施肥方式对滴灌加工番茄干物质积累、养分吸收和产量的影响

通过加工番茄大田试验,研究了不同施肥方式下,膜下滴灌加工番茄的干物质积累与养分吸收规律及产量构成。结果表明,在滴灌追施100%氮肥和初果期之后滴灌追施70%钾肥的基础上,基施65%磷肥和初果期之前滴灌追施35%磷肥(优化处理)比100%磷肥基施的加工番茄干物质增加11.51%,产量提高3.59%,氮、磷、钾肥的利用率分别增加了6.06、4.15和5.26个百分点。氮肥和磷肥在初果期之前滴灌追施,氮肥和钾肥在初果期之后滴灌追施的滴灌配方肥处理的产量显著低于优化处理,且优化处理的肥料效益也好于滴灌配方肥处理。加工番茄在初果期之前滴灌追施氮与磷,在初果期之后滴灌追施氮与钾可以提高加工番茄产量,增加肥料利用效率。     

长期不同施肥对水稻干物质和磷素积累与转运的影响

【目的】磷是制约黄壤生产力的重要限制因子,提高作物的磷效率是农业科学研究的热点之一。探讨不同施肥模式对水稻干物质和磷素积累与转运的影响,为黄壤稻田合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。【方法】依托22年的黄壤(水田)长期定位试验,选取其中6种施肥模式:不施肥(CK);不施磷肥(NK);平衡施用化肥(NPK);单施有机肥(M);1/2有机肥替代1/2 NP (0.5 MNP);有机肥化肥配施(MNPK)。除CK和MNPK外,NK、NPK、M、1/2 MN处理为等氮量165 kg/hm^2,施磷量依次为P2O5 0、82.5、79.4、81.0 kg/hm^2,MNPK施N330 kg/hm^2、P2O5 161.9 kg/hm^2。于水稻分蘖期、开花期及成熟期,采集水稻植株样品,分析比较各处理水稻产量、干物质和磷素积累与转移特征、磷肥吸收利用效率的差异。【结果】水稻产量、干物质和磷素积累量大小顺序均表现为MNPK> M> 0.5 MNP> NPK> CK> NK。磷素积累快速增长开始(t1)和结束(t2)时间均较干物质积累提前2~8 d和5~20 d,且磷素积累快速增长持续时间(Δt)也较干物质缩短了4~12 d,表明磷素快速吸收较干物质早,且持续时间短。处理NK、NPK、0.5 MNP、MNPK干物质最大增长速率(Vm)出现时间(t0)以及t1、t2分别比CK和M处理滞后5~10 d、1~4 d、6~16 d,Δt延长了1~14 d。各处理干物质和磷素积累的Vm均表现为M、MNPK> 0.5 MNP、CK> NPK> NK。水稻籽粒干物质积累量主要来源于花后干物质积累,磷素积累量则主要来源于花前磷素积累向籽粒的转运,各处理花后干物质积累率为29.5%~43.4%,施用化肥各处理显著高于CK和M处理,各处理花前磷素积累率为60.5%~85.6%,大小为CK> NPK、M> NK、0.5 MNP、MNPK。与NPK处理相比,M和0.5 MNP处理磷肥吸收效率、磷肥偏生产力、磷肥利用率分别显著提高了0.43kg/kg、48.9 kg/kg、40.8个百分点和0.26 kg/kg、32.2 kg/kg、25.3个百分点。【结论】黄壤地区水稻栽培中长期缺磷不利于花后干物质的积累,也不利于花前磷素的积累,严重制约水稻产量和磷吸收量的提高。在氮磷钾投入平衡前提下,长期单施有机肥可促进花前干物质和磷素的积累及其向籽粒的转运,但不利于花后干物质和磷素的积累,长期单施化肥可延长干物质和磷素积累的快速增长持续时间,但最大增长速率较小,而长期有机无机配施均较有利于促进水稻花前和花后干物质和磷素的积累,水稻产量和磷肥利用率均较高,是最合理的施肥方式。     

不同供锌水平对苹果幼树干物质和锌积累及分配的影响

采用盆栽砂培试验,研究了低、中、高3个供锌水平(Zn 0.013、0.254和5.070 mg/L)对苹果幼树干物质和锌积累、分配动态的影响。结果表明,锌的过量及缺乏均对果树的生长及养分吸收产生影响。生长初期,苹果幼树根系活动较晚,枝叶的快速生长主要利用根茎中的养分,锌的积累量呈快速增加趋势,处理间差异显著;低锌处理,除根系明显增加外,其他器官变化较小,根系的锌分配比例明显高于中锌、高锌处理。说明生长后期,低锌、高锌抑制了树体的生长,且低锌处理的树体锌主要分布于地下,上运明显受阻;而中锌、高锌处理,地上部锌含量要高于根系。     

Effect of zinc application on the dry matter yield uptake and distribution of zinc and other micronutrients in cocoa (Theobroma cacao. L.)

Abstract

The effects of application of zinc fertilizer on dry matter yield, uptake and distribution of zinc and other nutrients by Amazon and Amelonado cocoa cultivars grown in a soil of low zinc content in the greenhouse were investigated.

There was a differential response to zinc fertilization by the two cocoa cultivars. Maximum dry matter yields of Amazon and Amelonado were attained with 10 ppm Zn and 50 ppm Zn, respectively. Under similar experimental conditions Amelonado seedlings expressed zinc deficiency symptoms whereas Amazon did not.

Zinc concentrations in the leaves, stem and roots of both cuitivars did not give a good index of the zinc status of the crops. This was because of the existence of the “Piper‐Steenbjerg”; effect in that nil zinc rates often gave higher leaf concentration of the zinc than next higher rate. In general, the relative content of zinc followed the pattern; leaves > roots > stem with the Amazon cultivar containing more zinc than the Amelonado.

The distribution of absorbed Cu in the leaves, stem and roots did not differ in both varieties. Whereas Fe uptake was mostly concentrated in the roots, Mn absorbed was largely concentrated in the leaves of both varieties and only Mn uptake in the leaves of Amazon consistently increased with Zn application.

The differences in the uptake and distribution of nutrients between the two cocoa cultivars was attributed to differences in their ability to extract nutrients from the soil and in their requirements for metabolic processes.     

Nutrient uptake and use efficiency of onion seed yield as influenced by nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization

Abstract

The experiment was conducted at Kulumsa, South East Ethiopia, using four levels of nitrogen (N) (0, 50,100 and 150?kg N ha^?1) and four levels of phosphorus (P) (0, 35, 70 and 105?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1) fertilizers arranged in 4?×?4 factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications. The available P was increased after harvest due to the application of N and P fertilizer at the rates of 100 or 150?kg N ha^?1 and 70 or 105?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1. More specifically, nutrients concentration and nutrient uptake were significantly (p?<?.01) varied among treatment combinations and nutrient use efficiency was declined by increasing N and P after optimum rates. The higher physiological efficiency of N (53.47?kg kg^?1) and P (580.41?kg kg^?1) and the highest apparent recovery of N (19.62%) and P (2.47%) was recorded from application of 50?kg N ha^?1 and P at 70?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 and the highest agronomic efficiency of N (10.78?kg kg^?1) and P (15.25?kg kg^?1) was recorded from N at the rate of 50?kg N ha^?1 and P at 35?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1, respectively. The combination of N at 100?kg N ha^?1 and P at 70?kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 was promising combination that generated highest net benefit 488,878.5 ETB (Ethiopian birr) ha^?1 with the highest marginal rate of return (36638%) and gave the highest seed yield (1858.82?kg ha^?1) with yield increment of about 57.72% over the control.     

施磷量对小麦物质生产及吸磷特性的影响

在低磷土壤条件下,以中筋小麦扬麦12号和弱筋小麦扬麦9号为材料,研究了施磷量对小麦物质生产和吸磷特性的影响。结果表明,在施磷量(P2O5)0～180.kg/hm2范围内,植株对磷的吸收量、吸收速率和磷的积累量随施磷量增加而上升;以施磷量108.kg/h2处理的叶面积指数(LAI)、植株茎蘖数、茎蘖成穗率、干物质积累量、花后干物质积累量和子粒产量最高。当施磷量超过108.kg/hm2时,相关物质生产指标则呈下降趋势,说明即使在缺磷土壤上,施磷量有其适宜值。小麦一生对磷的吸收存在两个高峰,出苗至越冬始期为第一个吸收高峰,拔节至孕穗期为第二个吸收高峰。植株磷素积累量的70%～75%是在拔节后吸收,表明拔节期施磷对满足小麦第二个吸磷高峰和磷的最大积累期需磷有重要意义。     

Effects of salts on dry matter yield and nitrogen and phosphorus contents of rice plants

Abstract

The effects of different kinds and concentrations of salts on dry matter yield and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents of rice plants under greenhouse conditions were determined for two silt loam soils, one from southern Ohio (Clermont) and one from Arkansas (Crowley). Yield and N and P contents tended to be enhanced by low salt concentration but to be depressed at higher concentration. The chloride salts (NaCl, CaCl₂) were most detrimental to yield and N and P contents, while the sulfate salts (especially Na₂SO₄,) were beneficial when the electrolyte concentration and P in the soil were not high.

The degree of adverse response to salts in the irrigation water and of favorable response to P fertilizer were reflected in the levels of electrolyte and available P in the soils studied. Total N content of the rice tissue increased much more from N and P additions than did total P content. The NaCl (1.5 mmhos/cm) and NaCl + Na₂SO₄ (3.0 mmhos/cm) salt treatments vere generally least detrimental, and NaCl and NaCl + CaCl₂both at 3.0 mmhos/cm were most detrimental to yield and N and P contents of tissue.

In the non‐lethal response range, salt‐depression of yield and N and P contents of tissue may well be largely or partially overcome by fertilizer application. In this study, the best combination of fertilizer and salt was the highest level of N (268 kg N/ha) and intermediate level of P (67 kg P/ha), in combination with NaCl + Na₂SO₄.     

Nitrate/ammonium ratio effects on nutrient solution pH,dry matter yield,and nitrogen uptake of sorghum 1

Abstract

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions in a growth chamber to investigate the effects of different ratios of NO₃ ^– and NH₄ ⁺ on nutrient solution pH, dry matter yield, and N uptake. Nutrient solutions and plant tissues were assayed throughout the time plants grew in the nutrient solutions.

Nutrient solution pH depended on source of N. The pH rose to near 8 with NO₃ ^– as the sole source of N and decreased to near or below 4 with NH₄ ⁺ added to the solutions. Upon depletion of NH₄ ⁺ from solution, pH values rose abruptly to near 8 and remained near this value throughout the duration of the experiments. Dry matter yield was generally higher for plants grown with some NH₄ ⁺ compared to plants grown with NO₃ ^– alone. Nitrogen uptake was generally higher in plants grown with the higher proportions of NH₄ ⁺. Nitrogen concentrations remained unchanged with plant age as NO₃ ^–/ NH₄ ⁺ ratio varied. For solutions low in NH₄ ⁺, N concentrations in roots increased with plant age. Severe Fe deficiency appeared in plants when solution pH reached and remained above 7.     

长期定位施肥对冬小麦干物质生产、产量形成及钾素吸收分配的影响

采用田间试验、室内分析与数理统计相结合的方法研究了潮土区长期定位施肥对冬小麦干物质生产、产量形成及钾素吸收分配的影响。结果表明,长期施用化肥(NPK),有机无机肥配施(MNPK),无机肥配合秸秆还田(SNPK)均能显著提高冬小麦茎蘖数、地上部干物质积累量、籽粒产量及钾素积累量,但三者之间并无显著差异。冬小麦吸钾量在整个生育期内呈"低-高-低"单峰曲线变化,在扬花期至灌浆前期达最大值,拔节期吸钾量与冬小麦生长关系最为密切,与产量、地上部干物质积累量、穗数、穗粒数、株高及穗长均呈显著正相关。冬小麦在生育后期存在钾素外排现象,外排的钾素量达43.05～114.81kg/hm2,是冬小麦成熟期钾素积累量的1.55～3.09倍,冬小麦生育后期钾素管理不容忽视。     

Effect of phosphorus fertilization on calcium uptake by cigar wrapper tobacco

Abstract

Four greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate nutritional relationships between P and Ca in cigar wrapper tobacco. Plants were grown in a soil‐peat mix in 2 of the experiments and in sand cultures in the others. Levels of P and Ca in the nutrient media were varied. Plant concentration and uptake of P and Ca were determined to evaluate nutritional relationships between the two elements. An inverse relationship between P and Ca concentrations in cigar wrapper tobacco was apparent in all 4 experiments. Phosphorus appeared to decrease Ca uptake by cigar wrapper tobacco when added in increasing amounts.     

滴灌磷钾肥基追比对滴灌玉米干物质积累、产量及养分吸收的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了磷钾肥滴灌追施对玉米干物质、产量及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,磷钾肥部分基施、部分滴灌追施玉米的生物量和产量要优于磷钾肥全部基施,其中磷肥75%基施和25%滴灌追施比磷肥全部基施的玉米干物质提高4.36%,产量增加8.14%;钾肥50%基施和50%滴灌追施比钾肥全部基施的玉米干物质增加4.86%,产量增加4.98%。磷钾肥部分基施、部分滴灌追施显著提高了玉米氮、磷、钾的吸收量和利用率,其中磷肥75%基施和25%滴灌追施的氮、磷、钾肥的利用率分别为46.65%、28.42%、46.33%,比磷肥全部基施分别提高了6.0、8.44和8.95个百分点;钾肥50%基施和50%滴灌追施的氮、磷、钾肥的利用率分别为45.46%、27.92%、46.95%,比钾肥全部基施分别提高了4.26、0.99和11.89个百分点。     

氮素运筹对玉米干物质积累、氮素吸收分配及产量的影响

田间小区试验,研究了氮素运筹对玉米干物质累积、氮素吸收分配及产量的影响。结果表明,施氮和有机肥可以延长干物质积累的旺盛时期,使玉米干物质总量积累速率最大的时刻推后1～3d,增加了玉米的干物质积累量。氮肥配施有机肥能延长氮素积累的旺盛时期,其中,N2+M处理氮素积累的旺盛时期△t分别比N0、N1、N2、N3和FP处理延长了6、4、6、1和7d,该时段吸N量比FP处理增加 0.25 g/plant,比等氮量的N2处理增加0.24 g/plant。播前施有机肥 30 t/hm2,在减 N 26.83%的情况下,玉米吸氮量比常规施肥（FP）提高 6.52%,氮素利用率达54.31%,高于常规施肥的 33.27%;玉米增产24.12%,比常规施肥增收2696元/hm2。     

施氮量对枣棉间作棉花干物质积累，产量与品质的影响

研究了枣棉间作下棉花干物质积累与产量品质对不同施氮量的响应机制,确定枣棉间作的合理施氮量,为果棉间套作立体种植模式的合理氮肥运筹,提高棉花产量与品质提供理论依据。以在南疆的主栽棉花品种中棉所49为材料,研究了4个氮素水平（N 0、 150、 450 和750 kg/hm2）下棉花干物质的积累和产量的差异。结果表明,不同施氮量下棉花干物质累积存在显著差异,氮素缺乏或过量均影响其干物质在不同生育时期的累积量,使产量降低。施氮量对棉花品质也有显著影响,合理的氮肥用量不但能提高棉花单株结铃数和单铃重,从而提高产量,而且可使其有较好的整齐度,棉纤维长度,比强度和马克隆值。因此,在枣棉间作条件下,施氮量为N 450 kg/hm2 时棉花的干物质积累量较高,增产效果显著,品质较好。     

Phosphorus and silicon effects on growth,yield, and phosphorus forms in potato plants

Silicon (Si) can increase phosphorus (P) use efficiency (PUE) by increasing P availability in the soil and altering P metabolism in the plant, thus resulting in improved yield under low soil P conditions. The objective was to evaluate the effect of P (10, 50, 100, and 200?mg dm^?3) and Si (0, 50, and 200?mg dm^?3) interrelationship on P and Si uptake by plants, forms of P in leaves and tubers, plant growth, and tuber yield of potato plants. Silicon supply increased organic and inorganic P in the leaves. At low soil P rates, Si also increased organic P in the tubers. However, alterations in the P metabolism of potato plants with Si supply did not promote significant changes in dry matter (DM) production and tuber yield. Phosphate fertilization increased growth and yield of plants. Silicon uptake by the plants were also increased by phosphate fertilization with soil Si supply.     

施磷对玉米吸磷量、产量和土壤磷含量的影响及其相关性

为了给玉米磷高效利用提供理论依据, 在低磷土壤(Olsen-P 4.9 mg·kg^-1)上, 通过田间试验, 研究了施磷0(T₀)、50 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2(T₁)、100 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2(T₂)、200 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2(T₃)、1 000 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2(T₄)对两个玉米品种"鲁单9002" (LD9002)、"先玉335"(XY335)的产量、磷素吸收利用及根际磷动态变化的影响。结果表明: 两玉米品种根际土、非根际土速效磷含量在不同生育时期都表现为T12O₅)·hm^-2的T₃处理非根际土转化为根际土土壤磷的量最大, 同时玉米生物量、产量、磷转移量也达到最高, 而施磷1 000 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2处理玉米生物量、产量与中磷水平相比没有显著增加, 但植株吸磷量较高。XY335的花后磷转移量小于LD9002。相关分析表明, LD9002根际土、非根际土速效磷含量与茎、叶吸磷量之间显著相关, 以播种后79 d与茎、叶磷浓度、吸磷量、生物量、产量之间的相关系数最高; 而XY335根际土、非根际土速效磷含量与茎、叶磷浓度之间显著相关, 在播种后47 d期间与茎、叶磷浓度、吸磷量、生物量、产量之间的相关性最好。因此, 在低磷土壤上, LD9002和XY335分别在播种后79 d和47 d时是植株对磷的敏感期, 可以通过测试根际土、非根际土速效磷含量来反映土壤的供磷状况; LD9002在79 d时最大吸磷量需要的根际土、非根际土速效磷含量分别为54.95 mg·kg^-1、32.99 mg·kg^-1, XY335品种在47 d时最大吸磷量需要的根际土、非根际土速效磷含量分别为51.24 mg·kg^-1、35.35 mg·kg^-1; 施磷量1 000 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2处理两品种玉米产量、生物量、磷积累量与施磷量100~200 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2处理没有显著差异。     

Phosphorus source effects on alfalfa yield,total nitrogen content,and soil test phosphorus

Abstract

Recent studies showing a lack of response by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to phosphorus (P) fertilization have raised concerns about the efficacy of commonly used P fertilizer materials in the southwestern United States. Studies were conducted between 1982 and 1985 in southeastern New Mexico to evaluate (i) alfalfa yield response to different P sources, (ii) the effect of P fertilizer source on forage total nitrogen (N) content and leafiness, and (iii) the effect of P fertilizer source on soil test P. Nine P sources were applied annually from 1982 through 1984 at a rate of 58 kg P/ha. Alfalfa was grown during 1985 without fertilization to examine the residual effect of P sources. Triple superphosphate (TSP) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP) gave the highest alfalfa forage yields over the 3‐year application period, but no residual fertilizer effects were observed when fertilization was discontinued. Fertilization did not affect forage leafiness. Except for a small N response in forage total N content in 1984, neither P nor concomitant applied N had a significant effect on forage N content over the 3‐year period. Phosphorus fertilization significantly increased average soil test P for the 3‐year period, but there were no significant differences between treatments. Currently used P materials (TSP and MAP) still appear to be the most efficacious for alfalfa production.     

Effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and zinc application on dry matter and zinc uptake of greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

Summary In a greenhouse study we examined the effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) inoculation, using Glomus macrocarpum and of Zn application on dry matter production and Zn uptake by greengram in two mollisols. The VAM inoculation significantly increased the dry weight of different plant parts and the Zn uptake in both soils. Inoculated plants showed a greater response to the application of Zn at 2.5 and 5.0 mg kg^-1 soil in a Zn deficient clay loam soil. The inoculated plants also absorbed — more water than the uninoculated plants. Mass flow and diffusion were the principal processes by which Zn reached the plant roots; mass flow was particularly important in the absence of VAM in a sandy soil fertilized with higher Zn doses (5 and 10 mg kg^-1 soil). The greater supply of Zn to inoculated roots was attributed to an apparent diffusion process rather than to mass flow of Zn.     

播期与施氮量对花生干物质、产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

[目的]在大田条件下,研究播期与施氮量对不同类型花生产量、干物质积累、氮素吸收及利用的影响,为花生高产和养分资源高效利用提供技术支撑.[方法]选择普通型大花生品种'花育22号'和高油酸花生品种'冀花16号'为材料,设3个施氮水平:0、120、240?kg/hm2?(分别表示为N0、N120、N240);4个播期:4月3...     

Effects of phosphorus and drought stresses on dry matter and phosphorus allocation in wheat

The effect of phosphorus (P) and soil water availability (W) on the growth and development of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Minaret) was studied in a pot experiment. Four levels of P supply (0, 15, 30, and 100 μgP/g soil) were applied before sowing. Thirty‐four days after sowing (DAS), the pots were kept near 100% of field capacity (FC). From 34 DAS until one week before anthesis (67 DAS), half of the pots were maintained between 60–70% FC. Control pots were kept at 85–95% FC by weighing and watering the pots every two to three days. Shoots were harvested four times before anthesis and twice after. At each harvest, dry matter and P accumulation were measured in leaves, stems, and ears. In this study, thermal time until anthesis was inversely related to the level of P application. Phosphorus additioning affected the allocation of biomass and P in aerial plant organs. Plants growing only with soil P showed a delay in the allocation of dry matter and P into leaves and stems with respect to plants fertilized with 100 μg P/g of soil. In this study, the final composition of the grain depended on re‐mobilization from other plant organs. Evidence of independent re‐mobilization of carbohydrates and P towards the ear is presented, and the pattern of plant development as well as the relationships between development and dry matter and P allocation are discussed.     

Soil fumigation effects on growth and phosphorus uptake by corn

Abstract

Phosphorus uptake rate, plant top weight, and grain yield were measured for corn (Zea mays L.) planted in field plots with or without fumigation, with different levels of P fertilization, and under conventional till and no till management. Plant growth and grain yield in P‐deficient, unfumigated conventional till and no till plots were significantly higher than those in the corresponding fumigated plots. The heightened responses were attributed to enhancement of P uptake by biological activity. Therefore, the effect of differential microblal activity on P uptake must be considered in estimating the lowest level of P fertilization needed for adequate growth in low P soils.