进行轻度、中度和重度水分调亏,在肉质根生长期进行轻度和中度水分调亏,在肉质根成熟期进行轻度水分调亏,分别测定了水分调亏菘蓝农艺性状的阶段性改变、干物质积累和分配、产量及水分利用效率。结果表明,在营养生长期和肉质根生长期对菘蓝进行中度和重度水分调亏、成熟期进行轻度水分调亏均会显著降低其株高、主根长、主根直径和叶面积指数(P0.05),而营养生长期和肉质根生长期对菘蓝进行轻度调亏其株高、主根长、主根直径和叶面积指数与对照处理间无显著差异(P0.05)。营养生长期以及肉质根生长期进行中度水分调亏和重度水分调亏会降低菘蓝干物质积累量,降幅为3.11%～15.67%,而轻度水分调亏则不会显著影响其干物质积累量。WT1和WT4处理的经济产量与对照无显著差异,其值分别为8 554.18,8 398.70 kg/hm~2,其他各处理均导致菘蓝经济产量降低,降幅为6.89%～18.33%,WT4处理的水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率最高,比对照提高7.91%和7.39%。因此,在营养生长期—肉质根生长期施加连续轻度水分调亏,其他生育期充分供水是实现河西绿洲冷凉灌区菘蓝节水高产高效灌溉制度。     

Effect of different water supply on plant growth and fruit quality of Lycopersicon esculentum

It is well known from earlier work that water stress and salinity results in depressed plant growth and high fruit quality of tomato (e.g. increased sugar and acid levels), but generally is associated with a low marketable fruit yield. In the present work we investigated whether even a small reduction in water supply (without visible symptoms of water stress) also results in a high fruit quality together with high marketable fruit proportions. To characterize fruit quality sugars (glucose and fructose), titratable acids, odour-active aroma volatiles and vitamin C were investigated. Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv Vanessa) were grown in soil and with the onset of fruit development water supply was varied (70% and 50% water capacity). In the treatment with lower water supply plant growth, and in particular the number of fruit settings were depressed and the sugar and vitamin C concentrations in the fruits were significantly increased, especially during fruit ripening. Furthermore, with lower water supply the concentrations of titratable acids and of C₆ aldehydes (hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenal and (E)-2-hexenal) were significantly increased in the red fruits. Fruit growth was identical in both treatments. The higher levels of sugars, titratable acids, aroma volatiles and vitamin C are responsible for the higher fruit quality under conditions of lower water supply. Since not all fruits of the well watered plants became mature, the marketable yield in both treatments was rather similar and hence, together with a higher fruit quality in the treatment with lower water supply, high proportions of marketable fruits can be harvested.     

磁化水灌溉对设施灵武长枣生长与果实品质的影响

为探究不同磁强磁化水灌溉对设施灵武长枣营养生长与果实品质的影响,以宁夏灵武市大泉林场基地设施栽培的灵武长枣为研究对象,对其营养生长(枣吊长、枣吊粗、叶面积等)和果实品质(可溶性糖含量、有机酸含量、Vc含量等)进行了测定分析。结果表明,采用ADS-1800磁强磁化水灌溉对枣吊生长的促进作用最大,枣吊净生长量较CK增加了15.6%;ADS-1400磁强磁化水灌溉提高了设施灵武长枣的单株产量,可达7.62 kg,增产效果最显著;ADS-800磁强磁化水灌溉可增加设施灵武长枣的可溶性固形物及可溶性糖含量,较CK分别增加了5.5%和4.38%。因此,不同磁强磁化水处理能促进灵武长枣的营养生长,影响果实品质。本研究结果为磁化水灌溉技术在设施灵武长枣生产上的应用提供了参考依据。     

Optimization of irrigation management and environmental assessment using the water cycle algorithm

Obtaining high crop yields with limited water consumption requires optimal irrigation strategies based on comprehensive studies of the parameters of plant–environment interactions. Here, we used a structural equation modelling (SEM) to assess the relationships among input irrigation factors and moderate factors to find an optimum water use efficiency (WUE) response factor, for outdoor and greenhouse cultivation of eggplant (Solanum melongena). The input irrigation factors (including irrigation interval, water salinity and environment) and the moderate factors (evapotranspiration, soil salinity, plant parameters, fruit parameters and crop yield) were used in water cycle algorithm (WCA) and genetic algorithm (GA) methods to optimize the water use efficiency. The optimization process included finding the best combination of irrigation factors and optimized eggplant cultivation. The structural equation modelling results indicate that irrigation interval negatively affected water use efficiency with a more dominant effect on plant parameters. Water salinity negatively affected the water use efficiency with a more dominant effect on soil salinity, crop yield and fruit parameters. Low salinity water was more effective than full irrigation to optimize the water use efficiency. The water cycle algorithm revealed that for outdoor cultivation, the optimal range of irrigation interval was 2–5 days and water salinity in the range of 0.8–2.2 ds/m. These factors optimized evapotranspiration (346.23–738.19 mm), soil salinity (4.16–9.45 ds/m), fruit parameters (33.81–35.12 cm) and crop yield (1715.7–2190.8 g/plant), as well as increasing the water use efficiency (3.08–4.89 g/(plant-mm)). Both the water cycle algorithm and genetic algorithm yielded very close to optimal values. Two years of repeated experiments and the closeness of the optimal values using the algorithms confirmed that the optimal amounts are reliable.     

Salinity and drought affect yield response of bell pepper similarly

Abstract

There is a growing realization that an increasing number of countries are approaching full utilization of their conventional water resources and that the quantity of good-quality water supplies available to agriculture is diminishing. Effects of irrigation regime and irrigation water salinity on bell pepper including yield, fruit number and quality, vegetative and root growth, evapotranspiration and water use efficiency were investigated in this study by conducting two different experiments. Six different salinity levels of irrigation water and four different irrigation regimes were used as treatments. Considering the results from irrigation water salinity experiment, it can be concluded that as soil salinity increases, water consumption, water use efficiency, yield and other vegetative growth parameters of bell pepper were decreased. A polynomial relationship between soil salinity and water consumption was observed. It was found that bell pepper is moderately sensitive to salinity with a 1.2 dS m^?1 threshold and a 10.9% slope value. In the irrigation regime experiment, limited irrigation caused decreases in water consumption, yield and vegetative growth of bell pepper. Yield response factors were close in the cases of irrigation regime (1.50) and irrigation water salinity (1.40). Total soluble solids of bell pepper were increased due to both irrigation water salinity and water application rate but not dry matter ratio. Considerable water consumption decreases because of salinity were determined. Therefore, the effect of irrigation water salinity should be considered in irrigation management to prevent excess saline water application and to protect the environment.     

Fruit quality and partitioning of mineral elements in processing tomato in response to saline nutrients

A sand culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of saline water on the growth and fruit quality of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Seedlings of five tomato cultivars were transplanted in quartz‐sand pots in a greenhouse at the Agricultural Experiment Station of Sultan Qaboos University. There were four saline nutrient solutions and a control consisting of half‐strength Hoagland solution. Salinity treatments were: 50 raM NaCl + 3 mM K₂SO₄ (EC 6.75), 50 mM NaCl + 1.5 mM orthophosphoric acid (EC = 7.18), 50 mM NaCl + 1.5 mM orthophosphoric acid + 3 mM R₂SO₄ (EC 7.29), and 50 mM NaCL (EC = 5.6). Treatments were applied daily commencing two weeks after transplanting. Data were collected on growth, and fruit yield and quality. Partitioning of mineral elements was determined in the vegetative tissue. The results obtained clearly show that concentrations of total soluble solids were increased in fruits treated with saline nutrients. Dry matter content of fruits exposed to salinity were higher than those from the control plants. Fruit acidity was increased with salinity, possibly due to a lower water content and increased organic acid accumulation. In the saline treatments, sodium (Na) content was decreased when potassium (K) was applied with NaCl but Na was higher in stems followed by root and leaf tissues. The partitioning of K followed a trend opposite to that for Na but with higher content in leaves. A similar situation was observed for calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). Accumulation of phosphorus (P) was the lowest among all the ions. These results indicated that survival under saline conditions was accompanied by high ion accumulation. The study confirmed that saline nutrients are important for improving fruit quality of processing tomatoes.     

根系分区不同灌水上下限对茄子生长与产量的影响

为了探明根系分区交替灌溉不同灌水上、下限对作物生长状况、气体交换与产量的影响,以指导节水灌溉,通过玻璃土箱试验,选取常规滴灌（conventional drip irrigation,CDI）和根系分区交替滴灌（alternate partial rootzone drip irrigation,APRDI）2种灌水方式,研究其在3种灌水上、下限水平下（CDI处理：植株两侧根区土壤含水率控制在田间持水率(Fc)的85%～100%;APRDI85-50处理：植株一侧根区土壤含水率维持在Fc的85%～100%,另一侧维持在Fc的50%～85%,当任意一侧根区土壤含水率＜50%Fc时即进行交替灌水;APRDI70-30处理：根区一侧含水率保持在Fc的70%～100%,另一侧控制在Fc的30%～70%,当其中一侧根区土壤含水率＜Fc的30%时即进行交替灌水）作物生长、产量及水分利用效率的差异。结果表明:与CDI相比,2种APRDI处理叶水势降低了19.0%和26.4%,气孔导度和蒸腾速率也显著下降,但APRDI85-50的光合速率增加了14.7%而APRDI70-30与CDI差异不明显,蒸腾效率比CDI分别提高了26.1%（APRDI85-50）和5.1%（APRDI70-30）。APRDI处理刺激了根系生长,显著增加了根干质量和根密度,有效控制了植株营养生长,使APRDI85-50的灌水利用效率比CDI提高了43.4%,产量增加10.8%,而CDI的灌水量比APRDI85-50处理增加了29.4%,说明交替滴灌下的APRDI85-50处理是一种经济可行的灌溉方式。     

调亏灌溉下菘蓝耗水量变化特征

[目的]研究膜下滴灌调亏灌溉对河西地区菘蓝耗水量和产量的影响,为干旱、半干旱区菘蓝的高产种植提供理论依据。[方法]通过大田试验分析耗水量和产量变化。[结果]在营养生长期和肉质根生长期各处理的耗水量呈现出随着水分亏缺程度的加剧逐渐降低,与CK相比显著降低(4.11%～15.71%,p0.05)。耗水强度变化规律基本呈现出苗期最小(约0.90 mm/d),肉质根成熟期较大(约1.60 mm/d),营养生长期和肉质根生长期最大(约3.00 mm/d)。WD_4(营养生长期和肉质根生长期轻度亏水)处理的菘蓝产量与CK无显著(p0.05)差异,达到8 235.32 kg/hm~2,WD_1(营养生长期轻度亏水)处理的水分利用效率最高[23.62 kg/(hm~2·mm)],WD_4处理次之,且比CK提高6.74%,即WD_4处理为最优处理。[结论]轻度水分亏缺可以有效降低菘蓝各生育期的耗水量,提高菘蓝产量和水分利用效率。而重度水分亏缺则导致土壤水分显著降低,不利于菘蓝生长。     

Effects of Salinity Stress at Different Growth Stages on Tomato Growth,Yield, and Water-Use Efficiency

This study investigated the effects of salinity stress at different growth stages on the growth, yield, fruit quality, and water-use efficiency (WUE) of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants cultivated under soilless conditions. Six different growth stages were exposed to the same salinity stress treatments using a completely randomized design, with three pots (six plants) per treatment. It was found that short-term (<21 days) salinity stress during any of the growth stages did not affect tomato growth or WUE, and during the vegetative stage did not affect yield. Salinity stress during the flowering and fruiting stages caused a reduction in tomato yield, which was due to a reduction in the number of fruit produced rather than the fruit size. However, salt exposure at the fruiting stage also improved fruit quality. The effect of salinity stress on the yield and fruit quality of the frontal and later truss depended on the developmental stage of the truss at the time when the stress occurred.     

土壤水分状况对温室青茄水分利用和外观品质的影响

为确定温室青茄优质高效的灌溉指标, 采用小区试验方法, 研究了不同生育阶段土壤水分状况对滴灌条件下温室青茄耗水量、产量、水分利用效率及果实外观品质的影响。研究结果表明, 任何时段水分亏缺均会降低青茄的耗水量; 温室青茄果实大小、坐果数以及最终产量均随水分亏缺程度的增大而减小, 产量、水分利用均与耗水量呈现良好的二次抛物线关系, 最优耗水量在307.12~339.59 mm 之间。当青茄土壤水分(占田间持水量的百分比)下限控制在苗期60%~70%、开花坐果期和成熟采摘期均为70%时, 产量及坐果率较高, 水分利用效率较佳, 可作为滴灌条件下温室青茄适宜的土壤水分控制指标。     

聚合果属生物炭引起的咸水灌溉下土壤养分有效性和番茄生长变化

Thermally modified organic materials commonly known as biochar have gained popularity of being used as a soil amendment.Little information, however, is available on the role of biochar in alleviating the negative impacts of saline water on soil productivity and plant growth. This study, therefore, was conducted to investigate the effects of Conocarpus biochar(BC) and organic farm residues(FR) at different application rates of 0.0%(control), 4.0% and 8.0%(weight/weight) on yield and quality of tomatoes grown on a sandy soil under drip irrigation with saline or non-saline water. The availability of P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu to plants was also investigated. The results demonstrated clearly that addition of BC or FR increased the vegetative growth, yield and quality parameters in all irrigation treatments. It was found that salt stress adversely affected soil productivity, as indicated by the lower vegetative growth and yield components of tomato plants. However, this suppressing effect on the vegetative growth and yield tended to decline with application of FR or BC, especially at the high application rate and in the presence of biochar. Under saline irrigation system, for instance, the total tomato yield increased over the control by 14.0%–43.3% with BC and by 3.9%–35.6% with FR. These could be attributed to enhancement effects of FR or BC on soil properties, as indicated by increases in soil organic matter content and nutrient availability. Therefore, biochar may be effectively used as a soil amendment for enhancing the productivity of salt-affected sandy soils under arid conditions.     

Effects of soil type,mineral nutrition and salinity on greenhouse‐grown muskmelon in winter 1

Greenhouse experiments under winter conditions were conducted to examine the effects of soil type, mineral nutrition and salinity on vegetative growth and. fruit yield of ‘Galia’ muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.). Growth in a calcareous soil or in sand, under low nutrition level or with 200 mM NaCl added during fruit maturation, imposed significant stresses on the plants expressed by (a) a decrease in dry matter accumulation in vegetative organs, in fruit number and size, and (b) an increase in dry matter percentage in leaf blades and stems. Despite the significant differences in vegetative growth of plants grown in heavy soil vs sandy soil, and in high nutrition vs low nutrition levels, the distribution of dry matter among vegetative organs (leaves, stems and roots) was affected only slightly. Sandy soil, low nutrition and high salinity decreased branching, and thus the distribution of dry matter between the main shoot and the branches. Dry matter percentage in leaf blades and stems was a sensitive parameter which increased under soil, nutrition or salinity stresses. Fruit netting and total soluble solids (TSS) content were significantly decreased by sandy soil and low nutrition level. Application of salinity during fruit growth increased both netting and TSS.     

Alleviation of Salt Stress in Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) by Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria

This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of inoculation with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on eggplant growth, yield, and mineral content under salt stress [0, 25, and 50 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)]. The PGPR strains Xanthobacter autotrophicus BM13, Enterobacter aerogenes BM10, and Bacillus brevis FK2 were isolated from the salt-affected maize and kidney bean fields. The increase in salinity decreased the growth and yield and increased the sodium (Na⁺) uptake of eggplant. However, inoculation with PGPR strains reduced the negative effects at each level of salinity tested. The E. aerogenes strain was capable of promoting eggplant growth and yield when compared to an uninoculated control. The B. brevis was the most effective strain for reducing the negative effects of salinity, and its effects occurred through increasing the potassium (K⁺)/Na⁺ ratio and K⁺-Na⁺ selectivity in the eggplant shoots. Inoculation of the eggplant seedlings with PGPR could alleviate the negative effects of salt stress.     

Effect of CO2 enrichment on fruit growth and quality in Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina Reheder cv. Kosui)

Six year-old Japanese pear (Pyrus seratina Reheder cv. Kosui) trees grafted on P. serotina cv. Nihonyamanashi were grown in containers filled with Granite Regosol under glasshouse conditions. At different stages of fruit growth, pear trees were exposed to an elevated CO₂ concentration (130 Pa CO₂ ) along with a control (35 Pa CO₂). For one group of plants, CO₂ enrichment was applied for 79 d from 52 d after full bloom (DAB) to fruit maturity (long-term CO₂ enrichment) and for another group the same treatment was applied for 35 d from 96 DAB to fruit maturity (short-term CO₂ enrichment). The effects of the elevated CO₂ concentration on vegetative growth, mineral contents, and fruit production and quality were examined. Long-term CO₂ enrichment enhanced vegetative growth, without any significant effect on the mineral contents in either flower bud or fruit except for a remarkable increase in the K content. Long-term CO₂ enrichment increased the fruit size and fresh weight, but had no significant effect on the fruit quality. On the other hand, the short-term CO₂ enrichment did not induce any significant change in the fruit size but increased the fruit sugar concentration. Along with the reduction of the sorbitol concentration in fruit, the fructose and sucrose concentrations increased and these changes occurred earlier at elevated CO₂ than at ambient CO₂ concentrations. From these results, we concluded that the effect of CO₂ enrichment on fruit growth varies depending upon the growth stages of fruit: during the initial and fruitlet stages when fruit expansion occurs, CO₂ enrichment increases the fruit size, whereas, during maturation when fruit expansion has slowed down and sugar accumulation in fruit is active, it increases the fruit sugar concentration.     

Effects of deficit irrigation on tomato and eggplant and their infection with the root-knot nematode under controlled environmental conditions

Deficit irrigation has been widely investigated as a valuable strategy for dry regions where water is the limiting factor in crop cultivation. Soil moisture can be one of the important factors that influence root-knot nematode (RKN) disease development. To determine how different levels of irrigation can affect disease development, irrigation regimes ranging from 20% to full field capacity (FC) were applied to tomato and eggplant plants inoculated with Meloidogyne javanica (M. javanica) under controlled conditions. In addition, in vitro bioassays were done to evaluate the effect of water potential and soil moisture content on M. javanica viability in the soil and reproduction on plant hosts. The relative egg hatching percentage decreased significantly with decreasing water potential from –0.1 to –1 MPa. The use of 80% irrigation level caused minor reductions in growth but significantly reduced nematode infection load. Nematode infection was reduced even further at lower levels of irrigation, however this also led to marked reductions in fresh and dry weights of the tomato and eggplants. Therefore, deficit irrigation could be used at a rate of 80% or 60% of FC to increase water use efficiency and reduce the level of RKN (M. javanica) infection without greatly reducing the growth performance of tomato and eggplant crops.     

灰枣不同枝龄二次枝果实品质综合评价

为了明确灰枣不同枝龄二次枝果实品质差异性，比较同一树龄灰枣树不同枝龄二次枝的果实品质指标并对其进行因子分析和综合评价，为灰枣不同枝龄果实品质形成机理研究及科学整形修剪管理提供理论依据。该研究以新疆红枣主栽品种“灰枣”作为研究对象，测定枝龄不同的二次枝果实21项品质指标，对其进行因子分析，建立综合品质评价模型，并根据综合品质得分进行优良度排序。灰枣不同枝龄二次枝果实21项品质指标的变异系数（CV）均有所差异，其中P、Mn、Cu和总酸含量的变异系数均大于15.0%，其中果实P含量的CV最大，为19.2%；Vc、Ca和Fe含量及色差值b*的CV均在10.0～15.0%之间；总黄酮和Zn含量、色差值L*和a*的CV均在5.0～10.0%之间；其余品质指标的CV均小于5.0%。经因子分析提取特征根值大于1的3个公因子，其累计方差贡献率达100.00%，第1公因子（f₁）的贡献率为44.81%，主要由果实表面色差值L*、a*、b*、果实纵径、果实横径、果形指数、单果质量和Mg含量8个因子决定，主要反映了果实表面颜色、果实大小等果实外观品质指标。第2公因子（f₂）的贡献率32.21%，由蛋白质、总黄酮、可溶性固形物、总糖、K、总酸和Cu含量7个因子决定，主要反映了果实酸甜口感品质及部分矿质元素含量的高低水平。第3公因子（f₃）的贡献率22.99%，由P、Zn、Ca、Mn、Fe和Vc 含量6个因子决定，主要反映了大部分果实矿物质元素和Vc含量的高低水平。总之而言，灰枣4种枝龄二次枝果实综合品质优良度排序为3年生二次枝果实>4年生二次枝果实>2年生二次枝果实>1年生二次枝果实，在灰枣生产过程中，可以根据不同枝龄二次枝果实的不同优势，形成因地制宜的灰枣栽培模式，整形修剪中多留2年生以上的结果枝，应尽量减少1年生二次枝上结果。     

Nitrogen forms affect root growth,photosynthesis, and yield of tomato under alternate partial root‐zone irrigation

To increase efficiency of water and nitrogen (N) fertilizer use, this study was conducted with a split‐root pot experiment to investigate the effects of different forms of N fertilizer on root growth, photosynthesis, instantaneous water use efficiency (IWUE), and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) under alternate partial root‐zone irrigation (APRI). Three irrigation modes comprised conventional irrigation (CI) and two kinds of APRI, i.e., APRI with water content in the drying soil compartment controlled at ≥ 60% or 40% of the water‐holding capacity (APRI‐60, APRI‐40). Two N forms included ammonium‐N and nitrate‐N supplied as calcium nitrate or ammonium sulfate, respectively. The results show that APRI‐60 enhanced root growth and increased leaf IWUE with a slight yield reduction compared with CI regardless of the N form supplied. In contrast, APRI‐40 significantly decreased root growth and inhibited photosynthesis, thereby resulting in a significant yield loss. In addition, at the flowering stage tomato plants grew better with ammonium‐N than nitrate‐N supply; however, at the fruit expansion stage and maturity stage, the tomato plants had a higher biomass accumulation and yield with nitrate‐N than ammonium‐N supply. Therefore, the application of APRI should consider the soil water condition coupled with an appropriate N form. In the present study, APRI controlled at ≥ 60% of the water‐holding capacity (WHC) for the drying soil side with nitrate‐N supply was the best water‐fertilizer supply for tomato cultivation.