Flavonoids of white lupin roots participate in phosphorus mobilization from soil

The impact of flavonoids released by phosphorus-deficient white lupin roots on inorganic P and soil microorganisms is largely unknown. We report that flavonoids isolated from white lupin roots mobilized inorganic phosphorus and decreased soil microbial respiration, citrate mineralization, and soil phosphohydrolase activities, but did not reduce the soil ATP content. The results suggest that white lupin's release of flavonoids into the rhizosphere plays a significant role in its efficient P-acquisition strategy by solubilizing Fe-bound P and by limiting the microbial mineralization of citrate.     

Alterations in the mineral nutrition of pea seedlings exposed to cadmium 1

A study was made of the effects of different levels of cadmium (Cd) in the nutrient solution (0.0, 1.5, and 6.0 mg/L Cd) on the assimilation of nitrate (NO₃ ^‐) and the uptake and distribution of cationic nutrients in pea (Pisum sativum cv. Argona) seedlings. Cadmium treatment resulted in an accumulation of NO₃ ^‐ in the root, indicating an alteration in NO₃ ^‐ translocation to the shoot. This was related to a decrease in the nitrate reductase (NR) activity in the shoot, severely inhibiting NO₃ ^‐ assimilation, and associated to a reduction in fresh tissue weight and in their relative water content. The concentration of potassium (K) decreased in both root and shoot, but its relative distribution between those tissues was not affected by the presence of Cd. Among other cationic nutrients, manganese (Mn) was the most affected, its concentration constantly decreased concomitantly with the increase in Cd supply. The distribution of Mn between shoot and root revealed that more was accumulated in the shoot than in the root, opposite to the distribution of NO₃ ^‐ The ‘shock’ addition of 6.0 mg/L Cd in a short‐term experiment confirmed that the transport of NO₃ ^‐ to the aerial part was reduced after 72 h of treatment and Cd displaced Mn from its physiological positions in root tissues.     

Aluminum tolerance of two wheat cultivars (Brevor and Atlas66) in relation to their rhizosphere pH and organic acids exuded from roots

Phytotoxicity of aluminum (Al) has become a serious problem in inhibiting plant growth on acid soils. Under Al stress, the changes of rhizosphere pH, root elongation, absorption of Al by wheat roots, organic acids exuded from roots, and some main factors related to Al-tolerant mechanisms have been studied using hydroponics, fluorescence spectrophotometry, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two wheat cultivars, Brevor and Atlas66, differing in Al tolerance are chosen in the study. Accordingly, the rhizosphere pH has a positive effect on Al tolerance. Atlas66 (Al-tolerant) has higher capability to maintain high rhizosphere pH than Brevor (Al-sensitive) does. High pH can reduce Al3+ activity and toxicity, and increase the efficiency of exuding organic acids from the roots. More inhibition of root elongation has been found in Brevor because of the exposure of roots to Al3+ solution at low pH. Brevor accumulate more Al in roots than Atlas66 even at higher pH. Al-induced exudation of malic and citric acids has been found in Atlas66 roots, while no Al-induced organic acids have been found in Brevor. These results indicate that the Al-induced secretion of organic acids from Atlas66 roots has a positive correlation with Al tolerance. Comprehensive treatment of Al3+ and H+ indicates that wheat is adversely influenced by excess Al3+, rather than low pH.     

营养液浓度对水培生菜生长和硝酸盐积累的影响

该文研究了4种营养液浓度处理(山崎生菜配方的1/4(1/4s)、1/2(1/2s)、1(1s)和2(2s)单位)对水培生菜(品种为“弘农”和“绿领”)生长、硝酸盐积累和品质的影响。结果表明，1/2单位营养液浓度处理下生菜地上部和根的鲜重、叶长和叶宽最大，而2个单位营养液浓度处理下上述指标最小。不同营养液浓度处理下叶片硝酸盐积累的高低顺序为2s>1s>1/2s>1/4s，2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜生长发育后期叶片中的SOD活性和MDA含量最高。对采收时生菜品质的分析表明，生菜体内的硝酸盐含量随着营养液浓度的增加而迅速上升，2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜叶片中硝酸盐、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质R 含量最高。综合考虑产量和品质，采用1/2单位的山崎生菜配方是适合生菜水培的营养液配方。     

营养液浓度对水培生菜生长和硝酸盐积累的影响

该文研究了4种营养液浓度处理(山崎生菜配方的1/4(1/4s)、1/2(1/2s)、1(1s)和2(2s)单位)对水培生菜(品种为“弘农”和“绿领”)生长、硝酸盐积累和品质的影响。结果表明,1/2单位营养液浓度处理下生菜地上部和根的鲜重、叶长和叶宽最大,而2个单位营养液浓度处理下上述指标最小。不同营养液浓度处理下叶片硝酸盐积累的高低顺序为2s>1s>1/2s>1/4s,2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜生长发育后期叶片中的SOD活性和M DA含量最高。对采收时生菜品质的分析表明,生菜体内的硝酸盐含量随着营养液浓度的增加而迅速上升,2个单位营养液浓度处理下生菜叶片中硝酸盐、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质R含量最高。综合考虑产量和品质,采用1/2单位的山崎生菜配方是适合生菜水培的营养液配方。     

A comparative analysis of element composition of roots and leaves of barley seedlings grown in the presence of toxic cadmium,molybdenum, nickel,and zinc concentrations 1

Barley seedlings were grown in hydroponic culture in the presence of toxic concentrations of cadmium (Cd), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) and analyzed for element composition [boron (B), calcium (Ca), Cd, iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), phosphorus (P), and Zn]. In a first survey, heavy metal concentrations were selected which resulted in a similar inhibition of root growth. Toxic concentrations of Cd, Mo, Ni, and Zn revealed both similar and distinct effects on specific leaf and root element contents. Examples for such responses were decreasing contents in root Mn and Mg at elevated levels of all heavy metals, including Mo, in the medium. In contrast, changes in root contents of B were specific for the applied type of heavy metal stress. The heavy metal dependent changes in B, Ca, Mg, and Mn contents were studied in more detail. In some cases, severe heavy metal toxicity caused excessive accumulation or depletion of nutrient elements that may be deleterious to the plants in addition to other primary damages caused by the heavy metal ions.     

Characterization of root morphology and root-derived low molecular weight organic acids in two sweet potato cultivars exposed to cadmium

The mechanisms of low cadmium (Cd) accumulation in sweet potato cultivars are obscure. In this study, seedlings of a low-Cd (Nan88, N88) and a high-Cd cultivar (Xiang 16, X16) were grown in Hoagland’s solution containing Cd concentrations of 0 (control), 1 (Cd₁), and 10 µM (Cd₁₀) for 20 days. We analyzed the Cd accumulation, root morphology and low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) excreted by the root tips (RTs). The total root length (RL) and specific root length (SRL) in X16 were greater than those in N88 following Cd treatments. In the Cd₁ treatment, RL and surface area for root diameter was ≤0.2 mm, and RTs in X16 were also greater than those in N88. LMWOAs excreted from the RTs initially increased and then decreased as Cd concentration increased. The RTs of N88 were more efficient at excreting organic acids than were those of X16. The low-Cd cultivar with lower RL and SRL displayed greater ability to excrete organic acids in Cd treatments, which can decrease Cd translocation from roots to shoots. Furthermore, root morphology and some LMWOAs released from the root tips played an important role in the differing rates of Cd accumulation in the two sweet potato cultivars.     

不同磷肥对镉胁迫下茄子苗期光合作用及抗氧化酶系统的影响

探究在石灰性土壤中施加不同磷肥对镉胁迫下茄子苗期光合作用及抗氧化酶系统的影响,为选出合理有效的磷肥、缓解镉毒害作用提供依据。采用盆栽试验,使用黄土状石灰性褐土种植茄子,通过双因素分析法研究了4种磷肥[磷酸一铵(MAP)、过磷酸钙(SSP)、磷酸二铵(DAP)、磷酸氢钙(DCP)]和4个施磷水平[0、0.15、0.25、0.35g·kg-1(以每千克土中P含量计),分别用P0、P1、P2、P3表示]在土壤镉(5mg·kg-1Cd)环境下,对茄子苗期叶片中叶绿素、光合作用、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的影响。研究结果表明,Cd胁迫下茄子叶片中叶绿素受损,通过施加不同磷肥,叶绿素含量均呈增长趋势,在SSP施磷类型P3水平下,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和总叶绿素含量分别增加57%、120%、53%和76%。不同磷肥均显著提高光合作用的强度,降低Cd的胁迫。具体来看,净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)均表现为MAP≥DAP≥SSP>DCP,MAP施磷类型P3水平下,Pn为17.4μmol·m-2·s-1,Gs为0.2mmol·m-2·s-1,蒸腾速率(Tr)在DCP施磷类型P3水平下,较P0增加了165%,胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)在DAP施磷类型P3水平下提高幅度最为明显,较P0提高了28%。施用磷肥可以显著增加抗氧化酶系统的活性,但不同磷肥对抗氧化酶系统活性的提升效果不同,其中磷酸二铵对MDA含量的降低幅度最为明显,为41%;磷酸一铵对SOD、POD和CAT活性的增加最显著,分别增加了43%、106%和66%;过磷酸钙对APX和GR的活性增幅最大,分别为54%和93%。因此,施加不同磷肥可以缓解Cd胁迫下对茄子叶片的毒害,增强光合作用,提高抗氧化酶活性的作用。     

氮水平对盆栽沙培番茄苗期根系三维构型与氮素利用的影响

为了研究施氮量对番茄苗期根系三维空间分布与氮素吸收利用的影响,以中杂109番茄幼苗为材料,采用沙培盆栽方式并设置3个氮素水平处理,利用~(15)N示踪法和三维数字化仪分别研究幼苗根际氮素吸收运转效率与根系三维构型。结果表明:施氮肥4 mmol/L处理番茄幼苗根系总长、根表面积和根系分支密度分别高于20 mmol/L处理16.5%、17.5%和~(15).5%;4 mmol/L处理幼苗根系三维构型是半径窄而深度深,20 mmol/L处理根系三维构型是半径宽而深度浅,4 mmol/L根系的平均深度较20 mmol/L处理高30%、但半径宽度较20 mmol/L处理低8%,12 mmol/L处理下幼苗根系半径宽度与深度均匀分布;高氮浓度会提高根系~(15)N吸收率与分配率,各器官~(15)N分配率为叶茎根,说明根际氮素转运对叶的贡献率最大;12 mmol/L处理幼苗~(15)N转运量与氮素利用率最高分别为508.3 mg/株和8.9%,20 mmol/L处理较4 mmol/L处理~(15)N转运量高128 mg/株,但是氮素利用率却降低2%。研究表明苗期管理上可以适当降低施氮量,番茄幼苗会主动改变根系三维构型来提高氮素利用效率。     

Root exudation,organic acids,and element distribution in roots of Norway spruce seedlings treated with aluminum in hydroponics

Seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), which had been grown under sterile conditions for three months, were treated for one week in a hydroculture system with either 500 μM AlCl₃ or 750 μM CaCl₂ solutions at pH 4. Organic acids were determined in hot‐water extracts of ground root tissue. Oxalate (3.3—6.6 μmol (g root dry weight)^—1) was most abundant. Malate, citrate, formate, acetate, and lactate concentrations ranged between 1—2 μmol (g root dry weight)^—1. Organic substances and phosphate found in the treatment solutions at the end of the experimental period were considered to be root exudates. Total root exudation within a 2‐day period ranged from 20—40 μmol C (g root weight)^—1. In root exudates, organic acids, and total carbohydrates, total amino acids, and total phenolic substances were quantified. Citrate and malate, although present in hot‐water extracts of root tissue, were not detected in root exudates. Phosphate was released from Ca‐treated plants. In Al treatments, there was indication of Al phosphate precipitation at the root surface. Oxalate and phenolics present in the exudates of Norway spruce seedlings are ligands that can form stable complexes with Al. However, concentrations of these substances in the treatment solutions were at micromolar levels. Their importance for the protection of the sensitive root apex under natural conditions is discussed.     

不同物料富锰基质育秧对分蘖期水稻的降镉潜能与机制

我国稻米镉(Cd)超标问题较为严峻,培育富锰(Mn)秧苗具有降低水稻吸收Cd的潜力,但目前缺乏成熟的富Mn育秧基质。以泥炭(N)、蛭石(Z)、椰糠(Y)、黄泥(H)、有机肥(F)和稻壳炭(D)为基质原料,按照不同原料配比制备8种富Mn基质,以常规基质(60% 泥炭+20% 椰糠+20% 蛭石,60N20Y20Z)为对照,比较研究各基质理化特征、秧苗生长及Mn浓度、移栽后水稻镉吸收转运规律,探讨富Mn基质对水稻的降镉潜能及相关影响因素。结果表明:各基质富Mn后全Mn含量比对照(369 mg·kg-1)提升了1.07～2.38倍,为764～1247 mg·kg-1,且基质全Mn含量与容重呈显著负相关,与其他理化参数关系不明显;不含黄泥的富Mn基质明显抑制秧苗生长,植株根系和茎叶干重较对照分别下降23.8%～50.1% 和15.8%～39.2%,而含黄泥的富Mn基质则不影响水稻生长,甚至有促生作用;含黄泥富Mn基质的秧苗Mn吸收效率比对照高0.15～3.74倍,且黄泥占比越高,秧苗对Mn的吸收效率越高;反之,不含黄泥的富Mn基质则不利于秧苗对Mn的吸收;因此,40% 泥炭+20% 椰糠+20% 蛭石+20% 黄泥(40N20Y20Z20H)富Mn基质处理中秧苗根系和茎叶Mn浓度最高;秧苗移栽后,富Mn基质40N20Y20Z20H育秧处理使分蘖期水稻根部和地上部Cd浓度分别下降16.0% 和39.6%,且根部Cd向地上部的转运系数降低27.5%。富Mn基质40N20Y20Z20H育秧配合基施石灰可使水稻地上部Cd浓度进一步下降65.8%;结构方程模型(SEM)结果显示,水稻根部Mn浓度对根系Cd吸收和转运均有抑制作用,从而影响了水稻地上部Cd浓度。40% 泥炭+20% 椰糠+20% 蛭石+20% 黄泥富Mn基质对促进水稻生长和降低Cd吸收的效果较好,具有较好的田间应用前景。     

不同铵硝配比对低温胁迫棉花幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

【目的】新疆春季的“倒春寒”是严重阻碍棉花前期的生长发育,影响产量及品质的主要非生物限制因子之一,而氮素供应及氮素形态对棉花 (Gossypium hirsutum) 的生长发育具有显著影响。研究低温胁迫下不同铵硝配比对棉花幼苗抗氧化酶活性及质膜脂质过氧化伤害的影响,为通过调节氮素供应提高棉花抗寒性提供理论依据。 【方法】以‘新陆早 13 号’为供试棉花品种,在人工气候室内采用营养液水培法调节铵硝营养配比,研究了常温和低温条件下,不同铵硝配比对低温胁迫下棉花幼苗电解质渗出率、丙二醛 (MDA)、游离脯氨酸 (Pro)、可溶性蛋白质 (SP) 含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响。 【结果】常温条件 (25℃) 下,铵硝混合营养较单纯铵态氮或硝态氮营养对棉苗各器官生物量均有显著的提高 (P < 0.05),地上部分和根系干物质重量在 NH₄+/NO₃– 比为 50/50 处理时最大,纯铵营养处理时最小;对棉苗生物量的影响效果表现出铵硝混合营养处理优于纯铵或纯硝营养处理。低温胁迫 (15℃) 后棉苗各器官生物量明显减小 (P < 0.05)。低温胁迫下棉花幼苗电解质渗出率、MDA、Pro 含量显著增加 (P < 0.01),SP 含量差异不大 (P > 0.05),超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)、过氧化物酶 (POD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT) 活性显著降低 (P < 0.01),抑制了棉花幼苗的生长发育。相同温度条件下,棉花幼苗电解质渗出率和 MDA 含量均随营养液中铵营养比例的增加而呈现出先减小后增大的变化趋势,在营养液中 NH₄+-N/ NO₃–-N 比例为 50/50 处理时达到最小,纯硝营养处理次之,纯铵营养处理最大;而同温下 SP、Pro 含量先增加后减少,NH₄+-N/NO₃–-N 为 25/75 最大。增铵营养明显增强了 SOD、CAT 活性 (P < 0.01),POD 活性则随着 NH₄+-N/NO₃–-N 比例增加表现出先降低后升高的趋势。 【结论】低温胁迫下,铵硝混合营养降低了棉花幼苗电解质渗出率和 MDA 含量,增加了渗透调节物质积累,提高了抗氧化酶活性,降低了脂质过氧化伤害,增强棉花幼苗对低温的抗性,尤其 NH₄+-N/NO₃–-N 比例为 50/50 的营养液效果更明显。     

Assessment of mineral nutrient concentrations of lettuce in response to cultivar selection and fertilization in greenhouse production

Mineral nutrient contents in vegetable-based foods are a concern in human diets, and depleted soil fertility and high-yielding cultivars are associated with low nutrient contents. This study explored if mineral nutrient concentrations of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) can be increased though selection of cultivars and nutritional regimes in greenhouse production. Cultivars including butterhead, romaine, and loose-leaf phenotypes of heritage and modern origins were studied. Hoagland solution, a commercial inorganic fertilizer, and a commercial organic fertilizer were the nutrient regimes. Heritage cultivars had about 10% higher phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and zinc (P, K, Ca, Mg, and Zn) concentrations than modern cultivars. Differences in elemental concentrations occurred among phenotypes and nutritional regimes but with no consistent trend among elements for phenotypes or regimes. Some cultivars had twice the concentrations of nutrients of other cultivars. This work suggests that cultivars can be selected for production of mineral nutrient-rich lettuce.     

Effect of varying concentrations and ratios of calcium and magnesium on solute leakage from barley roots

Effects of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) on the efflux of solutes and K (Rb) were evaluated using intact barley seedlings. Leakage, as measured by changes in solution conductance, was greater when roots were pretreated with distilled water than with Ca and Mg totalling 12 mM or less. Leakage of K (Rb) was also greater when the external solution was distilled water rather than a solution of Ca and Mg totalling 16 mM. Magnesium did not appear to interfere strongly with Ca function in membrane integrity, although leakage of K (Rb) tended to increase when the ratio of Ca:Mg deviated from unity and Mg rather than Ca was the dominant cation.     

Reduction of cadmium translocation from roots to shoots in eggplant (Solanum melongena) by grafting onto Solanum torvum rootstock

A survey in Japan showed that approximately 7% of eggplant fruits contain cadmium (Cd) concentrations above the international limit for fruiting vegetables. This study was conducted to develop a method to reduce Cd concentration in eggplant fruits. We determined Cd concentrations in eggplants grown on different rootstocks in Cd-polluted soil, unpolluted soil and nutrient culture. Grafting onto Solanum torvum reduced eggplant fruit Cd concentrations by 63–74% in Cd-polluted soil and unpolluted soil compared with grafting onto Solanum melongena and Solanum integrifolium . Stem and leaf Cd concentrations of scions on S. torvum were approximately 30% of those on S. integrifolium , so Cd translocation from roots to shoots was apparently reduced in plants grafted onto S. torvum . Stem and leaf Cd concentrations of S. torvum were also lower than those of cv. Senryou2 ( S. melongena ) and cv. Daitarou ( S. melongena ); thus, Cd translocation from roots to shoots was also reduced in self-rooted S. torvum plants. The Cd concentration of xylem sap in stems of S. torvum was 22% of that in stems of S. melongena , so the reduced Cd translocation from root to shoot could be accounted for by differential loading of Cd into the xylem in roots. We have developed a practical method for reducing the Cd concentration of eggplant fruits by grafting onto S. torvum rootstock. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the mechanism responsible for the low Cd translocation characteristics of S. torvum .     

缺锌和高锌胁迫下苹果根系有机酸对锌的内稳性的响应

To elucidate the mechanisms of tolerance to zinc (Zn) deficiency and Zn toxicity in the root of apple trees, the apple rootstock Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd seedlings were selected to study the responses of organic acids to Zn homeostasis in roots under low Zn (0 μmol L-1 ), adequate Zn (as control, 4 μmol L-1 ) and toxic Zn (100 μmol L-1 ) treatments. The differences of Zn concentrations and accumulations in the roots were highest, compared with those in the stems and leaves, when apple seedlings were subjected to low and toxic Zn treatments for 1 d. The concentrations and accumulations of oxalic and malic acids in the roots in the low and toxic Zn treatments increased by 20% to 60% compared with those of the control treatment. Significantly negative correlations were found between the total Zn concentrations and the concentrations of oxalic and malic acids in the roots under 1 d of low Zn treatment. However, contrary correlations were found for the toxic Zn treatment. Meanwhile, the maximum influx rates of Zn 2+ under low and toxic Zn treatments increased by 30% and 20%, respectively, compared with the rate of the control treatment. Both Zn deficiency and Zn toxicity increased the concentrations of organic acids in root after short-time Zn treatment, which could resist Zn stress through balanding Zn homeostasis in M. hupehensis Rehd.     

不同基质比例和营养液浓度对蒙古黄芪种苗产质量的影响

以蒙古黄芪种子为材料,采用两因素裂区的试验设计和响应面分析等方法,探究不同基质比例（100%泥炭土、75%泥炭土和25%蛭石、50%泥炭土和50%蛭石、25%泥炭土和75%蛭石、100%蛭石）和营养液浓度（1、2、3倍）对蒙古黄芪种苗产质量的影响,并确定最佳的基质比例和营养液浓度,为蒙古黄芪优质种苗的繁育提供参考。结果表明：当基质比例为75%泥炭土和25%蛭石、霍格兰营养液浓度为2倍（R2H2处理）和3倍（R2H3处理）时,蒙古黄芪种苗有着最高的产质量和总收入,种苗重量分别达324.9和321.5 g/50株,优质种苗率均达78.0%,总收入分别达723和715元/万株。因此,说明R2H2处理可认为是最佳的蒙古黄芪基质育苗处理。     

No signs of thermal acclimation of heterotrophic respiration from peat soils exposed to different water levels

In a mesocosm experiment, with bare peat soils exposed to different water levels (WL), we examined whether heterotrophic respiration (R_h) acclimated to a 3 ^°C temperature increase. Across all WLs, R_h at 15 ^°C was never lower in the heated treatment than in the unheated treatment, indicating that R_h did not acclimate to the warmer conditions. We hypothesize that this lack of thermal acclimation is due to the unlimited substrate availability in these organic soils. These results imply that peat soils may exhibit a sustained positive feedback to global warming.     

Chemical forms of cadmium in a calcareous soil treated with different levels of phosphorus and cadmium and planted to spinach

The objective of the investigation was to evaluate the effect of applied phosphorus (P) and cadmium (Cd) on Cd chemical forms determined by sequential extraction and the relationship between these forms and plant responses, i.e., dry weights, concentration, and total uptake of Cd and P in a greenhouse experiment. Treatments consisted of five levels of Cd (5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg kg^?1 soil as cadmium sulfate) and four levels of P (0, 15, 30 and 60 mg kg^?1 soil as monocalcium phosphate), which were added to the soil and left to equilibrate for 1 month under greenhouse conditions. Spinach seeds (Spinacea oleracea L., cv Viroflay) were sown and then grown for 8 weeks. The chemical composition in the aerial part of the pant and soil was determined. Application of Cd decreased plant dry matter and increased Cd concentration in the plant, whereas at each level of applied Cd, P increased plant dry matter and decreased plant Cd concentration. All chemical forms of Cd in soil, as determined by a fractionation method, were increased following Cd application, the highest being the carbonatic form. Phosphorous application decreased exchangeable and carbonatic forms of Cd, whereas it increased other forms.