Evaluation of common bean genotypes for phosphorus use efficiency

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate phosphorus (P)‐use efficiency of 10 promising genotypes of common bean (Phaseoius vulgaris L.) with short and normal growth duration. The genotypes were grown on an Oxisol at 25 mg P kg^‐1 (low P) and 150 mg P kg^‐1 (high P) of soil. Shoot and root dry weight, root length, P concentration in the shoot, and P uptake in the shoot were significantly (P<0.01) affected by soil P concentration and genotype. However, P level did not effect root length and genotype had no effect on root dry weight. On the basis of P‐use efficiency (mg dry weight of shoot/mg P accumulated in the shoot) genotypes were classified as efficient and responsive (ER), efficient and nonresponsive (ENR), nonefficient and responsive (NER), and nonefficient and nonresponsive (NENR). From a practical point of view, genotypes which produce a lot of dry matter in a soil with a low P level, and respond well to added P are the most desirable because they are able to express their high yield potential in a wide range of P environments. Novo Jalo and Pérola genotypes fall into this group. Genotypes Irai, Jalo Precoce and L93300166 fall into the ENR group. Genotypes Carioca, Rosinha G‐2, and Xamengo were classified NER, whereas, genotypes L93300176 and Diamante Negro were classified as NENR. There were no differences between short and normal growth duration genotypes in P‐use efficiency.     

稻种资源的磷利用效率差异及其分类评价

采用溶液水培试验,以289份稻种资源为供试材料,探讨了相同供磷水平下水稻生物量与磷利用效率的品种差异,并通过对其进行系统分类与评价,进一步阐明水稻磷素吸收及其生物学性状与磷素利用效率的关系。结果表明:(1)在水稻分蘖期与拔节孕穗期,供试品种生物量与磷利用效率均存在较大变幅,生物量的变异系数分别达到36.03%和34.85%,磷利用效率的变异系数分别为15.80%和17.73%。(2)通过动态聚类将供试稻种资源分为5种磷利用效率类型,它们存在明显的基因型差异;在分蘖期及拔节孕穗期两个时期,Ⅰ类高效型的生物量分别是Ⅴ类低效型的3.22倍和3.08倍,而其磷素利用效率分别是Ⅴ类低效型的1.73倍和1.82倍。(3)磷高效型水稻和低效型水稻体内含磷量和磷积累量也呈现出显著的基因型差异,Ⅰ类磷高效型水稻相对Ⅴ类低效型含磷量较低,磷累积量高,能吸收利用有限的磷素,维持自身的生理代谢,并产生较大的生物量。(4)不同磷利用效率类型的水稻的生物学性状中株高及分蘖数体现出极显著的基因型差异,并与磷利用效率呈极显著的正相关关系。     

不同基因型棉花磷效率的差异特征

以水培方法研究不同施磷水平对不同基因型棉花4个生育期干物质积累和磷效率的影响。结果表明,无论低磷条件或是高磷条件磷高效基因型棉花的生物量明显高于磷低效基因型,磷高效基因型含磷量显著低于磷低效基因型,说明高效基因型棉花能以较低的磷积累较多的干物质。各基因型棉花均表现出高磷条件下磷吸收效率大于低磷,而低磷条件下磷利用效率大于高磷;磷高效型品种的磷吸收效率和磷利用效率均高于磷低效型。其中磷吸收效率表现突出的是磷高效品种新陆早19号,4个时期中,低磷和高磷条件的平均值分别是14.62、137.48 mg/株;磷利用效率能力较强的是磷高效品种中棉42号,低磷和高磷条件下4个时期的平均值分别是590.71、182.27 g/g。     

Grain phosphorus and phytate contents of wheat genotypes released during last 6 decades and categorization of selected genotypes for phosphorus use efficiency

Grain phosphorus (P) and phytate contents are important for early growth and quality of wheat, respectively. We studied seed P and phytate contents of 57 wheat genotypes released during last 6 decades. The grain total P and phytate P concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 8.9 mg g^?1 and 1.6 to 4.7 mg g^?1, respectively. Grain P was higher in genotypes released in current or last decade than pre-green revolution period and it correlated well with grain phytate contents. Indicating that breeders worked only for increased grain P and did not consider the phytate contents. Twenty-five genotypes were selected based on differences in grain P and phytate contents to observe the P use efficiency under field conditions. Genotypes differed significantly for grain P and yield at both 0 and 60 kg ha^?1 P levels. In conclusion, phytate fraction in grains of recent wheat genotypes was more as compared to old genotypes and genotype Inqlab-91 and Chakwal-86 had maximum grain total P. Moreover, number of productive tillers, spikelet per spike, grain weight, harvest index and grain P concentration and uptake were found responsible for P tolerance under P deficiency.     

Differences in phosphorus efficiency in bean genotypes

The identification and use of bean genotypes that can grow on phosphorus‐deficient soils, making efficient use of the limited nutrient resources present, would increase food production in many areas of the tropics where small farmers have limited ability to purchase fertilizer or where P fertilizers are inefficient. Twenty‐six bean lines were evaluated for P efficiency to determine what characteristics were responsible for the observed differences in grain yields under P‐deficient conditions. P accumulation, vegetative dry matter production, and P distribution within the plant were similar in efficient and inefficient lines. Differences in yield component development were, however, observed. Even though the efficient and inefficient lines had the same amount of P in their tissues at mid‐flowering, the inefficient lines still aborted more pod and had fewer seeds per pod while the efficient lines were better able to fully utilize their accumulated P.     

接种菌根真菌对不同磷效率基因型大豆生长和磷吸收的影响

接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)能显著促进大豆生长和对磷的吸收,但不同磷效率基因型大豆对AMF接种的响应还少有报道。为探究接种AMF对不同磷效率基因型大豆生长和磷转运基因表达的影响,以磷高效大豆BX10和磷低效大豆BD2为试验材料进行盆栽试验,设置接菌和不接菌处理,对大豆干重、菌根侵染性状、氮磷养分含量、根系性状,以及菌根诱导的磷转运基因表达进行了分析。结果表明, AMF接种显著促进了大豆的磷吸收,并且接菌效果存在显著的基因型差异,接种AMF显著增加了BD2的地上部干重、磷含量以及植株总磷吸收量,但只增加了BX10的地上部磷含量和总磷吸收量,对植株地上部干重没有显著影响。无论接种与否,BD2的地上部磷含量均显著高于BX10,表明磷低效的BD2具有较高的植株体内磷转运能力。不接菌条件下,两个大豆基因型根系性状无显著差异;接种AMF后BX10的根系体积和根系平均直径均显著高于BD2。BD2的菌根生长反应(MGR)和菌根磷反应(MPR)均显著高于BX10,对菌根依赖性更高。此外,在接菌处理的BD2根系,代表菌根途径磷吸收的磷转运基因GmPT8、GmPT9和GmPT10表达均显著高于BX10;相应地,BD2的总磷吸收量也显著高于BX10。以上结果表明,接种AMF对促进磷低效大豆BD2生长和磷吸收的作用更大,这可能主要是由于BD2菌根途径的磷吸收量较高,体内磷转运效率较高。以上结果将为研究AMF接种对磷吸收的贡献提供理论依据。     

Root growth and phosphorus efficiency among sweet potato genotypes under low phosphorus

Abstract

A column experiment was conducted to investigate the responses of root growth and phosphorus (P) efficiency among sweet potatoes—JiHei1 (JH1), NingZi2 (NZ2), SuShu11 (S11) and SuShu17 (S17)—under low P and normal P conditions. Root growth was inhibited by low P in root length and surface area across diameter classes, except for in S17. The P absorption was influenced and led to variations in P content among organs. A high correlation was observed in root dry matter (DM) and P uptake. The tuber DM declined among genotypes under low P, and different P efficiencies were determined. A higher phosphorus utilization efficiency was observed in S11 and S17, suggesting that more P was needed to maintain their normal growth. Physiological efficiency and phosphorus utilization efficiency were significantly positively correlated with the tuber DM, indicating that low P limited the growth of sweet potatoes. These results benefit the production and breeding of sweet potatoes in response to P deficiency.     

磷高效基因型玉米的筛选研究

田间试验表明,在中等肥力的土壤上,38个玉米自交系的产量频率分布基本符合正态分布,从中选择出22个典型,且具有代表性的自交系用于磷高效基因型的研究。结果表明,玉米的生物产量及子粒产量差异显著,在不施磷肥的条件下,综合考虑子粒减产率(耐低磷力)和高于平均产量的百分率(品种适应性)两项分级指标,筛选出4个磷高效的玉米自交系:交51、苏37、035 6、5311。经DPS系统的多因素分析,在玉米苗期进行品种筛选的重要指标是生物量、根冠比及叶面积指数,其累积贡献率达到95%,但磷浓度、磷吸收效率和磷利用效率的累积贡献率不足5%,难以作为磷高效基因型玉米的筛选指标。     

不同产量类型水稻基因型干物质积累与磷素吸收利用

以27份中稻和29份晚稻亲本材料为供试材料,采用系统聚类方法将供试材料按产量分为高、 中、 低产三个类型,通过大田试验比较了不同产量类型、 不同生育阶段的干物质生产和磷素吸收利用的差异。结果表明,1）不同生育类型水稻产量、 磷吸收及利用效率存在极显著的基因型差异,中稻和晚稻最高产量分别是最低产量的3.24和2.15倍; 晚稻高产类型产量较中稻高12.69%,但磷利用效率差异不显著。2）中稻高产类型磷积累量在分蘖拔节期最大,晚稻高产类型在拔节抽穗期最大; 中稻和晚稻高产类型干物质量均在分蘖拔节期最小,拔节抽穗期最大,出现前小、 中强、 后高的现象。3）中稻干物质量和磷积累量均在分蘖拔节期对产量贡献率最大,分别为42.38%和58.09%; 晚稻磷积累量在抽穗成熟期对产量贡献率最大,为39.35%,干物质量在此阶段也较高,为16.16%。因此,营养生长阶段的干物质积累和磷的吸收对中稻产量影响较大,而对晚稻产量影响较大的是在生育后期。     

湖北省早、中、晚稻施磷增产效应及磷肥利用率研究

2006～2009年通过在湖北省18个县(市、区)布置多点田间肥效试验,研究了当前生产条件下施用磷肥对水稻产量的影响,明确了磷肥的利用率现状,并探讨了早、中、晚稻施磷效果的差异。结果表明,当前生产条件下,早、中、晚稻施用磷肥都有显著的增产效果,平均增产量分别为706、774和565 kg/hm2,增产率分别为13.3%、11.3%和9.4%。不同类型水稻对磷肥投入的反应不同,相应的磷肥利用率也不同,早、中、晚稻的磷肥（P2O5）农学利用率平均分别为13.3、13.3和11.6 kg/kg,偏生产力分别为116.4、148.0和157.5 kg/kg,吸收利用率分别为14.2%、13.7%和11.3%,生理利用率分别为85.2、110.4和65.4 kg/kg。3种类型水稻对土壤磷素的依存率平均在87%～89%之间,说明水稻吸收的磷主要来自于土壤而不是肥料,其中晚稻对土壤磷素的依赖程度相对最大。     

不同氮效率水稻品种增硝营养下根系生长的响应特征

试验采用两室分根盒和溶液培养方法,研究了在增硝营养下不同氮效率水稻品种根系生长的响应特征。结果表明,在本试验条件下,与全铵培养下的根系相比,氮高效水稻品种南光在铵硝混合培养下的根系干重和氮积累量显著增加,增幅达33%和41%;同时其根系表面积、根系体积和侧根数增幅均达到显著水平,但根系长度却无明显增加。氮低效水稻品种Elio在铵硝混合培养下的根系生长差异均不显著。这表明氮高效水稻品种南光的根系生长对增硝营养的响应度强,进而促进了根系对氮素的吸收利用。从本试验的结果可推论,水稻对增硝营养的强响应度可能是水稻氮素高效吸收利用的生理机制之一。     

水稻氮素利用效率的研究进展及其动向

本文综述了国内外有关水稻基因型、根系生长、物质积累、生理代谢、植株性状与氮素利用效率关系的研究进展。指出水稻发根力强、根系发达的品种有利于提高对土壤氮素的吸收能力;分蘖力强,齐穗期粒叶比大,抽穗后干物质积累量大,库容量大,结实率、千粒重、生物产量和收割指数高的品种对氮素的利用效率高;其生理学特征表现为硝酸还原酶、谷氨酸合成酶和RuBP羧化酶的活性高。总结了从氮肥种类与平衡施肥、施肥方法与肥水运筹、氮肥精准施用技术方面提高稻田氮肥利用率的有效途径。提出了提高水稻氮效率的研究重点,即建立水稻氮素效率间接评价的有效方法、突出水稻氮素效率的遗传规律与品种选育工作、协调氮素高效吸收与高效利用矛盾的栽培策略和深化以叶色为基础的高效定量施氮技术研究4个方面。     

植物内部磷循环利用提高磷效率的研究进展

[目的]磷素作为植物生长发育过程中必需的大量营养元素之一,因其在土壤中的难移动性使得根系对磷的获取有限.植物为满足其生长对磷素的需求,已经进化出一系列相应的机制提高对内部磷的再利用,以减少磷肥投入,保证产量的同时实现环境友好.本文以植物内部磷的高效利用为核心,重点剖析植物有机磷库与无机磷库中磷素的活化再利用的途径,综述...     

长期施用有机肥对水稻产量和氮磷养分利用效率的影响

以长三角地区典型土壤类型青紫泥为背景土壤,研究连续7年有机肥不同施用量和化肥减量条件下水稻产量、氮磷吸收累积特性和氮磷利用效率,并对影响水稻氮磷吸收利用效率的原因进行分析。结果表明,与纯化肥处理相比,施用有机肥处理在不同程度上增加了水稻产量,其中以处理C4(30 t·hm~(-2)有机肥+1/2常量化肥)增加比例最大,为5.67%。当有机肥单施用量达60 t·hm~(-2)时,水稻产量比纯化肥处理增加5.56%,地上部氮磷累积均高于其它各处理,其中,氮累积尤为明显,增加比例为16.5%~25.4%。有机肥不同用量配合化肥减量施用时水稻地上部氮磷转运量、生理利用效率与纯化肥处理间无明显差异。然而,当单施有机肥用量达60 t·hm~(-2)时,氮转运量明显增加,生理利用效率明显降低,磷生理利用效率亦有所降低,但不如氮明显。水稻氮磷生理利用效率降低的主要原因是长期大量施用有机肥使土壤养分含量增加特别明显,可能超过利于水稻利用的浓度范围。另外,土壤矿质元素铵态氮在水稻生长过程中含量过高也与之紧密相关。     

水稻秸秆还田下磷肥减量对小麦产量及养分利用效率的影响

探究秸秆还田后秸秆磷素替代化学磷肥的适宜比例,为秸秆还田后磷肥的科学施用提供理论依据。采用田间试验方法,研究了秸秆粉碎旋耕还田条件下配方施肥及磷肥减量10%、20%和30%对小麦磷素吸收累积量、产量及养分利用效率的影响。在秸秆还田的基础上,磷肥施用量减少10%～30%时,小麦植株的磷素含量和累积量随着磷肥施入量的减少先增加后减少,土壤有效磷含量先减少后增加;当磷肥减量20%时,小麦植株的磷素累积量最高(6.38 mg/株),而土壤有效磷含量最低(24.56 mg/kg)。磷肥施用量减少10%～30%时,小麦有效穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重和产量均随着施用量的减少而呈现先增后减的趋势。秸秆还田基础上磷肥减量低于20%时,小麦产量差异不显著(P0.05),且磷肥吸收利用效率较配方施肥分别提高16.7%、125.9%和1.9%。秸秆还田条件下磷肥减量20%以内可提高小麦的磷肥贡献率、磷肥农学效率、磷肥偏生产力和磷肥吸收利用率,且对小麦产量影响不显著(P0.05)。总体而言,水稻秸秆还田后,在有效磷较为丰富(20 mg/kg)的土壤上减少磷肥用量20%以内,不会影响当季小麦的正常生长和产量。     

Evaluating the performance of mungbean genotypes for grain yield,phosphorus accumulation and utilization efficiency

Ten mungbean (Vigna radiata R. Wilczek) genotypes were evaluated for grain yield and phosphorus (P) efficiency at adequate and deficient P in soil. Genotypes differed significantly in plant height, grain yield, P accumulation (PA), and other P-efficiency parameters at both P levels. The genotype “AEM-40/30” had maximum plant height, grain yield, and phosphorus physiological efficiency index (PPEI) under P deficiency. The genotypes were distributed into nine groups based on their relationship between total PA and grain yield at deficient P level. Moreover, genotypes were categorized into low, medium, or high efficient for each parameter by allotting index score (1, 2, or 3). Maximum cumulative index score (25) was attained by the genotypes “AEM-40/30 and AEM-20/3/87”, and genotype “AEM-30/5/8/90” scored least total index (14). The significant differences among mungbean genotypes for PA, phosphorus harvest index (PHI), PPEI, and grain yield can be exploited to select or identify P-efficient mungbean genotypes.     

北方春大豆磷高效基因型的筛选

The selection of spring soybean genotypes with highphosphorus efficiency in Northern ChinaDING Yu-chuan1,2,CHEN Ming-chang1,CHENG Bin1,LI Li-jun1,ZHANG Hai-sheng3(1 Soil and Fertilizer Inst.,Shanxi AAS,Shanxi Key Lab.of Soil Envir.and Nutrient Resou.,Taiy…     

冬小麦磷肥利用率主要影响因素的研究

在大量田间试验及土壤、植株分析测定基础上,建立影响磷肥利用率的各个主要因子变化规律的函数模型,从动态的角度研究影响磷肥利用率各因素之间的关系。结果表明,施磷量越大,磷利用率越低;土壤速效磷高,磷的利用率也低。只有合理地搭配氮肥、钾肥实现平衡施肥,才能使磷的利用率达到一个较高的水平。     

小麦磷素利用效率的基因位点及其交互作用

利用小麦W7984和Opata85作亲本 ,通过一粒传而获得F7重组近交系 (RIL)群体。对该群体的 114个株系分别在正常供磷和低磷胁迫下探讨小麦地上部磷素利用效率 (SPUE)和全株磷素利用效率 (WPUE) ;并根据该群体而构建的遗传图谱包括覆盖整个染色体组的 918个RFLP标记 ,研究 2种供磷情况下小麦磷素利用效率的基因位点及基因间互作。结果表明 ,正常供磷 ,有 2个与SPUE有关的QTL ,分别位于染色体 1B和 5A上 ,变异解释率分别为 6.55 %和 1 1.61 % ;与WPUE有关的QTL有位于染色体 2B、5A和 7A上的 3个 ;SPUE和WPUE还分别受一对互作位点的影响。在磷胁迫下 ,有 3个QTL与SPUE有关 ,分别位于染色体 2D、3B和6D上 ,变异解释率分别为 14.2 %、7.73%和 6.58% ;与WPUE相关的 2个QTL分别位于染色体 2D、7A上 ,变异解释率分别为 18.01 %和 10.73 % ;SPUE受上位效应的影响。 7A染色体对于小麦的磷素利用效率有着重要的作用 ,位于该染色体上的片段Xfba354 Xfba69在 2种供磷情况下都显著影响WPUE ,同时此片段在正常供磷下还与其它基因互作而影响WPUE。此外 ,5A染色体在正常供磷、2D染色体在低磷胁迫下分别对磷素利用效率 (PUE)有较强的作用。     

磷素子粒生产效率不同品种的小麦磷素吸收利用差异

盆栽试验研究了130份小麦不同生育时期的干物重、磷素含量、子粒产量等指标,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按磷素子粒生产效率从低到高依次分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ 6个类型,研究不同类型磷素吸收利用的差异。结果表明: 1）供试品种的磷素子粒生产效率差异较大（CV=1660%）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ类品种的平均磷素子粒生产效率为P 13629、15167、16916、18589、20132、24466 g/g。子粒产量随磷素子粒生产效率提高呈增加趋势（r=03203**）。2）不同生育时期,小麦植株磷浓度与吸磷量类型间差异显著或极显著。成熟期磷素子粒生产效率与植株磷浓度极显著正相关（r=06969**）,子粒产量与抽穗期、成熟期植株吸磷量显著或极显著相关（r=02966*、r=09271**）。3）不同生育时期磷素干物质生产效率的类间差异均达显著水平; 成熟期磷素干物质生产效率与磷素子粒生产效率极显著正相关 （r=07391**）。4）拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期干物重均表现出随磷素子粒生产效率增加而增加的趋势,成熟期尤为突出。拔节期成熟期磷素吸收量是影响子粒产量形成的重要因素,磷素子粒生产效率高的品种在拔节期后有较强干物质和子粒产量形成能力。