油菜硼高效的遗传

Field experiments were conducted to study the inheritance of boron efficiency in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) by evaluating the boron (B) efficiency coefficient (BEC, the ratio of the seed yield at below the critical boron level to that at the boron-sufficient level) with 657 F_2:3 lines of a population derived from a cross between a B-efficient cultivar, Qingyou 10, and a B-inefficient cultivar, Bakow. Qingyou 10 had high BEC as well as high seed yield at low available soil B. On the contrary, Bakow produced low seed yield at low B status. Boron deficiency decreased the seed yield of the F_2:3 lines to different extents and the distribution of BEC of the population showed a bimodal pattern. When the 657 F_2:3 lines were grouped into B-efficient lines and B-inefficient lines according to their BEC, the ratio of B-efficient lines to B-inefficient lines fitted the expected ratio (3:1), indicating that one major gene controlled the B-efficiency trait. 127 F_2:3 lines selected from the population at random, with distribution of BEC similar to that of the overall population, were used to identify the target region for fine mapping of the boron efficiency gene.     

诊断油菜缺硼的土壤硼素临界范围

Relationships between seed yields of oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.) and extractable boron concen-trations in three soil layers(A,P and W) were investigated through ten experiments on three types of soils(Alluvic Entisols,Udic Ferrisols and Sagnic Anthrosols) in northern,Western and middle Zhejing Province.Among several mathematical models used to described the relationships,the polynomial equation,y=a bx cx^2 dx^3,where y is the yield of oilseed rape seed and x the extractable boron concentration in P layer of soil,was the best one.The critical range of the concentrations corresponding to 90% of the maximum oilseed rape yield was 0.40-0.52 mg kg^-1,The extractable boron concentration of the P layers of the soils was the most stable,The critical range determined was verified through the production practices of oilseed rape in Zhejiang and Anhui provinces.     

高硼胁迫对油菜光合作用的影响研究

硼是作物必需的一种微量元素，土壤缺硼会导致作物生长不良，产量低下［1］，因此硼肥的施用已成为当前提高油菜作物产量与品质的有效农业措施。     

油稻轮作制中油菜过量施硼对水稻产量的影响

在江苏丘陵地区缺硼土壤上种植油菜已广泛施用硼肥,但施用方法不当或长期过量施硼会引起土壤硼富集.本研究表明硼过量会造成油稻轮作制中水稻发生硼中毒,而造成水稻减产.引起水稻减产的土壤水溶性硼含量盆栽试验为2.68mg/kg,大田试验为1.97mg/kg.水稻分蘖期叶片含硼量可作为硼中毒的诊断指标之一,本试验中水稻发生减产时的分蘖期叶片含硼量为49.5～61.3mg/kg.     

Seed vigor and boron and calcium nutrition influence oilseed rape germinability and seedling growth under salt stress

The beneficial effects of boron (B) and calcium (Ca) nutrition on pea seed germinability under salinity stress have recently been shown. However, nothing is known about the influence of seed vigor status on these results, especially in oilseed rape as an important oil crop worldwide. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of seed vigor, boron and calcium nutrition on seed germinability, seedling growth, and some biochemical characteristics of oilseed rape seedlings under salinity. In spite of promotive effects of application of both boron and calcium nutrition on oilseed rape germinability and seedling growth, there was a more significant promotion on germination rate of high vigor seeds. Proline content and guaiacol peroxidase activity of seedlings were significantly increased by adding supplemental boron to the medium compared to the control. Finally, it can be concluded that boron and calcium nutrition would improve the salt tolerance capability of oilseed rape seedlings from vigorous seeds, at least in the early plant development.     

Studies on the boron deficiency in field crops (Part I) boron deficiency symptoms in rape plants

In several areas of Japan, rape plants (Brassica napus) show a boron deficient smyptom, resulting in a seed-maturation obstacle. And in these areas, early supply of boron before transplanting were required⁵,⁶.     

陇东旱塬冬油菜氮磷与硼锌配施的效果

在陇东旱塬黑垆土区对冬油菜进行了氮、磷与硼、锌配合施用研究,结果表明:氮磷与硼锌配合施用增产27.8%,氮磷与锌配合增产14.9%,氮磷与硼配合增产11.8%.正常年氮磷肥效高于干旱年,硼锌肥效干旱年高于正常年.锌可提高冬油菜的单株角果数和角果粒数,硼可提高千粒重.     

油菜光合生产模拟模型

Photosynthetic production is a major determinant of final yield in crop plants. A simulation model was developed for canopy photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) based on the ecophysiological processes and using a three-layer radiation balance scheme for calculating the radiation interception and absorption by the layers of flowers, pods, and leaves within the canopy. Gaussian integration method was used to calculate photosynthesis of the pod and leaf layers, and the daily total canopy photosynthesis was determined by the sum of photosynthesis from the two layers of green organs. The effects of physiological age, temperature, nitrogen, and water deficit on maximum photosynthetic rate were quantified. Maintenance and growth respiration were estimated to determine net photosynthetic production. Partition index of the shoot in relation to physiological development time was used to calculate shoot dry matter from plant biomass and shoot biomass loss because of freezing was quantified by temperature effectiveness. Testing of the model for dynamic dry matter accumulation through field experiments of different genotypes, sowing dates, and nitrogen levels showed good fit between the observed and simulated data, with an average root mean square error of 10.9% for shoot dry matter. Thus, the present model appears to be reliable for the prediction of photosynthetic production in oilseed rape.     

不同品种油菜子粒产量及氮效率差异研究

采用大田试验,以16个冬油菜品种为试验材料,系统研究了油菜子粒产量、氮素吸收量、氮素响应度和氮素利用效率的品种间差异,并初步探讨了氮素吸收效率和氮素利用效率对不同品种油菜氮效率差异的贡献。结果表明,无论施氮水平如何,不同品种的子粒产量、氮素利用效率和氮素响应度均有显著差异,而氮素吸收量只有在不施氮条件下品种间差异才达到显著水平。根据不施氮时的氮效率和氮素响应度将16个油菜品种分为4种不同类型:1）氮高效–高氮响应（NHE-NHR）型,包括Xy1、Xy16、Xy17、Xh19、Xh20和Xy21; 2）氮低效--低氮响应（NLE-NLR） 型,包括Xy6、Xy8和Xy9;3）氮高效–低氮响应（NHE- NLR）型,包括Xy7、Xy12、Xy14、Xy15和Xy24;4）氮低效–高氮响应（NLE-NHR） 型,包括Xy11和Xy13。无论供氮水平如何,氮素利用效率的变异系数均大于氮素吸收效率的变异系数,说明氮素利用效率对油菜氮效率差异的贡献大于氮素吸收效率。但是,氮素吸收效率的变异系数不施氮时大于施氮条件,氮素利用效率的变异系数则相反,说明在氮胁迫条件下,氮效率的差异中来源于氮素利用效率的变异减少,来源于氮素吸收效率的变异增加。     

小麦和油菜Mn有效性差异的机制

By solution culture experiment,three wheat genotypes(Triticum aestivum,L.) and two oilseed rape genotypes (Brassica napus L.)differing in Mn efficiency under Mn-deficient conditions were used to study mechanisms of the difference in Mn efficiency between wheat and oilseed rape,The results showed that there were significant differences in the abilities of MnIV reduction and acidification in root rhizosphere between the two species.Compared with wheatl,oilseed rape had much higher reducing capacity and intensity of rhizosphere acidification under Mn-deficient conditions.Moreover,the higher ratio of functional leaves Mn/old leaves Mn in oilseed rape than in wheat was also an imprtant factor for the different Mn efficiencies between the two species.     

土壤硼吸附动力学与油菜硼反应的关系

The boron adsorption kinetic experiment in soil by means a flow displacement technique showed that the kinetic data could be described with some mathematic equations.The average values of the coorealtion coefficeint for zero-order,first-order,parabolic diffusion ,Elovich,power function and eponential equations were 0.957,0.982,0.981,0.984,0.981 and 0.902 ,respectively,The correlation between adsorbed boron or its other expression form and time were the highest for first-order ,parabloic diffusion Elovich,and pwer function equations,the second for the zeroorder equation,and the tlowest for the exponential equation.The parabloic diffusion equation fitted well the expermiental results,with the least standard error among the six kinetic equation,showing that the monvemetn of boron from soil solution to soil colloid surface may be controlled by boron diffusion speed.The boron content of rape seedling obtained from soil cultvation was correlated with the rate constants of the kinetic equations.The constants of first-order ,parabloic diffusion,and exponential equaitions were significanlty correlated with the boron content of the crop of NPK treatment at a 95% probaility level ,with correation coeffecients being 0.686,0.691 and 0.64 and 0.641,respectively.In the case of zero-order equation,it Was significant at 99% probability level(r=0.736),These results showed that the adsorption kinetic constants of soil boron were closely related with the rape plant response to boron.     

Impact of fresh root material and mature crop residues of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) on microbial communities associated with subsequent oilseed rape

Glasshouse bioassays were conducted to assess the impact of different inputs of oilseed rape plant material on soil and rhizosphere microbial diversity associated with subsequently grown oilseed rape (Brassica napus) plants. The first bioassay focussed on the effect of oilseed rape rhizodeposits and fresh detached root material on microbial communities, in a rapid-cycling experiment in which oilseed rape plants were grown successively in pots of field soil for 4 weeks at a time, with six cycles of repeated vegetative planting in the same pot. Molecular analyses of the microbial communities after each cycle showed that the obligate parasite Olpidium brassicae infected the roots of oilseed rape within 4 weeks after the first planting (irrespective of the influence of rhizodeposits alone or in the presence of fresh detached root material), and consistently dominated the rhizosphere fungal community, ranging in relative abundance from 43 to 88 % when oilseed rape was grown more than once in the same soil. Fresh detached root material also led to a reduction in diversity within the soil fungal community, due to the increased relative abundance of O. brassicae. In addition, rhizosphere bacterial communities were found to have a reduced diversity over time when fresh root material was retained in the soil. In the second glasshouse experiment, the effect of incorporating mature, field-derived oilseed rape crop residues (shoots and root material) on microbial communities associated with subsequently grown oilseed rape was investigated. As before, molecular analyses revealed that O. brassicae dominated the rhizosphere fungal community, despite not being prevalent in either the residue material or soil fungal communities.     

Sowing date influence on winter oilseed rape overwintering in Estonia

Abstract

In 2001–2005 an overwintering investigation of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was carried out at the Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences of the Estonian University of Life Sciences. In our trial we used two winter oilseed rape varieties: ‘Wotan’ and ‘Express’. The sowing was performed at four different times, with weekly intervals: 8, 15, 22 and 29 August. The soil type was Stagnic Luvisol by WRB classification; the texture was sandy loam with a humus layer of 20–30 cm. Our research indicated that successful wintering of winter oilseed rape depends directly on sowing date. From the data obtained it may be seen that differences between sowing dates and overwintering were statistically significant. Overwintering depends on numbers of growing-degree-days (GDD) in the autumn vegetative period. Three years’ data showed that in the autumn period plants need 416 GDD for developing a strong root system and to prepare for wintering.     

不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种中硼的形态及其相互关系

采用硼高效 (9589,9590)和硼低效 (9141,95105)甘蓝型油菜品种各 2个及其 4个杂交种 (95105 9589,95105 9590 ,91419589,9141 9590)作试材 ,研究了不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种及其F1代花期各部分叶片中硼的形态。结果表明 ,在B2 (0 .35mg/kg)处理下 ,硼高效品种上叶 ,中叶 ,下叶和花中水溶态硼含量和束缚态硼含量低 ,半束缚态硼含量高 ,而硼低效品种 3种硼形态的含量则与此相反 ;F1代基本居于二者之间 ,且趋向于高效品种 ;在B1(0 .2 0mg/kg)处理下 ,各叶片和花中各硼形态含量也呈现类似的特征 ,但存在例外 ,尤其在花中。B1和B2处理下 ,除B1处理上叶外 ,硼高效品种和F1代的花和叶片中水溶态硼和束缚态硼相对含量较低 ,半束缚态硼相对含量较高 ,硼低效品种与此相反。建立了硼形态之间的相互平衡关系 ,并把这种平衡关系同硼效率联系起来 ,表明硼形态和硼效率存在密切关系 ,可望由此揭示不同甘蓝型油菜品种硼效率差异的生理机制。     

安徽省直播冬油菜氮磷钾硼肥施用效果研究

针对安徽省直播冬油菜产量水平不高和施肥效率较低的问题,通过大田试验研究氮磷钾硼肥对安徽省直播冬油菜产量、经济效益、养分吸收利用和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,氮磷钾硼肥配合施用处理的籽粒产量和产值最高,分别达1 850 kg/hm2和7 583元/hm2,各肥料增产顺序为NPKB;扣除肥料成本,施肥效益为NPB≈K。NPKB处理的各养分吸收积累也最高,缺氮和缺磷处理显著降低油菜地上部各养分吸收积累。NPKB处理在产量、施肥效益、养分积累和肥料表观利用率、贡献率上均高于农民习惯施肥处理。说明在安徽直播油菜栽培时,农民需改变沿袭下来的移栽油菜的施肥技术模式,推广使用新的氮磷钾硼肥配合施用技术模式。     

Effect of cadmium on the chemical composition of xylem exudate from oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus L.)

Abstract

Phytoremediation is a good technique for removing cadmium (Cd) from farmland soils. To remove Cd from these soils effectively, it is necessary for Cd ions to be transported to the shoot organs for later harvest. However, the mechanism of Cd translocation to shoot organs via xylem vessels has not yet been elucidated. We selected oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus L.) and established a method to collect xylem exudates from these plants. After 3 days of Cd treatment (10 µmol L^?1 and 30 µmol L^?1) the Cd concentrations in the xylem exudates were approximately 6.5 µmol L^?1 and 16 µmol L^?1, respectively. The detection of Cd in the xylem exudate indicated that Cd was moving to shoot organs via xylem vessels. The effect of these Cd treatments on the amino acid, organic acid and protein composition of xylem exudates from oilseed rape plants was investigated. The level of amino acids and organic acids detected was enough to bind Cd transported via the xylem. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that proteins with molecular weights of 36 kDa and 45 kDa clearly increased in the exudates with Cd treatment. The possibility that these compounds are binding Cd in the xylem exudates was discussed.     

氮磷钾硼配施对油菜泌蜜量的影响

采用四因素五水平二次正交旋转回归试验方法,在影响甘蓝型中熟品种油菜泌蜜量的施肥诸因素中,选择氮、磷、钾、硼的施用量作为生产上的决策变量,以油菜的泌蜜量为目标函数,所得结果通过计算机数据分析,建立了二次回归数学模型。对模型的主效应和交互效应的分析结果表明,磷素和钾素是影响油菜泌蜜量的主要控制因子;根据试验结果筛选出油菜泌蜜量的最佳施肥方案N 150 kg/hm2,P2O5 126 kg/hm2,K2O 157.5 kg/hm2和H3BO3 7.5 kg/hm2。     

Sulphur deficiency in oilseed rape and cereals - Experience from Swedish field trials

Field trials in Sweden have shown responses to S-fertilizers by rapeseed, but not by barley. These responses varied from 0 to approximately 200 kg/ha seed. They are, however, hard to predict and the criteria of S availability have to be elucidated.     

不同硼肥对油菜产量和品质的影响及其在油稻轮作中的后效

通过盆栽土培和田间试验,研究两种具有缓释特性的硼肥Etibor-48(Na2B4O7·5H2O,EB)和Colemanite (Ca2B6O11·5H2O,CB)对油菜产量和品质的影响及其在油稻轮作中的后效.盆栽试验结果表明,EB和CB各处理第一季油菜产量显著高于不施硼处理(-B),与硼砂处理(B)比较也有较大提高;安...