树干高压注射铁肥矫正苹果失绿症及其机理

利用N-Fe、邻二氮杂菲铁和.59Fe作为铁源,以3-8年生富士／八棱海棠为试材进行主干强力高压注射试验。结果表明,铁肥树干强力高压注射,主要以二价铁(Fe2+)沿中央木质部的导管运输,大部分向下运输,使铁在根中大量贮存;向上运输较少,运输速度为每小时数百厘米,矫正缺铁失绿症的速度比根系输液慢,但由于根中贮存大量的铁,持效期较长。主干强力高压注射产生肥害的机理是先使吸收根中毒,然后导致叶片枯萎,提高注射部位,提高注射液浓度和减少注射的用药量,可以防止或减轻肥害的产生。     

铁肥虹吸输液对缺铁失绿苹果叶片光合生理指标和荧光参数的影响

为了进一步探索矫正苹果缺铁失绿症途径,采用铁肥虹吸输液方法,研究了铁肥虹吸输液对缺铁黄化叶片复绿,叶片解剖结构、 色素含量、 光合生理指标和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,虹吸输液处理的复绿苹果叶片单个细胞叶绿体数目比对照增加了3.6个,淀粉粒有所减少;叶绿体内基粒结构更清晰、 垛叠增多;线粒体内嵴数量增多、 清晰度提高;叶绿体和线粒体的被膜结构得到修复。虹吸输铁后失绿程度由2.00级恢复到0.49级;铁肥虹吸输液显著提高了叶片的光合速率、 气孔导度,降低了细胞间隙的CO2浓度。输铁处理其PSⅡ原初光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）和PSⅡ潜在活性（Fv/Fo）均为最高。缺铁失绿苹果叶片叶绿素a、 叶绿素b含量分别比未输液对照增加2.97倍和3.18 倍。说明采取铁肥虹吸输液的方法能够矫正苹果缺铁失绿症。     

铁肥根系输液矫正苹果缺铁失绿症效果及其机理

根系输液条件下,Ｎ－Ｆｅ能够在短时间内有效地矫正苹果缺铁失绿症,ＥＤＴＡ－Ｆｅ容易产生肥害,柠檬酸铁效果居中。红色邻二氮杂菲铁示踪结果表明：二价铁肥根系输处理时仍以二价态由根被动吸收,运输到根、茎、叶和主脉内,运输部位都是靠近形成层的木质部,运输速度每小时可达数十厘米。室内营养液培养的八棱海棠苗用＾５９Ｆｅ示踪结果表明,断根中分配的＾５９Ｆｅ为１９．３％,叶中分配的＾５９Ｆｅ占７０．９％,八棱海棠     

Prognosis and correction of iron chlorosis in peach trees: Influence on fruit quality

A floral analysis for iron (Fe) content allowed for the prognosis of the incidence of the Fe chlorosis on peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees (c.v. ‘Babygold 7’ grafted on seedlings) with high reliability. From a total of 35 peach trees analyzed, six of them had floral Fe dry matter concentrations less than 133 ppm and these six trees later developed severe Fe chlorosis in their leaves. The early detection and correction of Fe deficiency permitted us to measure the influence of Fe chlorosis on fruit quality as Fe correction resulted in a doubling of frait size and avoidance of the delay of frait ripeness that occurred on the Fe‐deficient trees.     

缓释肥在茶花上的应用研究

通过盆栽试验 ,研究了缓释肥对茶花的效应。结果表明 ,缓释肥可明显促进茶花苗木生长 ,与普通肥相比 ,生物量增加 183 %。同时 ,叶片的叶绿素含量增加 ,叶色浓绿 ,鲜艳 ,观赏性和商品价值提高。肥料氮利用率提高 ,施肥后 9个月 ,土壤中仍有较多的氮残留量。     

苹果树根际肥应用技术研究

用蚯蚓粪和化肥制成蜂窝煤大辩论的根际肥，将苹果树的根创出剪断后插入含有根际肥的蛭石营养袋内，断根能在含有营养液的蛭石内长出大量新根，新根能够进入根际肥内或绕根际肥生长。与对照相比，根际肥处理增加了叶片叶绿素含量，增加了铁和其它大多数矿质元素的含量，矫正苹果缺铁失绿症效果明显。     

不同施肥方法对双季稻区水稻产量及氮素流失的影响

为保障粮食安全,减少稻田生态系统氮肥投入,提高氮肥利用率和减少氮素流失成为重要的农业和环境措施。本研究在位于湖南岳阳的农业部岳阳农业环境科学观测实验站开展为期1年的早稻、晚稻田间试验,比较了不施肥(T_1)、尿素常规施肥(T_2,施N 280 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 165 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120 kg·hm~(-2))、控释肥常规施用(T_3,施N 230 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 165 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120 kg·hm~(-2))、高量控释肥侧条施用(T_4,施N 230 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 138 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120 kg·hm~(-2))、中量控释肥侧条施用(T5,施N 180 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 123 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120kg·hm~(-2))及低量控释肥侧条施用(T6,施N 140 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 123 kg·hm~(-2)、K_2O 120 kg·hm~(-2))下氮肥的养分利用率、作物产量及氮素流失情况,以期为稻田氮素合理利用提供理论依据。研究结果表明,控释肥侧条施用可有效提高水稻的产量和氮肥利用率,减少面源流失。1)在减少稻田秧苗数量和氮肥施用量的条件下,T_4处理的水稻早晚稻产量分别比T_2处理增加13.17%和4.72%,与T_3处理相比亦分别增加7.27%和1.74%;2)侧条施肥处理有效降低了稻田氮素流失量,年氮流失量为0.466~0.673 kg×hm~(-2),比常规施肥处理降低地表径流氮流失量3.54%~29.36%;3)侧条施肥有效提高了氮肥利用率,T_4处理的氮肥利用率分别是T_2、T_3处理的1.70倍和1.22倍。因此,采用合适的施肥方式、配施适量控释氮肥可获得较高的产值和收益。高量控释肥侧条施用(T_4)是本研究区域最佳的施肥模式,对实现现代化农业生产的高产高效、资源节约和生态环境保护具有重要意义。     

Co-situs application of controlled-release fertilizers to alleviate iron chlorosis of paddy rice grown in calcareous soil

Abstract

Co-situs is the placement with one application of a sufficient amount of controlled-release fertilizer for an entire growing season at any site, together with seeds or seedlings, without causing fertilizer salt injury. An experiment was conducted to find an efficient method for ameliorating Fe deficiency in two rice cultivars (cv. Tsukinohikari and cv. Sasanishiki) grown in a calcareous soil (pH 9.2, CaCO₃ 384 g kg^?1), which was poor in organic matter (0.1 g kg^?1) and available Fe (3.0 μg g^?1 soil). The field treatments consisted of co-situs application of the following fertilizers: 1) controlled-release NPK fertilizer (CRF-NPK) containing no micronutrients; 2) controlled-release NPK fertilizer containing micronutrients (CRF-M1); and 3) controlled-release NPK fertilizer containing micronutrients (CRF-M2). The main difference between CRF-M1 and CRF-M2 was that the former had larger granules than the latter. All the fertilizers were placed in contact with the roots of rice seedlings at transplanting time. Plants in the CRF-M1 and CRF-M2 treatments had similar lengths, number of stems, leaf age, and leaf color (SPAR value) during the cultivation period. By contrast, plants from the CRF-NPK treatments grew poorly, showed severe chlorosis symptoms of Fe deficiency, and all died on 30 DAT. Plants of both cultivars accumulated more macroand micronutrients with the CRF-M2 treatment than with the CRF-M1 treatment. The grain yield of cv. Tsukinohikari was 0.0, 1,910, and 2,160 kg ha^?1 for the CRF-NPK, CRF-M1, and CRF-M2 treatments, respectively, and 0.0, 2,490, and 2,860 kg ha^?1 for the same treatments for cv. Nihonbare. Chlorosis due to iron deficiency was successfully ameliorated and world-average grain yields were obtained with the co-sites application of both controlled-release fertilizers.     

Mineralization of nitrogen from decomposing leaves of multipurpose trees as affected by their chemical composition

 Nitrogen release patterns from seven leguminous trees were determined from 8-week laboratory incubations. The quantities of extractable NH₄ ⁺-N and NO₃ ^– released to the soil to which the leaves had been applied was determined at weekly intervals and was related to the initial N, polyphenol, and lignin concentration of the leaves. Cumulative N mineralized was not correlated to initial N, soluble polyphenol and insoluble tannin concentrations, but was correlated to lignin and neutral detergent fibre N (NDF-N) concentrations. The ratios of NDF-N : N (r=0.68 at P<0.05), soluble polyphenol : N (r=0.70 at P<0.05) and (lignin+polyphenol) : N (r=0.75 at P<0.05) were negatively correlated with N release. Total polyphenol content was not a useful predictor of N release, but the reactivity of the polyphenols as measured by their protein-binding capacity can be a useful predictor. In addition to measuring the concentration of polyphenols, their reactivity with proteins must be measured, in order to assess their role in regulating N release. The (lignin+polyphenol) : N ratio could be used to screen leguminous tree leaves for their potential to release N in short-term experiments. This would allow for rapid screening of a large number of trees without detailed and expensive field experimentation. Received: 30 June 1997     

包膜控释肥料在旱地农田的应用研究进展与展望

就国内外控释肥料在旱地农田中的应用效果、田间养分释放,以及高效施用做了综述,重点总结了控释肥料在不同作物上的增产效果和当前应用研究中存在的问题。施用控释肥料可以提高肥料利用率,减少氮素淋溶损失,并具有增加作物产量和改善蔬菜品质的优点,但控释肥料应用中也存在着养分在土壤中的转化和去向不明,养分释放与作物生长对应性差,忽视环境条件对养分释放影响等问题。并对今后高效施用控释肥的技术研究进行了展望。     

不同缓/控释尿素在黄土台塬区春玉米的减量施用效果

本文通过田间试验研究了覆膜条件下,黄土台塬区6种缓/控释尿素减量施用对春玉米产量、氮肥利用率及氮素累积量等的影响,以确定适合本地区春玉米施用的缓/控释氮肥品种和用量,为本地区春玉米简约、高效施肥技术提供理论依据与技术支撑。以春玉米品种‘先玉335’为供试作物,设9个处理,分别为不施氮肥处理(N0)、农户常规施氮处理[普通尿素,施氮量225 kg(N)·hm~(-2),N225]、普通尿素减量处理[施氮量180 kg(N)·hm~(-2),N180]和6种缓/控释尿素减量处理[施氮量180 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]。6种缓/控释尿素分别为树脂尿素、控失尿素(CLU)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、脲甲醛(UF)、多肽尿素和稳定尿素。在玉米各生育时期采集地上部植株样品及耕层(0~20 cm)土样,分析耕层土壤无机氮含量,测定玉米植株氮素累积量及产量。施用氮肥可显著增加玉米产量,增产率在28%~65%。与N225相比,N180玉米产量显著降低19.1%,但各缓/控释尿素(减量20%)一次基施没有明显的减产效应,其中SCU与CLU分别增产4.5%和2.7%。与农户常规施肥相比,N180降低经济效益2 051$·hm~(-2);各缓/控释尿素(除UF)可增加玉米氮素累积量、提高氮肥利用率2.26%~12.69%,经济效益提高347~1 747$·hm~(-2),氮肥利用率和经济效益以SCU、CLU最高。大喇叭口期—吐丝期,缓/控释尿素氮素释放量大可能是提高氮肥吸收和利用率的原因之一。控失尿素和硫包衣尿素等缓/控释尿素减量(20%)并一次性基施,能维持产量不降低,提高氮肥利用率和经济收益,节约劳动力成本,可作为黄土台塬区春玉米简约化减量化施肥的一种选项。     

Characterization of subtropical soils by mineral magnetic measurements

Abstract

This paper reports the use of mineral magnetic measurement techniques to characterize the iron oxide assemblage within soils of varying parent material type and water regime from subtropical region in Zhejiang Province, China. Results show that dryland soils formed on Quaternary red clay, limestone, arenaceous shale, and diluvium, exhibit a distinct ferrimagnetic profile with a magnetic susceptibility (χ) enhancement in surface horizon. This enhancement is interpreted as being due to pedogenic superparamagnetic (SP) ferrimagnetic grains, which is supported by a higher frequency dependent susceptibility (χ_fd) values. The χ and χ_fd have highly significant positive linear relationship with dithionite‐citrate‐bicarbonate (DCB) extractable iron (Fed) content. The upper horizon of paddy soil has extremely lower χ and χ_fd values than dryland soils formed on the same parent material. Soil with poorly‐drained condition has distinctly lower absolute χ and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) value than associated well‐drained soil. It indicates that reduction state is an important factor responsible for loss of SP ferrimagnetic minerals in soils.     

Effects of green iron nanoparticles on iron changes and phytoavailability in a calcareous soil

Green iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) can be a practical solution to combat iron (Fe) deficiency in calcareous agricultural soils. The main aim of the present work was to assess the effects of green Fe NPs on Fe availability in calcareous soils. For this purpose, green Fe NPs were synthesized using green tea (G-Fe NPs), Shirazi thyme (T-Fe NPs), walnut green hull (W-Fe NPs), and pistachio green hull (P-Fe NPs) extracts and applied as a source of Fe fertilizer to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) plants. Results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) indicated that the green Fe NPs were amorphous in nature and the polyphenols obtained from plant-part extracts acted as both capping and reducing agents. Similar to the behavior of Fe-ethylenediamine-N,N''-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl) acetic acid (Fe-EDDHA) in calcareous soils, G-Fe NPs, T-Fe NPs, W-Fe NPs, and P-Fe NPs increased Fe release compared with the control and FeSO₄ treatment. Cumulative Fe release data fitted well to the power function, intra-particle diffusion, and Elovich kinetic models. According to the pot experiment, the increment in soil Fe availability upon Fe-EDDHA and Fe NPs application led to an increase in Fe uptake, growth, and photosynthetic pigment contents of the sorghum plants. Although further research is needed to evaluate the residual effect and environmental impact of green Fe NPs, they may be an appropriate substitute for traditional Fe fertilizers in calcareous soils.     

Effectiveness of Amaranthus retroflexus L. aqueous extract in preventing iron chlorosis of pear trees (Pyrus communis L.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of soil-applied aqueous extract of Amaranthus retroflexus L. in preventing lime-induced iron (Fe) chlorosis of pear trees (Pyrus communis L.). Tree growth, nutritional status, yield and fruit quality were also assessed. The aqueous extract was obtained by soaking dried and ground canopy (epigeal part) of spontaneous A. retroflexus plants in tap water. A. retroflexus extract was chosen because of its ability to solubilize Fe from calcareous soil, which was found to be 100-fold higher than deionized water alone. Two experiments were carried out (controlled environment and commercial field conditions) where soil-applied aqueous extract of A. retroflexus alone or mixed with iron sulfate (FeSO₄) was compared with synthetic Fe-chelate and an untreated control. Soil-applied aqueous extract of A. retroflexus increased shoot length, leaf SPAD and total plant biomass in controlled environment. In the commercial orchard control trees showed severe leaf Fe-chlorosis symptoms effectively prevented by Fe-chelate. The supply of A. retroflexus aqueous extract improved Fe nutrition of trees, particularly when enriched with FeSO₄. Fe-chelate increased tree yield but decreased fruit weight, leaf potassium (K) and manganese (Mn) concentration. At harvest, all strategies raised fruit soluble solid concentration compared to the untreated control. Results showed that soil-applied A. retroflexus aqueous extract improved Fe nutritional status of pear trees, probably because of the natural Fe chelating capacity of the compounds released by its tissues.     

Changes in hot water soil extracts brought about by nitrogen immobilization and mineralization processes during incubation of amended soils

Summary During incubation of an acid cambisol and an alkaline fluvisol, amended with glucose and nitrate, hot water soil extracts were analysed for N content, ultraviolet absorption, and fluorescence. Humic substances in the hot water extracts and in a neutral sodium pyrophosphate extract were fractionated on polyvinylpyrrolidone and measured spectroscopically. Changes in the hot water and pyrophosphate extract compositions were related to changes in microbial biomass, as estimated by substrate-induced respiration, and the hexosamine content of soil hydrolysates. During the incubation, the microbial population in each type of soil developed quite differently, according to the soil pH. Microbial growth and death in the alkaline soil sample induced a maximum of hot-water-extractable ultraviolet-absorptive non-fluorescent substances. The fluorescence of the hot water soil extract increased steadily with incubation time even after the microbial activity was reduced. A similar increase in fluorescence, in accord with the ultraviolet absorption, was found during incubation of the acid soil samples. After 95 days of incubation, the hot-water-extractable fluorescent and ultraviolet-absorptive substances were reduced. N immobilization induced an increase, and N mineralization a decrease, in dissolved organic N. The relative increase in humic substances in the hot water soil extract was much higher than in the pyrophosphate extract. Therefore, humic material, produced by microbial growth and death, is obviously extractable with hot water.     

秸秆还田与施肥方式对稻麦轮作土壤细菌和真菌群落结构与多样性的影响

为探索秸秆还田与施肥方式2种农田措施对水稻-小麦(稻麦)轮作土壤微生物群落的影响,阐释其对土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和多样性的影响机制,本研究通过7年稻麦轮作长期定位监测试验,设置无肥空白(CK)、常规施肥(RT)、秸秆还田+常规施肥(RS)和秸秆还田+缓释肥(SS) 4个处理,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,分析土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和多样性,探索影响微生物群落的主控环境因子。结果表明, SS作物产量在2016年和2017年分别比RT显著提高11.6%和8.2%(水稻)、4.8%和3.6%(小麦),与RS无显著差异。相比RT,秸秆还田处理显著降低了土壤pH,提升了土壤有机碳和铵态氮含量;与RS相比,SS处理提高了铵态氮含量。秸秆还田处理提升了真菌群落多样性,但对细菌群落多样性无显著影响。SS与RS在细菌真菌群落多样性方面均无显著差异。相关性分析表明,细菌群落多样性与土壤pH呈负相关,与总氮含量呈正相关;真菌群落多样性则与土壤有机碳含量显著正相关。NMDS分析表明,施肥对于细菌群落结构影响较大(55.61%),真菌群落结构则对秸秆还田响应更明显(26.94%)。与RT相比,秸秆还田显著提升了细菌放线菌门、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门的相对丰度,同时显著提升了真菌中子囊菌门的相对丰度,降低了担子菌门和接合菌门的相对丰度,加强了土壤碳氮循环能力并抑制了病原菌。SS与RS相比,仅提升了真菌中子囊菌门的相对丰度。综上,秸秆还田配施缓释肥有助于维持或者提高土壤养分有效性、作物产量及细菌真菌群落多样性,可以促进土壤碳氮循环。     

Rice responses to single application of coated urea on yield,dry matter accumulation,and nitrogen uptake in Southern China

Nitrogen is the most important element for rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth. However, excessive use of conventional urea leads to serious environmental problems in China. The objective of this study was to evaluate the release patterns of coated urea and response of rice to coated urea on dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake, and nitrogen use efficiencies on a clay soil. A two single-year experiment was carried out in southern China to evaluate two coated urea, polymer-coated urea (PCU) and polymer-sulfur coated urea (PSCU). Nitrogen (N) release patterns of PCU and PSCU were determined in the laboratory and in the field. The release rate of PSCU in the field was much higher than that in the laboratory. And PCU had a similar release pattern both in the field and laboratory. Compared with urea, rice fertilized with PCU and PSCU had similar dry matter accumulation, but higher grain yield and N use efficiencies. Recovery efficiency of PCU treatment reached 50% in 2012 and 60% in 2013, around 40% for PSCU, which was only 16% for single application of urea.     

减量施肥对湖垸旱地作物产量及氮磷径流损失的影响

为探明洞庭湖区旱地生产中的氮磷盈余问题, 利用在该区域连续两年的玉米 油菜轮作田间小区试验, 研究了常规施肥[玉米: 400 kg(N)·hm^-2, 90 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2, 135 kg(K₂O)·hm^-2; 油菜: 180 kg(N)·hm^-2, 65 kg(P₂O₅)·hm^-2, 60 kg(K₂O)·hm^-2]、常规施肥减氮15%、减氮30%、缓控释肥减氮30%+减磷20%、常规施肥减磷20%共5个处理下, 玉米和油菜产量、氮磷肥利用率、氮磷径流损失量以及土壤氮磷养分的变化。结果表明, 在研究区域现有施肥水平下(常规施肥), 减量施肥对玉米和油菜产量没有显著影响; 缓控释肥减氮30%+减磷20%处理下玉米和油菜对氮磷养分的利用率显著提高, 其中氮素利用率较常规施肥处理两年平均提高7.96%和4.89%、磷素利用率提高2.02%和2.56%; 同时, 减量施肥各处理下氮磷径流损失量与常规处理比较, 分别减少3.54%~29.36%和7.14%~35.71%; 试验期内, 减量施肥下土壤全量氮磷及硝态氮含量与常规施肥处理无显著差异。根据本研究结果, 各施肥处理中, 以缓控释肥减氮30%+减磷20%处理效果更佳。研究结果可以为该地区旱地作物合理施肥、区域农业面源污染防控和洞庭湖区水环境保护提供参考依据。     

氮肥对土壤氧化甲烷的影响研究

阐述了N肥用量、品种对土壤氧化甲垸(CH_4)的影响以及高浓度CH_4对这一影响的反作用,土壤可通过固定一定量的外源N确保土壤具有相对稳定的氧化大气CH_4能力,N含量低的土壤适量施用N肥可刺激甲烷氧化菌繁殖和功能的发挥,促进大气CH_4氧化。但当外源N用量超出一定范围时甲烷氧化菌Type Ⅰ对环境变化十分敏感,会产生抑制作用并表现为长期和短期2种效应,铵态氮具有短期更具长期效应,其直接结果是引起土壤中甲炕氧化菌尤其是Type Ⅰ数量的减少和作用的减弱,该抑制作用是单向、不可逆的。由于甲烷氧化菌Type Ⅰ和Ⅱ可被高浓度CH_4激活,不易受N肥的长期影响,有些水田土壤施用N肥甚至促进甲烷氧化菌繁殖,即N的影响是双向且可逆的。