Response of bean micronutrient nutrition to arsenic and salinity

The effects of different levels of arsenic (As) and salinity on bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Buenos Aires) nutrition were investigated. We studied the processes of absorption and accumulation of chloride (Cl) and micronutrient elements: boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). The experiment was performed in soilless culture at two levels of As: 2 and 5 mg As L^‐1 [added as sodium arsenite (NaAsO₂)], and three saline levels [only sodium chloride (NaCl) was added]: 1, 2, and 4 dSm^‐1. Sodium arsenite and NaCl significantly affected micronutrients allocation within the bean plant at levels used in this study. Arsenite depressed Mn and Cl concentrations in the root, whereas root B, Cu, and Zn levels were increased. Boron, Cu, Fe, and Cl concentrations were significantly higher in As‐stressed plants compared with controls. The addition of NaCl increased the Cl and Mn concentrations in roots and Cl, Fe, and Mn in leaves.     

间作和施氮对小麦和蚕豆籽粒淀粉及蛋白质含量的影响

  【目的】  探明小麦/蚕豆间作下作物籽粒淀粉和蛋白质含量的变化特征及其对氮肥施用的响应。  【方法】  小麦/蚕豆间作田间试验于2019和2020年在云南昆明进行,供试小麦品种为云麦52 (Triticum aestivum L.),蚕豆品种为玉溪大粒豆(Vicia faba L.)。种植模式包括小麦单作、蚕豆单作、小麦蚕豆间作。每个种植模式均设4个施氮水平,小麦分别为N 0、90、180、270 kg/hm2,蚕豆分别为N 0、45、90、135 kg/hm2。成熟期测定了小麦和蚕豆籽粒淀粉和蛋白质含量。  【结果】  随着氮肥施用量的增加,单作、间作小麦籽粒的淀粉含量均显著降低。在4个施氮水平下,2019和2020年间作小麦较单作小麦籽粒总淀粉含量分别提高了10%和22%,支链淀粉含量分别提高了5%和18%,直链淀粉含量分别提高了18%和28%。间作蚕豆相较于单作蚕豆显著降低了籽粒支链、直链和总淀粉含量,且年际间变异较大。2019和2020年间作小麦籽粒总蛋白含量较单作小麦分别提高了5%和6%,醇溶蛋白含量分别提高了9%和15%;蚕豆间作也较单作提高了两年的蚕豆籽粒球蛋白含量和2019年的醇溶蛋白含量,但对蚕豆籽粒总蛋白及其它蛋白组分含量无明显影响。  【结论】  小麦蚕豆间作有利于提高小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量,而对蚕豆籽粒蛋白质含量几乎无影响,因此,间作是一种具有品质优势的种植模式。     

Carbon costs of nitrate reduction in broad bean (Vicia faba L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants

The present study aimed at the assessment of carbon (C) costs for nitrate reduction by measuring the additional CO₂ amounts released from roots of nitrate‐fed plants in comparison with urea‐fed plants. Only roots were suitable for these determinations, because nitrate reduction in illuminated shoots is fed nearly exclusively by reducing equivalents coming directly from photosynthetic processes. Therefore, in a first experiment, the sites of nitrate reduction were determined in nodule‐free broad bean (Vicia faba L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants grown in pots filled with quartz sand and supplied with KNO₃. The extent of nitrate reduction in the various plant organs was determined by measuring in vitro nitrate reductase activity and in situ ¹⁵NO reduction. Only between 9% and 16% of nitrate were reduced in roots of German pea cultivars, whilst 52% to 65% were reduced in broad bean roots. Therefore, C costs of the process could be determined only in broad bean, using an additional pot experiment. The C costs amounted to about 4.76 mol C (mol N)^–1 or 4 mg C (mg N)^–1, similar to those measured earlier for N₂ fixation. The high proportion of nitrate reduction in shoots of pea plants implies that only very little C is required for this nitrate fraction. This can explain the better root growth of nitrate‐nourished pea plants in comparison with N₂‐fixing organisms, which need C compounds for N₂ reduction in roots. Moreover, a different availability of photosynthates in roots of plant genotypes could explain physiologically the occurrence of “shoot and root reducers” in nature.     

Effect of salinity on growth,nodulation and nitrogen assimilation in nodules of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

A commercial cultivar (Alborea) of faba bean (Vicia faba L. var. minor) was inoculated with salt-tolerant Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. viciae strain GRA19 in solution culture with different salt concentrations (0, 50, 75 and 100 mmoles l⁻¹ NaCl) added immediately at the time of inoculation. The results indicated that Rhizobium leguminosarum strain GRA19 formed an infective and effective symbiosis with faba bean under saline and nonsaline conditions. Salinity significantly decreased shoot and root dry weight, nodule weight and mean nodule weight. Roots were more sensitive than shoots, and N₂ fixation was more sensitive to salinity than was plant growth. Analyses of ammonium assimilating enzymes in the nodule showed that glutamine synthetase appeared to be more tolerant to salinity than glutamate synthase, and that it limits ammonium assimilation under saline stress.     

Agronomical and physiological aspects of ammonium and nitrate nutrition of plants

Field studies comparing yield responses of crops treated with different nitrogen fertilizer types have led to very contradictory results. This can be explained by the fact that the application of different forms of nitrogen may affect plant growth via numerous processes in the soil and within the plant. In this review the significance of these processes for nutrient availability in soil are briefly outlined. Then, data from literature and own results are used to show that an enhanced ammonium supply may promote certain yield components such as the number of ears per plant in wheat or the number of kernels per plant in maize whereas other yield components such as the number of grains per ear in cereals or the number of tillers in linseed may be adversely affected by ammonium supply. These different effects of ammonium and nitrate supply on yield structure of plants are related to physiological changes in the plant using a model.     

Drought and salinity: A comparison of their effects on mineral nutrition of plants

The increasing frequency of dry periods in many regions of the world and the problems associated with salinity in irrigated areas frequently result in the consecutive occurrence of drought and salinity on cultivated land. Currently, 50% of all irrigation schemes are affected by salinity. Nutrient disturbances under both drought and salinity reduce plant growth by affecting the availability, transport, and partitioning of nutrients. However, drought and salinity can differentially affect the mineral nutrition of plants. Salinity may cause nutrient deficiencies or imbalances, due to the competition of Na⁺ and Cl^– with nutrients such as K⁺, Ca²⁺, and NO . Drought, on the other hand, can affect nutrient uptake and impair acropetal translocation of some nutrients. Despite contradictory reports on the effects of nutrient supply on plant growth under saline or drought conditions, it is generally accepted that an increased nutrient supply will not improve plant growth when the nutrient is already present in sufficient amounts in the soil and when the drought or salt stress is severe. A better understanding of the role of mineral nutrients in plant resistance to drought and salinity will contribute to an improved fertilizer management in arid and semi‐arid areas and in regions suffering from temporary drought. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on plant nutrition under drought and salinity conditions. Specific topics include: (1) the effects of drought and salt stress on nutrient availability, uptake, transport, and accumulation in plants, (2) the interactions between nutrient supply and drought‐ or salt‐stress response, and (3) means to increase nutrient availability under drought and salinity by breeding and molecular approaches.     

不同品种小麦与蚕豆间作对蚕豆枯萎病发生、根系分泌物和根际微生物群落功能多样性的影响

通过田间小区试验和盆栽试验,研究了3个不同品种小麦［云麦42（YM42）,云麦47（YM47）和绵阳29（MY29）］与蚕豆间作对蚕豆枯萎病发生、 根系分泌物和根际微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明,云麦42与蚕豆间作处理（YM42//B）和云麦47与蚕豆间作处理（YM47//B）使蚕豆枯萎病病情指数分别降低47.6%和33.3%,而绵阳29与蚕豆间作处理（MY29//B）对蚕豆枯萎病病情指数无显著影响。与蚕豆单作相比,YM42//B和YM47//B处理显著增加了根系分泌物中有机酸的含量,显著降低了根系分泌物中可溶性总糖和游离氨基酸含量; 显著提高了蚕豆根际微生物对碳源的利用强度,明显改变了蚕豆根际微生物群落结构,并且YM42//B处理的影响大于YM47//B; 而MY29//B处理对碳源利用强度、 根际微生物群落结构和根系分泌物中有机酸、 可溶性总糖和游离氨基酸含量均无显著影响。 YM42//B处理根际微生物利用碳源的种类比YM47//B处理多,同时YM42//B和YM47//B处理利用的糖类、 氨基酸类和羧酸类碳源种类完全不同。表明云麦42和云麦47与蚕豆间作通过增加有机酸含量,从而提高根际微生物活性和多样性,促进了根际微生物利用更多的碳源,同时云麦42和云麦47与蚕豆间作抑制了氨基酸和总糖的分泌,而最终控制了蚕豆枯萎病的发生。表明不同品种小麦与蚕豆间作系统根系分泌物-根际微生物的互作是影响蚕豆枯萎病抗性的重要原因。小麦与蚕豆间作控病效果受小麦品种的影响,以云麦42与蚕豆间作效果最好,其次为云麦47与蚕豆间作,而绵阳29与蚕豆间作无显著控病效果。     

The role of potassium fertilizer in nodulation and nitrogen fixation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants under drought stress

Three-week-old nodulated faba bean plants were subjected to different levels of drought stress (onehalf, one-quarter, or one-eighth field capacity) for 5 weeks. Half the stressed plants were treated with KCl at 10 mg kg^-1 soil or 150 mg kg^-1 soil at the beginning of the drought stress. Nodulation and nitrogenase activity were significantly decreased by increasing drought stress. Leghaemoglobin and protein contents of nodule cytosol were also severely inhibited by drought sttess. This decline was attributed to the induction of protease activity. However, carbohydrate contents of the nodule cytosol increased significantly. This accumulation was attributed to a sharp decline in invertase activity and low use of sugar by the bacteroids We conclude that harmful effects of water deficits can be alleviated by increasing K⁺ supplementation.     

Physiological studies on salinity and nitrogen interaction in alfalfa plants: III. nitrate reductase activity

Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was determined to investigate the effect of salinity and nitrogen (N) interactions on alfalfa [Medicago sativa (L) cv. Gilboa] during its vegetative growth. Increasing levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) (0, 30, 65, and 100 mM) decreased NRA in both plant parts, i.e., root and leaf, however to a lesser extent in leaves. The inclusion of Neither as nitrate (NO₃) or ammonium (NH₄) (0, 3, and 6 mM) to the nutrient medium resulted in a substantial enhancement of NR activity in salinized and non‐salinized plants as well.     

Ferrous and ferric iron ratio in normal and chlorotic bean plants (Vicia faba L.)

The objective of this study was to determine the ratio and amount of Fe II and Fe III iron in different parts of 20 and 40 day old bean plants grown in pots under normal and HCO-treatment. The Fe II and Fe III iron determination was carried out by a modification of a method described by Vogel (1969). The Fe II and Fe III concentrations in the plant varied according to its age, the plant part, the order of leaves and HCO-treatment. At the second sampling date, the lower total iron content in the lower leaf particularly under the HCO-treatment suggests that the supply of iron from the roots was restricted. The iron content of the different leaves was almost evenly divided into Fe II and Fe III at the first date. At the second date, most of the iron in the bud leaf was present as Fe II. Under HCO-treatment the Fe II content of the bud leaf and the flower was similar as in the corresponding parts of the normal green plants whereas the Fe III content was considerably lowered in these plant parts as result of the HCO-treatment. The results indicate a substantial retranslocation of iron from older to younger leaves and a higher Fe II/Fe III ratio in flowers and bud leaves particularly under HCO-induced chlorosis.     

Effects of intercropping and Rhizobium inoculation on yield and rhizosphere bacterial community of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

The effects of intercropping with maize and Rhizobium inoculation on the yield of faba bean and rhizosphere bacterial diversity were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, amplified 16S rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), and 16S rDNA sequencing. The results showed that intercropping but not Rhizobium inoculation significantly increased the faba bean yield. Probably the relatively high level of native rhizobia in soil annulled the effect of rhizobia inoculation. ARDRA results showed that intercropping did not affect bacterial diversity whereas Rhizobium inoculation decreased bacterial diversity. The canonical correspondence analysis showed that the composition of bacterial community was changed apparently by intercropping, and there was a positive correlation (P = 0.724) between faba bean yields and intercropping and an apparent correlation (P = 0.648) between intercropping and total N. The available content of K and P had a lower effect on the bacterial community composition than did the total N content, Rhizobium inoculation, and microbial biomass C. Rhizobium inoculation negatively correlated with microbial biomass C (P = −0.827). These results revealed a complex interaction among the intercropped crops, inoculation with rhizobia, and indigenous bacteria and implied that the increase of faba bean production in intercropping might be related to the modification of rhizosphere bacterial community.     

Effects of wheat/faba bean intercropping on soil nitrogen transformation processes

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Intercropping can increase crop production and maintain soil organic matter levels in soil. The underlying mechanisms are associated with above- and below-ground...     

小麦/蚕豆间作条件下小麦的氮、钾营养对小麦白粉病的影响

通过小麦/蚕豆间作盆栽试验,研究比较了单作和间作条件下不同氮、钾营养水平对小麦氮、钾养分吸收和小麦白粉病发生的影响。结果表明:小麦蚕豆间作提高小麦子粒产量74.7%～133.9%,低氮条件下,间作提高小麦氮吸收量14.7%～169%;在高氮条件下,间作提高氮吸收量的优势降低;间作提高小麦钾吸收量32%～69%,增施钾肥提高小麦钾吸收量25.5%～57.3%。小麦间作蚕豆能明显减轻小麦白粉病的发生,间作平均防效达42.1%～83.1%;小麦白粉病的发生与小麦茎叶的氮吸收量呈显著正相关关系,r=0.623*～0.702*.*。     

不同磷水平下小麦蚕豆间作对根际有效磷及磷吸收的影响

【目的】探明不同磷水平下小麦–蚕豆间作对根际有效磷含量及作物磷吸收量的影响,提高磷肥利用率。【方法】2015—2016和2016—2017两季田间试验在云南农业大学试验基地耕作红壤上进行,供试小麦品种为云麦-52,蚕豆品种为玉溪大粒豆。设施P2O5 0 (P0)、45 (P45)和90 kg/hm^2 (P90)三个水平,和单作(M,包括小麦单作MW和蚕豆单作MF)和间作(I)两种种植模式。每季在小麦分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期,蚕豆分枝期、开花期、结荚期、籽粒膨大期、收获期采取根际土样测定有效磷含量。在小麦蚕豆收获期测定单、间作小麦、蚕豆产量,并测定作物地上部磷含量。计算土地当量比(LER)来衡量间作优势,并用磷肥农学利用率来反映磷肥的吸收效率。【结果】与单作相比,在P0、P45、P90水平下,2016年间作种植显著提高了小麦籽粒产量12.5%、21.7%和17.3%,2017年间作蚕豆产量较单作分别降低了16.8%、11.7%和8.2%。三个磷水平下,小麦–蚕豆间作具有产量优势,土地当量比(LER)为0.95~1.18。与常规施磷水平(P90)下的单作相比,小麦–蚕豆间作条件下,磷肥减施1/2 (P45)并未降低小麦和蚕豆产量。间作种植对小麦根际有效磷含量无显著影响(除2016年成熟期外),但2017年,在蚕豆分枝期、开花期、结荚期,间作则分别降低蚕豆根际有效磷含量20.8%、44.5%和18%。与P90单作相比,间作P45处理几乎不会降低小麦、蚕豆根际有效磷含量。小麦、蚕豆磷吸收量主要受磷水平的调控,种植模式对小麦和蚕豆磷的吸收量及磷肥农学利用率均没有影响。【结论】在本试验条件下,小麦–蚕豆间作提高了小麦籽粒产量,降低了蚕豆产量;间作种植主要是改变了蚕豆生育前期根际有效磷含量,但对作物的磷吸收量没有影响。小麦–蚕豆间作具有减施磷肥、维持作物产量和根际土壤有效磷的潜力。     

Arsenic uptake,distribution, and accumulation in bean plants: Effect of Arsenite and salinity on plant growth and yield

The response of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to different levels of arsenic (As) and salinity was investigated, including the processes of uptake, distribution, and accumulation of As and the effect of arsenite and salinity on plant growth and fruit production. The experiment was performed in soilless culture at two levels of As: 2 and 5 mg As L^‐1 [added as sodium arsenite (NaAsO₂)], and three saline levels [only sodium chloride (NaCl) was added]: 1,000,2,000, and 4,000 μS#lbcM^‐1. Arsenic uptake and concentration in root increased upon increased NaAsO₂ concentration in the nutrient solution. However, the increase in the As root content was not proportional to the As level in the nutrient solution. High levels of salinity in solution decreased As uptake and the concentration of As in root, stem, and leaf. Upon uptake, As was readily translocated to the aerial organs and approximately half of the absorbed As was transported to the upper parts of the bean plants. The As concentration in fruit always remained below the recommended limit for As content in fruit and edible vegetal products. While salinity did not significantly affect plant growth, arsenite was found to be phytotoxic to the bean plants.     

小麦//蚕豆间作中的种间氮营养差异比较研究

通过根系分隔和15N标记土壤的盆栽试验,研究间作蚕豆和小麦对不同氮素来源利用的差异。结果表明,根系不分隔的处理小麦生长改善,其生物量、吸氮量都高于其它2种分隔方式;蚕豆的生长则表现被抑制,其生物量在根系不分隔时生物量和吸氮量皆最低。在尼龙网分隔的处理中,小麦植株体内15N%丰度高于其它2种分隔方式,而蚕豆则表现为根系未分隔的处理15N%丰度最低。表明小麦竞争肥料氮的能力强于蚕豆,小麦的竞争促进了蚕豆固定更多的空气氮。     

氮肥用量对油菜//蚕豆间作系统作物产量及养分吸收的影响

油菜间作蚕豆方式中的养分吸收利用特征少见报道,本研究通过田间小区试验探讨了不同施氮水平下间作对作物产量及氮、钾养分吸收利用的影响。通过研究表明,油菜间作蚕豆具有显著的间作产量优势,间作方式中油菜的竞争能力强于蚕豆。间作平均提高油菜产量15.6%～44.5%,提高蚕豆产量12.1%～26%。不同施氮条件下,间作土地当量比（LER）=1.14～1.67,N112.5条件下LER最大,N225条件下,作物产量最高。间作提高了油菜地上部氮吸收量,其中间作第一行间作第三行单作,在农民习惯施肥水平（N337.5）条件下间作养分吸收优势消失。随着氮肥施用量的增加,单、间作油菜氮吸收量随之增加。间作油菜子粒氮吸收量、钾吸收量在推荐施氮（N225）条件下达到最大值。不同施氮条件下,单、间作油菜地上部钾吸收量没有差异。间作促进氮素营养由营养器官向生殖器官转移,但对钾素营养的分配没有影响。     

不同氮磷水平下小麦-蚕豆间作对产量稳定性的影响

研究不同氮或磷水平下小麦-蚕豆间作对产量稳定性的影响,为小麦-蚕豆间作系统的高产稳产及合理施肥提供理论依据。通过5年(2015～2019年)的田间定位试验,设4个氮水平(N0-0 kg·hm-2、N1-90 kg·hm-2、N2-180 kg·hm-2和N3-270 kg·hm-2)、3个磷水平(P0-0 kg·hm-2,P1-45 kg·hm-2和P2-90 kg·hm-2)和3种种植模式(小麦单作、蚕豆单作和小麦-蚕豆间作),分析小麦-蚕豆间作系统的产量稳定性。结果表明:与单作相比,4个氮水平下5年间作小麦平均籽粒产量分别增加32.9%、26.1%、21.9%、14.7%,3个磷水平下5年间作小麦平均籽粒产量分别增加16.7%、20.5%、21.9%。不同氮或磷水平下,小麦-蚕豆间作具有产量优势,平均土地当量比分别为1.12和1.10。间作提高了小麦产量的稳定性,降低了蚕豆产量的稳定性,且适当施氮或磷肥可以提高小麦-蚕豆间作系统的产量稳定性。间作提高了小麦的土壤地力贡献率,增加了小麦的磷肥贡献率,但降低了其氮肥贡献率。低氮(N1)或低磷(P1)条件下,小麦-蚕豆间作可以维持产量的稳定性。在本试验条件下,小麦-蚕豆间作具有减施氮磷肥、维持作物产量及其稳定性的潜力。     

Collection, evaluation and classification of Greek populations of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

Fifty-five Greek Vicia faba L. populations, collected from diverse areas, were planted at two dry and low fertility sites for evaluation and classification. Yield evaluation, which was carried out by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on the basis of seven yield traits, showed the number of pods per plant, number of ovules and seeds per pod, and branching from the basal nodes to be the most important traits for population evaluation regarding yield. For population classification, four dissimilarity coefficients (Manhattan, Average Taxonomic Distance, Euclidean distance and squared Euclidean distance) and four multivariate methods (PCA, UPGMA, Neighbor-joining and Principal Coordinate Analysis) were evaluated using fifteen morphological and seven yield traits. Neighbor-joining was chosen as the most suitable multivariate method. This method combined with PCA for the seven yield traits, placed the populations into six groups. As revealed by the application of PCA on all twenty-two traits the grouping was based mainly on pod characteristics, stem thickness, plant height, 1000 seed weight and branching from basal nodes. Based on the results of the present study, a model is proposed for conserving cross-pollinated species, such as faba bean.     

不同施氮量对小麦蚕豆间作体系中产量和根系特征的影响

通过盆栽试验,以小麦(Tricum aestivum)和蚕豆(Vicia faba)为研究对象,分别设置根系分隔[尼龙分隔(MB)、塑料分隔(PB)、无分隔(NB)]3种种植方式,系统探讨间作条件下,不同施氮量小麦、蚕豆根系形态变化特征,为进一步探明间作体系作物的增产机制提供依据。结果表明:随施氮量增加,小麦产量增加;蚕豆根系直径、表面积增加。低氮量条件(N/2)下,与塑料分隔(PB)和尼龙分隔(MB)相比,无分隔(NB)小麦根长分别增加0.66%和2.61%,根系表面积分别增加56.14%和52.75%,比根长分别增加18.55%和64.92%,比表面积分别增加64.04%和82.98%;无分隔(NB)蚕豆产量分别增加26.29%和34.84%,根系干重分别增加35.1%和45.4%,根系表面积分别增加72.66%和29.12%,根系直径分别增加66.67%和14.82%,根系体积分别增加9.55%和5.91%,比表面积分别增加165.62%和134.76%。小麦产量与根长和根系表面积呈正相关,而蚕豆产量与根长呈负相关,与根系比表面积呈正相关。不同间作体系,作物之间根系形态变化是影响产量变化的表面驱动因子,低氮量环境下,根系间作程度越高,效果越明显。