The influence of N concentration and NO3/NH4 ratio on the growth of lima and snap bean and southern field pea seedlings

Abstract

Lima and snap beans and southern field peas were cultured in a modified Hoagland's solution for 14 days with N supplied as Ca(NO₃)₂ and/or (NH₄)₂SO₄ at three N concentrations and five ratios of NO₃ to NH₄. The ratio of NO₃/NH₄, rather than the N concentrations influenced seedling growth of these vegetable legumes. Maximum seedling growth of lima bean was generally obtained with all combinations of NO₃ and NH₄. A preference for 75% NO₃ and 25% NH₄ was observed for snap bean. Southern field pea growth was reduced only when all of the N was supplied as 100% NH₄. Ammonium toxicity symptoms, lesions and severe wilting, developed with snap bean and southern field pea within 14 days when cultured with 100% NH₄. Lima bean, though reduced in growth, exhibited a tolerance to the 100% NH₄ treatment.     

Response of Vigna Unguiculata Grown Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes to the Dual Inoculation with Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

The interaction between legumes, rhizobial and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) partners benefits plant nutrition and improves plant tolerance to water stress. The present research evaluated the effectiveness of symbioses between cowpea plants (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), AM fungi (Glomus intraradices) and two strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on the mycorrhization, acid phosphatase activity (APase), enzymes related to nitrogen fixation and assimilation, and biomass accumulation at three soil moisture levels. The results revealed that the soil moisture optimal for the formation of active symbiotrophic associations in cowpea cultivation was about 60% water-holding capacity (WHC), where both Bradyrhizobium strains and AM fungi function well with respect to mycorrhization, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, nitrogen fixation and plant biomass production. Under conditions of reduced water supply, the symbiotic association between Br. japonicum-273 and Gl. intraradices was better for cowpea cultivation, while in elevated soil moisture association between Br. japonicum-269 and Gl. intraradices was more appropriate.     

Phosphate Solubilization by Several Genera of Saprophytic Fungi and Its Influence on Corn and Cowpea Growth

The aim of this study was to test the ability of several strains of fungi, which were isolated from the Brazilian Amazon, to solubilize calcium phosphate in vitro and to promote corn and cowpea growth under axenic conditions. Each plant species received six treatments: inoculation with strains with high solubilization index (SI) (Haematonectria ipomoeae CML 3249 and Pochonia chlamydosporia var. catenulate CML 3250) and control treatments: inoculation with strain that does not solubilize phosphate on Pikovskaya agar (PVK) (Acremonium polychromum FSA115), and non-inoculated treatments with high concentration of insoluble phosphate (HPins), high concentration of soluble phosphate (HPs) or low concentration of soluble phosphate (LPs). The fungi strains had SI between 1.07 cm and 2.03 cm including species without previous report in the literature of their capacity to solubilize calcium phosphate. The two phosphate-solubilizing strains promoted greater corn and cowpea root growth than the controls FSA115, HPins and LPs, to a level similar to the HPs control.     

氮素形态、用量及施用时期对小青菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响

采用田间试验研究了氮素形态、用量及施用时期对小青菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明,等氮量施肥下,产量最高的是硝酸钙,尿素+微量元素处理;尿素,有机无机复混肥和碳酸氢铵处理间无显著差异,DMPP处理产量最低;追施微量元素能提高小青菜的产量。硝酸盐含量随着收获时期的延后而降低,有机无机复混肥处理则略有升高,但未达到显著水平;收获期取样时,不同氮肥对硝酸盐的积累是:硝酸钙＞DMPP＞尿素＞有机无机复混肥＞尿素+微量元素＞碳酸氢铵。配施微量元素及氮磷钾的协同吸收均能降低硝酸盐含量。综合考虑产量和品质指标,以有机无机复混肥处理效果较好。小青菜产量和Vc含量随着施氮量的提高而提高,但硝酸盐含量也随之提高;小青菜产量和Vc含量随着施氮时期的延后而降低,硝酸盐含量高峰出现在追肥后20d左右。     

The influence of water stress on biomass and N accumulation, N partitioning between above and below ground parts and on N rhizodeposition during reproductive growth of pea (Pisum sativum L.)

In the next few years, grain legumes should be used as a mean of N acquisition in cropping systems due to the depletion of non-renewable sources of energy. However, this requires improvements in the accuracy with which biological N₂ fixation, N balances and the N benefit for following crops are estimated. Moreover, grain legume crops are largely influenced by water stress while the world area exposed to drought periods may increase in the coming years due to global warming. This work aims to quantify biomass and N accumulation, N partitioning between above and below ground parts and N rhizodeposition by a pea (Pisum sativum L.) when influenced by water stress. In a controlled environment, pea plants were exposed to a severe drought or not stressed, either at flowering or during pod filling. N rhizodeposition was measured using the split root method and plants were harvested at the end of flowering (59 days after sowing, DAS 59), at the end of the drought period applied during pod filling (DAS 74) and at maturity (DAS 101). Water stress strongly affected pea dry weight and N accumulation. In both stressed treatments, nodule biomass and N content were reduced by about 65% in the absence of stress. Regardless of the treatment, total below ground plant N (root N + N rhizodeposition; BGN) and N rhizodeposition were correlated with total plant N content and the proportion of BGN to total plant N was similar among treatments at each sampling date. At DAS 59 and 74, the N contained in rhizodeposits represented around 30% of the total BGN and increased to around 60% at maturity though BGN decreased from around 20 to 13% of the total plant N between DAS 74 and maturity. The results suggest that water stress has no specific effect on N partitioning between above and below ground parts.     

氮磷钾配比对甘蓝产量及养分吸收利用的影响

[目的]对兰州市甘蓝生产中的氮磷钾三要素与产量、养分吸收的关系进行研究,为该地区甘蓝科学栽培提供科学依据。[方法]以该区域主栽春茬品种"中甘21"为供试材料,设CK,NP,NK,PK,NPK 5个施肥处理。在甘蓝各生育阶段测量其生物量、养分含量,分析不同肥料配比对甘蓝各时期养分吸收速率、养分累积量以及最终产量的影响。[结果]"中甘21"的生物累积动态呈现S形曲线,生物量在苗期增加较小,结球后生长加快,至成熟期后生长速度减缓。氮肥对生物量的形成影响最大,其对甘蓝生物量的限制在整个生育期都存在,其次是钾肥和磷肥。不同肥料配比显著影响了甘蓝植株养分吸收速率和累积量。甘蓝对养分的吸收速率变化趋势一致,均表现为:结球—成熟莲座—结球苗期—莲座移栽—苗期。同时氮、磷、钾的吸收累积量随着甘蓝生长不断提高,其中氮、磷素的累积在结球期后提高明显,钾素的累积在莲座期后开始提高。甘蓝氮、磷、钾含量随着植株的生长逐渐增加,同时累积量不断提高。[结论]不同氮磷钾肥料配比显著影响甘蓝的生物质量和产量以及养分利用率,其中氮肥的影响最大,其次是磷肥和钾肥。     

Effects of nitrogen form of nutrient solution on uptake and concentration macro element and morphological trait in hydroponic tulip

Effects of nutrient solution composition ratio on (Tulipa gesneriana L.) cv, ?Apricot Parrot? and ?Daytona? growth and flowering were studied hydroponics. Plants were grown with five treatments respectively: S₁(0), S₂(0.01), S₃(0.02) S₄(0.03) and S₅(0.04) meq L^.-1 ammonium or 0,0.38, 0.74, 0.11 and 0.14 ammonium (NH₄⁺)/NH₄+nitrate (NO₃)^?ratios. Flowering was accelerated by increase of ammonium level for both cultivars. Nutrition solution was not significant on the stem length of Daytona cultivar, but maximum flowering stem length occurred S₂ solution for Apricot Parrot cultivar. Increasing ammonium level, decreased potassium concentration in the aerial parts. Total nitrogen of new bulbs decreased with increasing ammonium level for both cultivars. Maximum bulblet production rate occurred in plants that were fed with S₅ solution. Maximum flower longevity was in S₂ solution for both cultivars. growth and quality of tulip were affected by ammonium level in nutrient solution, so for obtain the best flower quality must added to nutrient solution.     

Effect of inoculum,variety, nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium on yield,protein and oil content of soybeans at jabalpur,M.P. India

Abstract

Regardless of inoculum or fertility rate Bragg outyielded Clark 63 soybeans. Yields of Bragg and Clark 63 were increased about 1000 kg per ha by treatment with inoculum at the rate of approximately 313, 000 bacteria per seed. At the highest rate of applied N, yields of uninoculated soybeans, were lower than the inoculated soybeans at the lowest applied N rate. Phosphorus fertilizer increased yields at a decreasing rate and yields were decreased at the highest rate of applied P. Potassium fertilizer had a negative effect on soybean yields and did not significantly effect the protein or oil content of soybean seed. With increasing P fertilizer rates, there was a decrease in oil content and in increase in protein content of soybean seed.     

不同养分供应方式对盆栽桃树生长及其氮素吸收、分配的影响

【目的】氮素分配随生长中心转移而转移,生长中心器官和非中心器官间差异较大。控释肥、滴灌施肥等技术在果园中的应用使果树养分稳定供应成为现实。研究等氮量施肥条件下不同养分供应方式对桃树生长及氮素吸收、分配的影响,探讨吸收的氮素在生长中心器官和非中心器官之间分配差异的原因,以期为桃树合理施肥提供依据。【方法】以1年生桃树幼苗为试材,利用沙培盆栽,设袋控缓释施肥(养分稳定供应,SS)和分次撒施施肥(养分非稳定供应,n SS)以及对照(不施大量元素,CK)3个处理,将桃树新梢按照在主干上着生位置分为上部和下部,调查分析施肥后不同时期桃树的生长状况;利用15N同位素示踪技术研究不同养分供应方式对氮素吸收和上、下部新梢间分配的影响。【结果】SS处理后30 d、150 d桃树生物量分别为63.49 g/plant和160.74 g/plant,上、下部生物量之比分别为1.8和1.3,新梢长度分别为169.73 cm/plant和306.55 cm/plant,处理后150 d各处理之间生物量差异显著,新梢长度差异极显著。各处理新梢生物量在两次取样间隔内上部增量分别为对照42%、养分非稳定供应93%、养分稳定供应98%;下部增量分别为8%、45%和177%。在此期间上、下部新梢生物量的差异对照处理由5.0变化为6.6、养分非稳定供应处理由2.8变为3.7、养分稳定供应处理由1.8变为1.3。氮素吸收量随处理时间的推移逐渐增大,养分稳定供应处理在施肥后30 d、150 d分别为12.7 mg/plant和76.9 mg/plant,养分非稳定供应处理在施肥后30 d、150 d分别为4.0 mg/plant和27.3 mg/plant。处理后150 d的氮素利用率以养分稳定供应处理最高,达12.96%,养分非稳定供应处理只有4.6%。处理后150 d养分稳定供应处理和养分非稳定供应处理的上、下部梢叶氮素浓度、Ndff%(来自肥料中的氮占总氮的比率)、Ndff(来自肥料中的氮)差异极显著,各处理同一植株上、下部梢叶氮素浓度、Ndff%相似。吸收氮素在上、下部新梢叶间分配的差异大,上、下部新梢叶间氮素分配之比养分稳定供应处理和养分非稳定供应处理分别为1.54和4.03。【结论】养分稳定供应下,桃树生长极性差异变小,氮素吸收量增多,氮素利用率高,氮素在生长中心器官和非中心器官间分配的差异变小,氮素分配差异受生物量的影响大。     

氮磷钾肥料对茶园土壤溶液中氟含量的影响

在室内模拟条件下,设置茶园土壤单施不同水平及形态的氮肥以及配施不同水平氮、磷、钾肥料处理,根据各处理施肥后土壤中的肥料浓度向土壤中添加相应肥料溶液,测定不同时间段后土壤溶液的pH值和氟含量,分析氮肥水平和形态,氮、磷、钾配施对茶园土壤溶液中氟含量的影响。结果表明:(1)单施氮肥条件下,施用铵态氮和硝态氮增加了土壤溶液中氟含量,酰胺态氮则降低了土壤溶液中氟含量,且三者对氟含量的增加或降低作用均随施肥时间和氮肥水平的增加而增加;施肥后48 h土壤溶液中氟含量与土壤溶液pH值呈负相关(r=-0.658~(**)),氮肥形态通过影响土壤溶液pH进而影响土壤溶液氟含量。(2)氮、磷、钾配施时,随着施肥时间的增加,土壤溶液中氟含量增加,不同处理的差异显著性则降低;相同磷、钾水平下,土壤溶液中氟含量随氮肥(硫酸铵)水平的增加而显著增加;磷肥可显著降低土壤溶液中氟含量,钾肥可以增加土壤溶液中氟含量,同样施氮条件下,土壤溶液中氟含量的大小基本为N+KN+P+KNN+P;施肥后48 h土壤溶液中氟含量与氮水平高度正相关(P0.01),与土壤溶液pH值高度负相关(P0.01),氮、磷、钾配施茶园土壤溶液中氟含量主要受氮肥水平和土壤溶液pH的影响。可见,在茶园中施用适量的酰胺态氮,或者配施磷或磷钾,在一定时间内可以提升土壤pH值,进而降低土壤溶液氟含量,为合理施肥,降低茶园土壤有效氟提供了理论依据。     

Effect of supplying P to a portion of the soybean root system on root growth and P uptake kinetics 1

Abstract

Knowledge of the effect of supplying P to portions of the soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) root system on P influx kinetics and root growth is important in developing P fertilizer placement practices for efficient fertilizer use. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of restricting P supply to portions of the root system on plant P status, root growth, and P influx kinetics. Two solution experiments were conducted in a controlled climate chamber. Phosphorus influx kinetics were determined on 25‐day‐old soybean plants that had been grown with 100, 75, 50, 25, and 12.5% of their roots initially exposed to P. Phosphorus influx kinetics were also measured on 25‐day‐old plants that had been P‐starved for the last 1, 2, 4, and 6 days prior to the determining P influx kinetics in order to relate plant P status to P influx kinetics.

Reducing the portion of the roots supplied with P reduced P uptake. This resulted in a reduction in plant P concentration and was related to a 3.41‐fold increase in maximum P influx measured on 25‐day‐old plants. Restricting the proportion of roots supplied with P had no significant effects on the Michaelis‐Menten constant or on the concentration in solution where net influx was zero. Root growth rate of the roots in the P containing solution was not significantly different from those in the ‐P solution.

Phosphorus uptake was correlated with final root surface area exposed to P (r² = 0.88??). Starving the plants for P reduced P concentration in the shoot and root and this resulted in as much as a 1.68‐fold increase in maximum influx.     

氮、镁对银杏叶黄酮含量的影响

应用二元二次饱和Ｄ－最优设计进行田间试验,探讨氮、镁对银杏叶黄酮含量的影响。结果表明,在镁缺乏的红土上种植银杏,在合理施用一定的氮肥基础上,增施适量的镁肥,对银杏叶黄酮含量的提高有良好效果。计算机寻优得到供试条件银杏叶黄酮含量最佳施肥方案为：Ｎ５６０ｇ／株,Ｍｇ１５０ｇ／株,目标黄酮含量为２．４８％。     

Effects of foliar fertilization on yield,protein, oil and elemental composition of two soybean varieties

Abstract

The effects of foliar fertilization on the yield and seed composition of two soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) varieties were investigated under mid‐Missouri conditions over a 2‐year period. The foliar fertilizer treatments consisted of (i) 80–8–24–4 (NPKS) kg/ha, (ii) 40–4–12–2 (NPKS) kg/ha, and (in) control (no foliar treatment) with the optimum proportion of N:P:K:S in the solution 10:1:3:0.5 respectively. Nutrient sources were urea, potassium polyphosphate, and potassium sulfate. Water solutions of fertilizers (pH 6.9) containing 0.1% Tween 80 (v/v) were sprayed on the plants using a CO₂ ‐ pressurized back‐pack sprayer. Foliar fertilizer was split between four equal applications during the seed filling period. The variety Mitchell at the higher rate and the variety Williams at the lower fertilizer application rate produced slight, though statistically insignificant, yield increases. At the higher rate of application, the seed protein contents of both varieties increased, while the oil contents decreased. The concentrations of P and K in the seeds were not affected by foliar fertilization, but at the higher rate, there was a small decrease in S content of Williams variety.     

营养液浓度对水培生菜生长和硝酸盐积累的影响

该文研究了4种营养液浓度处理(山崎生菜配方的1/4(1/4s)、1/2(1/2s)、1(1s)和2(2s)单位)对水培生菜(品种为“弘农”和“绿领”)生长、硝酸盐积累和品质的影响。结果表明，1/2单位营养液浓度处理下生菜地上部和根的鲜重、叶长和叶宽最大，而2个单位营养液浓度处理下上述指标最小。不同营养液浓度处理下叶片硝酸盐积累的高低顺序为2s>1s>1/2s>1/4s，2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜生长发育后期叶片中的SOD活性和MDA含量最高。对采收时生菜品质的分析表明，生菜体内的硝酸盐含量随着营养液浓度的增加而迅速上升，2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜叶片中硝酸盐、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质R 含量最高。综合考虑产量和品质，采用1/2单位的山崎生菜配方是适合生菜水培的营养液配方。     

营养液浓度对水培生菜生长和硝酸盐积累的影响

该文研究了4种营养液浓度处理(山崎生菜配方的1/4(1/4s)、1/2(1/2s)、1(1s)和2(2s)单位)对水培生菜(品种为“弘农”和“绿领”)生长、硝酸盐积累和品质的影响。结果表明,1/2单位营养液浓度处理下生菜地上部和根的鲜重、叶长和叶宽最大,而2个单位营养液浓度处理下上述指标最小。不同营养液浓度处理下叶片硝酸盐积累的高低顺序为2s>1s>1/2s>1/4s,2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜生长发育后期叶片中的SOD活性和M DA含量最高。对采收时生菜品质的分析表明,生菜体内的硝酸盐含量随着营养液浓度的增加而迅速上升,2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜叶片中硝酸盐、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质R含量最高。综合考虑产量和品质,采用1/2单位的山崎生菜配方是适合生菜水培的营养液配方。     

氮肥形态和用量对蔬菜生长与硝态氮累积的影响

Experiments were carried out on a vegetable field with Peking cabbage (Bvassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.), cabbage (Bvassica chinensis var. oleifera Makino and nemoto), green cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and rape (Brassica campestris L.) to study the effects of N forms and N rates on their growth and nitrate accumulation. The results indicated that application of ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate and urea significantly increased the yields and nitrate concentrations of Peking cabbage and spinach. Although no significant difference was found in the yields after application of the 4 N forms, nitrate N increased nitrate accumulation in vegetables much more than ammonium N. The vegetable yields were not increased continuously with N rate increase, and oversupply of N reduced the plant growth, leading to a yield decline. This trend was also true for nitrate concentrations in some vegetables and at some sampling times. However, as a whole, the nitrate concentrations in vegetables were positively correlated with N rates. Thus, addition of N fertilizer to soil was the major cause for increases in nitrate concentrations in vegetables. Nitrate concentrations were much higher in roots, stems and petioles than in blades at any N rate.     

Effects of exogenous SA supplied with different approaches on growth,chlorophyll content and antioxidant enzymes of peanut growing on calcareous soil

To assess the role of salicylic acid (SA) supplied with 5 approaches in alleviating chlorosis induced by iron (Fe) deficiency in peanut plants growing on calcareous soil, SA was supplied as soil incorporation, making slow-release particles, seed soaking, irrigation and foliar application. SA application, particularly, SA supplied by slow release particles, dramatically increased growth parameters, yield and quality of peanut, and increased Fe concentration in peanut grain. Meanwhile, SA application increased the H⁺-ATPase activity, reduced pH of soil, increased Fe³⁺-Chelate Reductase (FCR) activity in roots, and increased Fe concentration in roots. Furthermore, SA increased active Fe content and increased chlorophyll content. In addition, SA improved enzymes activities containing superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), and protected Fe deficiency induced oxidative stress. Therefore, SA has a good effect on alleviating chlorosis induced by Fe deficiency on calcareous soil. However, in the 5 SA supplied approaches, foliar application and making slow release particles were more effective.     

施氮量对四川盆地机播稻茬麦生长发育及氮素利用的影响

2010~2012年,在四川省广汉市开展了施氮量对机播稻茬小麦生长发育和氮素利用效率影响的研究,试验设置0、 105、 150、 195 kg/hm2 4个施氮水平。结果表明,施氮量增加有利于稻茬麦分蘖力、 有效穗数的提高以及单穗小穗数、 穗粒数的增加,但对籽粒灌浆充实不利。不同年份和土壤质地,单产均以施氮量为150 kg/hm2 时达到最高水平,继续增加氮素用量产量增幅变小进而下降。氮素供应量增加,植株氮素含量和积累量均有不同程度升高,但氮素农学利用率、 氮素生产效率、 氮素吸收效率、 氮素利用效率等参数呈下降趋势,氮素收获指数、 氮素表观回收率在各施氮处理间变幅相对较小。在四川盆地目前生产水平下,施氮150 kg/hm2 可以获得较高的产量和经济效益。