Seasonal dynamics of mineral nutrients and carbohydrates by walnut tree leaves

The dry weight accumulation per leaf as well as the concentration per gram of dry weight and the accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) were determined in walnut tree leaves (Juglans regia L.) during a complete life cycle. Additionally, the dynamics of plant nutrient concentration in leaf petiole sap and carbohydrate accumulation in leaves were studied in relation to the main life cycle events of the walnut tree. Total N, P, K, Cu, and Zn concentrations decreased, whereas that of Ca, Mg, and Mn increased during the season. Iron concentration fluctuated around a mean value. Total N, P, K, Mg, and Cu concentrations detected in younger mature leaves were at the sufficient level, whereas Ca, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations were at higher levels as compared to those previously reported. All the detected nutrient accumulations increased abruptly during leaf ontogeny and leaf maturation until a maximum level was attained in the younger mature leaves. Similarly, sucrose, glucose, and fructose accumulation were observed at the same period. The rates of total N, P, Cu, and Zn accumulation were lower than the rates of the observed dry matter accumulation and nutrient concentration dilution. Potassium and Mn accumulation rates were almost equal, whereas those for Ca and Mg were higher as compared to the dry matter accumulation rate. The fast embryo growing phase resulted in a considerable decrease in dry weight, total N, P, K, Cu, Zn, and carbohydrate accumulation, and to a lesser degree in Ca, Mg, and Mn accumulation. Nutrient accumulation reduction in leaves by the influence of the growing fruits were estimated to be: total N 52%, K 48%, P 29.5%, Mg 16.3%, Ca 15%, Fe 51.2%, Cu 55.2%, Zn 37.3%, and Mn 5.4% of the maximum nutrient value of the younger mature leaves. Old leaves preserved nutrients before leaf fall as follows: total N 25.4%, P 45%, K 31%, Ca 74.8%, Mg 76.5%, Mn 89.2%, Fe and Zn 50%, and Cu 37%. Nutrient remobilization from the senescing old leaves before leaf fall were: total N 22.6%, P 25.5%, K 21%, Ca 10.2%, Mg 7%, Fe 3.2%, Mn 5.4%, Cu 8%, and Zn 13.3% of the maximum value in the younger mature leaves. In early spring, the absorption rates of N, P, and Ca were low while those of Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were high. During the fast growing pollen phase, the N, P, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn concentrations were reduced. Calcium concentration is supposed to be more affected by the rate of transpiration rather than during the growing of embryo. Calcium and Mg concentrations in the sap were negatively correlated. The detected K concentration level in the sap was as high as 33 to 50 times that of soluble N, 12 to 21 times to that of P, 5 times to that of Ca, and 10 to 20 times to that of Mg. The first maximum of starch accumulation in mature leaves was observed during the slow growing embryo phase and a second one after fruit ripening. Old senescing leaves showed an extensive carbohydrate depletion before leaf fall.     

Effects of Drought on Nutritive Value of Kudzu

Kudzu (Pueraria montana), a vigorous, perennial warm-season invasive legume is widely spread in the southeastern United States and has the potential to be used as feed by ruminants during its growing season from May until first frost (usually in October). The purpose of this study was to determine the nutritive value of kudzu during a drought-prone growing season. Five samples of apical leaves and stems were harvested once a week from random locations within a 43-year-old kudzu infestation grown on a Cecil clay loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) at the Clemson University Experimental Forest (Clemson, S.C.). We report the effects of plant part, sampling date, mean air temperature (MAT), and precipitation on dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) of the kudzu. Dry matter and CP were significantly greater in the apical leaf than in the stem; CP had a significant mean air temperature by plant part interaction. A significant temperature by plant part interaction also existed for Mg. Magnesium was greater in leaf than in the stem at the beginning of the growing season until the end of October, when small differences in Mg concentrations between stem and leaf were observed. Stem and leaf Ca concentrations were not significantly different. Calcium concentrations did vary across the dates (P?=?0.002). A significant temperature by plant part interaction existed for Mg concentrations (P?=?0.003), Ca to P ratio (P < 0.0001), P concentrations (P?=?0.0007), S (P < 0.0001), Zn (P?=?0.0053), Mn (P?=?0.0014), and Cu (P?=?0.006). Overall, kudzu's nutritive value as feed for ruminants during the growing season is highly variable; however, chemical composition was very comparable to other common forages. More frequent and intensive droughts predicted as a result of climate change may limit forage choices; however, kudzu maintains its forage potential for feeding both domestic and wild animals during drought-prone growing season.     

Peat Substrate Reuse in Lilium “Helvetia” Crop

The reuse of substrates for more than one growing season is an excellent alternative to reduce production costs and to improve the sustainability of the ornamental plant production system. The objectives of the present trial were to study the effects of substrate reuse on Lilium var. Helvetia plants cultivated in shipping crates in a polyethylene greenhouse, as well as possible changes in the physical and physical–chemical properties of the substrates employed. Peats used during two and three cultivation cycles and new unused peat were tested. The reused substrate reduces the particle fraction with higher diameter size, porosity, and organic matter and increases particle bulk and substrate carbon (C)?/?nitrogen (N) ratio, due to the substrate decomposition. However, it does not affect flowers, flower stems and leaves, and dry and fresh matter. The level of phosphorus (P) and magnesium (Mg) in leaf, as well as nitrate, potassium (K), and Mg in the substrate solution are similar among the three kinds of substrates studied. Nevertheless, the substrate used for three cultivation cycles leads to increases in organic N and K and decrease of calcium in leaves.     

现代温室冬春茬黄瓜矿质元素吸收与分配特性研究

以欧洲类型迷你黄瓜品种戴多星为试材,研究了现代温室条件下冬春茬黄瓜不同生育期的干物质积累和矿质营养吸收分配特性,并对黄瓜的矿质营养需求量进行了估算。结果表明,黄瓜生长发育前期,植株干物质积累主要集中在叶部,初果期以茎部为主,中后期以果实积累最多。各矿质元素在黄瓜不同器官的积累量随植株生长而增加,但分配率不同。其中生长前期70%8～0%集中在叶部,茎和根中的分配量仅占同期的20%3～0%,结果后期根部的矿质元素分配率下降到1%～2%,茎叶中的比例也大幅度下降,花果中的分配率为40%5～0%。矿质元素吸收量随生长发育而呈不同程度的增加,整个生长期以氮、钾、钙为主,其次是镁和磷。各生长阶段植株对不同矿质元素吸收量不同,02～0.d和406～0.d期间钙吸收量最大,分别为8.6和21.3.kg/hm2;608～0.d钾吸收量最大,达到79.6.kg/hm2;204～0.d和801～00.d氮吸收量最大,分别为7.4和88.7.kg/hm2。     

Aerial accumulation and partitioning of nutrients by hard red spring wheat

Abstract

Periods of maximum hard red spring (HRS) wheat (Jriticum aestivum L.) nutrient demand need to be determined in order to develop best nutrient management practices, and to provide data for nutrient uptake modeling. Aerial (aboveground biomass) whole plant samples of irrigated HRS wheat were collected from the field at 16 growth stages and separated into leaves, stems, heads, and grain for dry matter determinations and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cl, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu concentrations. Accumulation curves were computed for each plant part for the growing season from compound cubic polynomial models based on accumulated growing degree units (GDUs). Total aerial accumulations of dry matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cl, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu were 14400, 116, 30.8, 103, 9.2, 9.3, 15.2, 32.3, 0.18, 0.58, 2.05, and 0.045 kg/ha, respectively. Grain at maturity accumulated greater than 78% of the total aerial N, P, and Zn, while it contained less than 20% of the aerial accumulated K, Ca, Cl, and Fe. Nitrogen and Fe were rapidly accumulated near 200 GDU, while P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cl, Zn, Mn, and Cu were most rapidly accumulated near 600 GDU. Accumulation rates were 183, 2.9, 0.90, 0.72, 0.008, 1.41, 0.29, and 0.12 kg/ha/d for dry matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and Cl, respectively, and 136, 1.7, 0.48, 0.13, 0.004, 0.78, 0.20, and 0.02 g/ha/d, respectively, during grainfill. This plant information suggests the timing of in‐season nutrient applications, and when integrated with other agronomic practices could improve overall nutrient management for HRS wheat in the northern Great Plains.     

不同施氮量下缺钾对水稻叶片营养及生理性状的影响

【目的】氮和钾是作物生长所必需的大量元素,在水稻生长发育、产量形成等过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。南方稻田缺钾以及氮钾肥不合理施用已成为限制水稻高产的重要影响因子。本研究在田间条件下,探讨了不同施氮量下缺钾对水稻生长发育与叶片生理特性的影响,进而阐明缺钾导致营养生长期水稻叶色暗绿的营养及生理机制。【方法】采用两因素完全随机设计田间试验,因素A为不同施氮水平,包括不施氮、低氮（N 90 kg/hm2）和正常施氮（N 180 kg/hm2）;因素B为不同施钾水平,包括不施钾和正常施钾（K₂O 120 kg/hm2）。测定水稻分蘖期和幼穗分化期地上部干物质,叶面积指数,叶片氮、钾、镁和叶绿素含量（叶色值）,叶片含水率、叶片可溶性糖含量、比叶重以及叶片SPAD值。【结果】1）在不施氮条件下缺钾对水稻分蘖期和幼穗分化期干物质、叶面积指数均无显著影响,而在施氮条件下显著降低水稻分蘖期和幼穗分化期干物质、叶面积指数;随施氮量的增加,缺钾对干物质及叶面积指数的影响加剧,其中N₁₈₀K₀处理的降幅最为明显;氮钾交互作用对水稻各生育期的干物质和叶面积指数均有显著或极显著影响。2）在不施氮条件下缺钾对分蘖期和幼穗分化期叶片氮含量和叶绿素含量、叶片可溶性糖含量、比叶重以及叶片SPAD值均无显著影响,而在施氮条件下以上各指标显著增加,其中N₉₀K₀处理的叶片氮含量和叶绿素含量均可以达到N₁₈₀K₁₂₀处理水平;无论施氮与否,缺钾均显著降低分蘖期和幼穗分化期叶片钾含量,而显著增加叶片镁含量。3）回归分析结果表明,比叶重与叶片可溶性糖含量呈极显著正相关关系（P < 0.01）。【结论】水稻干物质、叶面积指数、叶片营养及生理状况、叶色表现等对缺钾的响应明显受到施氮量的影响。在施氮条件下缺钾造成叶片中可溶性糖大量积累,进而导致比叶重增加;结合田间试验观察及叶片营养及生理性状可知,水稻叶色（叶绿素含量）在不施氮条件下不受缺钾的影响;而在施氮条件下,缺钾造成水稻叶片单位质量及单位叶面积氮含量和叶绿素含量显著增加,这是田间条件下水稻叶色呈现暗绿的主要原因,从而也影响生育期植株氮素营养诊断。     

摘叶对不同株型木薯品种产量和氮磷钾素积累分配的影响

  【目的】  叶片是作物进行光合作用的重要器官,与物质生产、养分吸收和产量形成有密切关系。研究留叶数对木薯养分积累和产量的影响,以期为木薯高产栽培和氮磷钾养分高效利用提供理论依据。  【方法】  采用裂区设计,以株型、品种、留叶数分别为主区、裂区和再裂区。试验以紧凑型品种‘华南205’(SC205)、‘桂热4号’(GR4)和伞型品种‘华南12号’(SC12)、‘华南15号’(SC15)为材料,设计12个留叶数处理(9、18、27、36、45、54、63、72、81、90、99和108片),分析了单株摘叶及成熟期单株的氮、磷、钾素积累量。  【结果】  随留叶数增多,单株摘叶的氮、磷、钾素积累量随之下降,单株鲜薯产量随之显著增加,成熟期全株和全生育期植株的氮、磷、钾素积累量随之呈显著增加或呈“单峰”或“双峰”趋势。不同品种不同元素的积累规律有差异。紧凑型品种单株摘叶的氮素积累量较伞型品种降低了4.56%,而磷、钾素积累量较伞型品种分别提高了10.23%、10.00%。紧凑型品种成熟期全株的氮、磷、钾素积累量较伞型品种分别提高了31.00%、42.48%和50.92%。在成熟期,留叶数增多,在块根和叶片中的氮、磷、钾素分配率随之提高,而在茎秆中的氮、磷、钾素分配率随之下降,氮、磷、钾素收获指数随之呈增加或“单峰”或“双峰”趋势。紧凑型品种氮、磷、钾素收获指数高于伞型品种,两株型分别为0.48、0.63、0.58和0.42、0.60、0.55。随着留叶数增多,成熟期全株的氮、磷、钾素分配率随之提高,而单株摘叶的氮、磷、钾素分配率随之下降。紧凑型品种在成熟期全株中的氮、磷、钾素分配率较伞型品种分别提高了7.33、5.45和4.36个百分点。  【结论】  木薯留叶数越多,摘叶的数量和干物质量越少。随着留叶数增加,木薯产量随之增加,成熟期全株的养分积累量和块根、叶片的养分分配率随之提高。木薯摘叶后,叶片光合产物优先满足地上部生长。在本试验条件下,块根膨大期适宜的留叶数为81～90片,有利于确保木薯产量和养分积累利用。     

Grapevine Growth and Physiological Responses to Iron Deficiency

ABSTRACT

Iron (Fe) deficiency is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting fruit tree crops growing in calcareous soils in the Mediterranean region. A better understanding of changes in the growth and physiological characteristics of grapevine plants during the development of Fe deficiency will help to improve Fe fertilizer management recommendations. An experiment was conducted in field conditions to determine the effects of Fe deficiency during vegetative growth on leaf photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation, pigments, and other physiological parameters. Iron deficiency considerably decreased leaf net photosynthetic rate, leaf area, and dry matter accumulation. Depressed photosynthesis and plant growth resulted in increased fruit abscission and changes in dry matter among plant tissues. The results help explain the effects of Fe deficiency on suppression of grapevine growth and yield and provide information for improving the diagnosis of Fe deficiency in grapevine production.     

Aerial accumulation and partitioning of nutrients by hard red spring wheat

Abstract

Periods of maximum hard red spring (HRS) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) nutrient demand need to be determined in order to develop best nutrient management practices, and to provide data for nutrient uptake modeling. Aerial (aboveground biomass) whole plant samples of irrigated HRS wheat were collected from the field at 16 growth stages and separated into leaves, stems, heads, and grain for dry matter determinations and analyzed for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), chloride (Cl), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) concentrations. Accumulation curves were computed for each plant part for the growing season from compound cubic polynomial models based on accumulated growing degree units (GDUs). Total aerial accumulations of dry matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cl, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu were 14400, 116, 30.8, 103, 9.2, 9.3, 15.2, 32.3, 0.18, 0.58, 2.05, and 0.045 kg/ha, respectively. Grain at maturity accumulated greater than 78% of the total aerial N, P, and Zn, while it contained less than 20% of the aerial accumulated K, Ca, Cl, and Fe. Nitrogen and Fe were rapidly accumulated near 200 GDU, while P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cl, Zn, Mn, and Cu were most rapidly accumulated near 600 GDU. Accumulation rates were 183, 2.9, 0.90, 0.72, 0.008, 1.41, 0.29, and 0.12 kg/ha/d for dry matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and Cl, respectively, and 136, 1.7, 0.48, 0.13, 0.004, 0.78, 0.20, and 0.02 g/ha/d, respectively, during grainfill. This plant information suggests the timing of in‐season nutrient applications and, when integrated with other agronomic practices, could improve overall nutrient management for HRS wheat in the northern Great Plains.     

提高营养液镁浓度可缓解黄瓜幼苗亚低温胁迫

【目的】我国北方地区冬春季栽培黄瓜经常遭受亚低温 (15℃/8℃) 胁迫,用标准营养液育苗常会造成黄瓜植株矮小、叶片发黄等问题。研究调整营养液中镁和钾离子浓度,以便达到缓解亚低温对黄瓜幼苗伤害作用的目的。【方法】选用‘博耐 3000'黄瓜幼苗为试材,利用人工气候箱,以常温 (25℃/18℃) 下黄瓜山崎标准营养液配方 (K+ 6 mmol/L、Mg2+ 2 mmol/L) 为对照,在标准营养液其他元素保持不变的基础上,设置两个钾离子水平 (K+ 6、12 mmol/L),4 个镁离子水平 (Mg2+ 2、4、6、8 mmol/L),在亚低温 (15℃/8℃) 下栽培黄瓜幼苗,于处理后幼苗生长的 0、7、14、21 d 调查了不同镁钾水平营养液栽培的黄瓜幼苗的根系形态、干物质积累和分配以及对钾和镁元素吸收。【结果】1) 亚低温下适当增加营养液中的 Mg2+ 浓度,能显著提高黄瓜幼苗的壮苗指数,当营养液中 Mg2+ 和 K+ 均为 6 mmol/L 时,壮苗指数达到最大值 0.17;2) 镁和钾对根系形态影响不同,K+ 浓度与根长和根系总表面积成正相关,且主要影响直径范围为 0～0.5 mm 的根系,Mg2+ 与根系平均直径正相关且主要影响 > 1.0 mm 的根系;较高的 K/Mg 比例有利于黄瓜 0～0.5 mm 根系的生长,根系总长和总体积的增加,但显著抑制了 0.5～1.0 mm 和 > 1.0 mm 根系的生长。3) 亚低温下,茎叶中干物质量降低而根中升高,在 K1 (6 mmol/L) 水平时,随 Mg2+ 浓度升高,根和茎中干物质量升高,叶中干物质表现为先升高后下降,且营养液中高浓度的 Mg2+ 有利于干物质向叶中分配。4) 营养液中镁离子浓度小于 6 mmol/L 时,一定程度地提高 Mg2+ 浓度能促进对 K 的吸收,营养液中的 Mg2+ 和 K+ 在镁钾吸收上表现为协同作用,当 Mg2+ 大于 6 mmol/L 时,镁和钾表现为显著的拮抗作用;亚低温下,根茎叶的镁吸收量相比 CK 分别下降 25%、72% 和 58%,而营养液中 K+ 和 Mg2+ 均为 6 mmol/L 时,有利于缓解这一阻碍效果。【结论】冬春季黄瓜育苗时,山崎黄瓜配方营养液中的 Mg2+ 和 K+ 均为 6 mmol/L 而其他元素浓度保持不变时,黄瓜幼苗的壮苗指数、根系形态、干物质积累和钾镁元素综合效应表现较好,能有效地抵御亚低温对黄瓜幼苗的伤害。     

Cotton Growth and Physiological Responses to Boron Deficiency

Abstract

Boron (B) deficiency is common in some cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growing regions of the world. A better understanding of changes in the growth and physiological characteristics of cotton plants during the development of B deficiency will help us to define field diagnosis techniques and improve B fertilizer management recommendation. An experiment was conducted in a controlled‐environment growth chamber to determine effects of B deficiency during early vegetative growth on leaf photosynthesis, plant dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic assimilate partitioning, and other physiological parameters. Boron deficiency considerably decreased leaf net photosynthetic rate, plant height, leaf area, fruiting sites, and dry matter accumulation during squaring and fruiting. Depressed photosynthesis and plant growth (especially fruits and roots) resulted in increased fruit abscission and changes in dry matter partitioning among plant tissues. The results help explain effects of B deficiency on suppression of cotton growth and yield and provide information for improving the diagnosis of B deficiency in cotton production.     

Forage grass response to harvest interval and reclaimed water

Accumulation of dry matter and plant nutrients by perennial grass over the growing season is dependent upon harvest interval and availability of water and applied nutrients. Mathematical models are frequently incorporated in the analysis, design, and operation of systems for land application of reclaimed water (municipal or agricultural). The objective of the present work was to measure response of warm‐season Coastal bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.)] to irrigation with reclaimed municipal wastewater and to evaluate parameters for a simplified model. Grass was harvested at intervals of 2, 4, and 6 wk. Measurements included yields (dry matter and digestible organic matter) and plant nutrient uptake (N, P, and K). The probability model described time trends rather well. The linear model parameter A showed linear dependence on harvest interval At over the range studied, in agreement with results from the literature. Maximum values for a harvest interval of 6 wk were 16.5 Mg ha^‐1 (dry matter), 8.0 Mg ha^‐1 (digestible organic matter), 350 kg N ha^‐1,57 kg P ha^‐1, and 272 kg K ha^‐1.     

芭蕉芋干物质及矿质营养元素累积与分配特征研究

以3 个芭蕉芋栽培品种为试材,研究了芭蕉芋发棵结芋期和子芋完熟期生物量的构成特点及各器官矿质元素含量、 积累和分配规律,以期为芭蕉芋科学管理和合理施肥提供依据。结果表明,发棵结芋期,芭蕉芋干物质量为54.99~62.21g/plant,叶片是干物质主要的分配器官; 子芋完熟期,芭蕉芋的干物质量是发棵结芋期的 4 倍多,根茎为干物质的主要分配器官。发棵结芋期,3 个芭蕉芋品种平均每株累积吸收N 497.4mg~598.8mg、 P 128.7mg~223.1mg、 K 2021.2.mg~2450.3mg、 Ca 496.0 mg~577.3 mg、 Mg 526.7 mg~804.5 mg,氮以叶片中含量最高,磷、 钾和镁以茎中含量最高,根系内钙含量最高; 子芋完熟期,芭蕉芋平均每株累积N 1116.2~1210.8mg、 P 852.6~907.5mg、 K 4528.9~5055.2 mg、 Ca 919.2~991.7mg、 Mg 888.2~1369.0 mg,氮以叶片含量最高,钾含量以根系最高,磷含量以茎、 叶中最高,根茎内镁含量高。生育期内构建相同生物量,Xingyu-1需要的 K、 Ca 和 Mg 比其他 2个品种多,N和P与其他2个品种相当,但Xingyu-1 的根茎干物质分配率高,生产相同质量的干根茎,Xingyu-1 需要的N、 P、 K 低于其他 2 个品种。     

Interelemental relationships in the soil and plant tissue and photosynthesis of field‐cultivated wheat growing in naturally enriched copper soils

Several interelemental relationships have been examined in field‐cultivated wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Vergina) growing on naturally enriched copper (Cu) soils. Mean soil Cu concentration per site ranged from 103–394 μg.g^‐1 dry weight (DW). Interrelationships between Cu, iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations in the soil and plant tissue (roots, stems, and leaves) were examined using Principle Components Analysis. Soil samples were clustered according to collection site and were primarily differentiated according to their Cu concentrations. Soil Cu concentrations were positively correlated with Zn, Ca, Fe, and K in the soil, with Cu, K, and Ca in the roots, and Cu and Fe in the leaves and negatively correlated with Fe in the roots. The increase in Cu in the roots and leaves was positively correlated with increases in K and Ca in the roots and Fe and Ca in the leaves, but negatively with Fe in the roots. Increases in leaf Ca concentrations were correlated with increases in Mg and decreases in Zn concentrations in the leaf. Plants growing in soil with high Cu concentration exhibited toxicity symptoms with reduced height, decreased total leaf area and lower chlorophyll concentrations. Photosynthesis expressed per unit leaf area was not affected by increasing Cu concentrations in the soil or plant tissue.     

Dry‐matter production,mineral nutrient concentrations,and nutrient distribution and redistribution in irrigated spring wheat

A field study was made of the seasonal changes in dry‐matter production, and the uptake, distribution, and redistribution of 12 mineral nutrients in the semi‐dwarf spring wheat, Egret, grown under typical irrigation farming conditions. Most of the dry‐matter production and nutrient uptake had occurred by anthesis, with 75–100% of the final content of magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), chloride (Cl), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and potassium (K) being taken up in the pre‐anthesis period. The above‐ground dry‐matter harvest index was 37%, and grain made up 76% of the head dry matter. Redistributed dry matter from stems and leaves could have provided 29% of the grain dry matter. Concentrations of phloemmobile nutrients, such as N and P, decreased in the leaves and stems throughout the season, whereas concentrations of phloem‐immobile nutrients, such as calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe), generally increased. The decline in the N concentration in stems and leaves was not prevented by N fertilizer applied just before anthesis. Leaves had the major proportion of most nutrients in young plants, but stems had the major proportion of these nutrients at anthesis. Grain had over 70% of the N and P, and 31–64% of the Mg, manganese (Mn), S, and zinc (Zn), but less than 20% of the K, Ca, sodium (Na), Cl, and Fe in the plant. Over 70% of the N and P, and from 15 to 51% of the Mg, K, Cu, S, and Zn was apparently redistributed from stems and leaves to developing grain. There was negligible redistribution of Ca, Na, Cl, Fe, and Mn from vegetative organs. Redistribution from stems and leaves could have provided 100% of the K, 68–72% of the N and P, and 33–48% of the Zn, Cu, Mg, and S accumulated by grain. It was concluded that the distribution patterns of some key nutrients such as N, P, and K have not changed much in the transition from tall to semi‐dwarf wheats, and that the capacity of wheat to redistribute dry matter and nutrients to grain is a valuable trait when nutrient uptake is severely restricted in the post‐anthesis period.     

黄土高原土壤风蚀区甘草灌溉试验

为探讨黄土高原土壤风蚀区甘草生长需水的最适规律,在干旱条件下采用控制灌溉制度方法进行了非充分灌溉试验研究。在不同生育时期对株高、干物质量、叶面积指数（LAI）、叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率以及土壤含水率进行动态测定。结果显示,各处理的甘草随着生育期的变化生理性状差异显著,灌水定额在900 m3/hm2且灌4次水的甘草具有植株高、叶面积指数（LAI）大、光合作用强和生物量大等特征。研究成果对提高黄土高原土壤风蚀区植被覆盖度、土壤抗蚀能力的增强具有重要的意义。     

Jerusalem artichoke growth,development, and field storage. I. Numerical assessment of plant part development and dry matter acquisition and allocation

Abstract

Expanding commercial interest in the use of inulin as a bulking agent for artificial sweeteners, dietary fiber health supplement, fat replacement for processed foods, feed stock for fructose syrups, and a wide range of potential industrial products, has stimulated research on inulin‐containing crops such as the Jerusalem artichoke. To better understand the developmental physiology of the crop and to identify potential breeding objectives, the temporal pattern of development of individual plant parts (shoots, branches, leaves, flowers, stolons, tubers, and roots) and the allocation of dry matter into the same plant parts were monitored in the cultivar ‘Sunchoke’ over the entire growing season and during in situ field storage during the early winter, 32 weeks after planting. While number of shoots (～9) peaked in week 10, the number of branches (42.8), stolons (49.4), and tubers (85.5) reached a maximum 24–28 weeks after planting. Number of leaves (～525) peaked between weeks 20–24 after planting, as did number of flowers (～55). The Jerusalem artichoke allocated the major portion of its dry matter (dm) into aboveground plant parts during the first half of the growing season. Approximately 16 weeks after planting, the pattern of allocation shifted dramatically with: a) near cessation in the acquisition of dry matter; and b) the reallocation of existing dry matter from the aboveground organs into the tubers. By the 16th week after planting, 85% of the total dm was in the aboveground plant parts, but declined to 28% by the 30th week. Of the total dm, 92% was accrued during the first 16 weeks and only 8% thereafter. The shift in dry matter resources coincided with a dramatic decrease in leaf number and in leaf and branch dry weight. By the end of the season, the harvest index reached 0.70 and the tuber yield 14.61 dm ha^?1. Yield improvement could potentially be facilitated through lengthening the logarithmic period of carbon fixation and by earlier tuber induction and development.     

Extended probability model for dry matter and nutrient accumulation by crops

Accumulation of dry matter and plant nutrients by crops over the growing season is important to resource management for agricultural production and for meeting environmental standards. It is becoming more common in agricultural and environmental management to use mathematical models to describe such systems. In this article, an extended probability model was used to characterize accumulation of dry matter and plant nutrient uptake, both of which exhibited sigmoid behavior with time. Data from field studies included corn (Zea mays L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and soybean (Glycine max). For the case of corn, it was shown that maximum total plant dry matter at maturity agreed very closely for the three sites. The ratio of the paramters mean time to standard deviation of the distribution was very similar for dry matter and plant nutrient accumulations, with an average of 3.6 for Wooster, OH and 3.5 for Clayton, NC. The ratio was 4.3 for water reuse at Tallahassee, FL. For tobacco, the ratio was also very similar for dry matter and plant nitrogen (N) and potassium (K), and was 3.2 at Raleigh, NC. The ratio was 2.9 for leaf area of soybeans grown at Gainesville, FL. Data for dry matter and plant nutrient accumulation followed the sigmoid shape of the model rather well. The model also produced the “hump”; often observed in plant nutrient concentration during early stages of growth. The probability model suggests that for the crops studied, growth rate followed a gaussian distribution over the season, at least to first approximation.     

Growth, carbon dioxide exchange and mineral accumulation in potatoes grown at different magnesium concentrations

Plants of Norland potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) were maintained for 42 days at Mg concentrations of 0.05, 0.125, 0.25, 1, 2, and 4 mM in a nonrecirculating nutrient film system under controlled environment. With the increased Mg supply from 0.05 to 4 mM, Mg concentrations in the leaves of the 42-day old plants increased significantly from 1.1 to 11.2 mg g-1 dry weight. Plant leaf area and plant and tuber dry weights increased with increased Mg concentrations up to 1 mM in solution or 6.7 mg g-1 in leaves, and then decreased with further increases in Mg concentrations. Rates of CO2 assimilation measured on leaflets in situ at ambient and various intercellular CO2 concentrations were consistently lower at 0.05 and 4 mM Mg than at other Mg treatments, which may indicate decreased photosynthetic activity in mesophyll tissues at the lowest and highest Mg concentrations. Dark respiration rates in leaves were highest at 0.05 and 4 mM Mg, lowest at 0.25 and 1 mM Mg, and intermediate at 0.125 and 2 mM Mg. The different Mg treatments also influenced accumulation of other minerals in leaves. Leaf concentrations of Ca and Mn decreased with increased Mg supply except that Ca and Mn were lower at 0.05 mM than at 0.125 mM Mg. Leaf K concentrations were lower at 1, 2 and 4 mM Mg than at other Mg treatments. Foliar concentrations of P, Fe, Zn, and Cu had small but inconsistent variation with different Mg concentrations. Leaf concentrations of N, S, and B were similar at different Mg concentrations. This study demonstrates that various Mg nutrition, along with altered accumulation of other nutrients, could regulate dry matter production in potatoes by affecting not only leaf area but also leaf carbon dioxide assimilation and respiration.     

钾、镁交互作用对橡胶幼苗生长及养分吸收的影响

  【目的】  我国植胶区砖红壤钾、镁缺乏现象日益突出,研究钾、镁缺乏对橡胶幼苗根系形态和养分吸收的影响,可为橡胶平衡施肥和优质高产栽培提供理论依据。  【方法】  选用‘热研7-33-97’橡胶 (Hevea brasiliensis) 幼苗为研究材料,在人工气候箱内用营养液培养。采用二因素二水平的析因试验设计,设置4个处理:对照 (CK)、缺钾 (–K)、缺镁 (–Mg) 和缺钾镁 (–K-Mg),培养3个月后,取样测定橡胶幼苗干物质量、根系构型参数、根系活力和养分含量等指标。  【结果】  1) 与CK相比,–K和–K-Mg处理显著降低了单株干物质量和根冠比,干物质量降幅分别为8.4%和27.5%,根冠比降幅分别为20.4%和26.9%,而–Mg处理对干物质量和根冠比均无显著影响;K、Mg交互作用对茎干、根和单株干物质量及根冠比均有显著影响 (P < 0.05)。2) 与CK相比,各缺素处理均显著降低了橡胶幼苗吸收根 (直径 < 2 mm) 的根长、根表面积、根体积、总根尖数及根系活力等根系构型参数,而不同程度增加了平均根粗。方差分析结果表明,K、Mg交互作用对吸收根的根长、根表面积、根体积及总根尖数有极显著影响 (P < 0.01)。3) 各处理下氮和镁、磷和钾以及钙分别在叶片、根系以及茎皮中的平均分配比例高于其他器官。各缺素处理下,地上部的养分占比呈增加趋势。4) 与CK相比,–K处理显著增加了橡胶幼苗单株氮、磷和镁的积累,–K-Mg处理则显著降低了单株氮积累,各缺素处理均显著增加了单株钙的积累;K、Mg交互作用对氮、磷、钙和镁的积累有显著或极显著影响。  【结论】  钾、镁营养显著影响橡胶幼苗对养分的吸收,缺钾、缺镁显著抑制橡胶幼苗特别是根系的生长发育,同时缺钾缺镁加重抑制效果。因此,橡胶生产上不仅要保证培养基质或土壤的矿质营养充足,还要重视钾、镁元素间平衡关系。