Evaluation of plant growth promoting activities of microbial strains and their effect on growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in India

The aims of our study were to enhance growth, yield and disease control of chickpea by various combinations of microbial strains (Mesorhizobium, Azotobacter chroococcum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Trichoderma harzianum). Pseudomonas and Trichoderma showed positive IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) production, phosphate solubilisation and antagonistic activities against Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani as compared to other strains. In two year investigations, tetra-inoculants have shown significant growth attributes, yield and phytopathogen growth inhibition followed by tri-inoculants than control. Therefore, tetra-inoculants (Mesorhizobium-Azotobacter-Pseudomonas-Trichoderma) may be used as efficient biofertilizer and bio-control agent for chickpea production (Cicer arietinum L.) in eastern Uttar Pradesh.     

IAA and 4‐Cl‐IAA Increases the Growth and Nitrogen Fixation in Mung Bean

A commonly occurring auxin indole‐3‐aceticacid (IAA) and a rarely occurring chlorosubstituted auxin (4‐Cl‐IAA) were compared for their impact on growth and nitrogen metabolism in mung bean for the first time. The plants were generated from healthy and Rhizobium coated seeds in earthen pots. The seedlings at 7 and/or 14 days were percolated with 0, 10^?10, 10^?8, or 10^?6 M of IAA or 4‐Cl‐IAA. The plants were sampled at 30 days after sowing (DAS) to assess the growth and various biochemical characteristics. The auxins significantly enhanced the growth (length and dry mass of shoot and root), nodule fresh mass, nitrogenase activity in fresh nodules, leaf carbonic anhydrase activity, chlorophyll content, and rate of photosynthesis. The effect of the auxins lasted up to the harvest where the seed yield, 100 seed mass, and number of pods per plant were significantly affected by the auxins. At a moderate concentration (10^?8 M), 4‐Cl‐IAA generated the best response. However, a comparable response was generated by the higher concentration (10^?6 M) of 4‐Cl‐IAA. The application of the hormone twice (at 7 and 14 DAS) was much more effective than single application (at 7 or 14 DAS). It was concluded that IAA and 4‐Cl‐IAA improved the growth and nitrogen fixation in mung bean. The 4‐Cl‐IAA proved more effective than IAA.     

Effects of Lead,EDTA, and IAA on Nutrient Uptake by Alfalfa Plants

ABSTRACT

The element concentrations of alfalfa plants exposed for 10 d to 40 mg lead (Pb) L^{? 1} from lead nitrate [Pb(NO₃)₂] alone, or combined with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), was determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Indole-3-acetic acid at 10 μ M and Pb/EDTA/IAA at 10 μ M increased potassium (K) concentration in roots by 87% and 94%, respectively (P < 0.05). However, IAA at 100 μ M decreased K concentration in leaves (P < 0.05). Plants exposed to 100 μ M IAA, Pb/IAA at 100 μ M, and Pb/EDTA/IAA at 100 μ M had, respectively, 30%, 55%, and 40% more sulfur (S) in leaves than control plants (P < 0.05). Lead and Pb/IAA reduced Ca concentration in stems and leaves (P < 0.05). Conversely, Pb and Pb/EDTA increased Cu concentration in roots and stems. IAA at 100 μ M, Pb, and Pb/EDTA/IAA decreased Zn concentration in roots (P < 0.05). Manganese (Mn) and molybdenum (Mo) concentration in roots and stems was lower in plants treated with Pb and Pb/IAA (P < 0.05). Pb and Pb/IAA reduced (P < 0.05) the iron (Fe) concentration in roots. However, the addition of EDTA and IAA at 10 μ M reduced the negative effects of Pb on Fe absorption.     

缺锌对玉米根系发育、生长素含量及生长素转运基因表达的影响

【目的】研究缺锌对玉米根系生长及根系中生长素含量与生长素运输关键基因表达的影响,揭示缺锌胁迫下玉米根系生长与生长素响应特征。【方法】以郑单958玉米为材料,进行营养液培养试验,设置Zn 0缺锌 (0 μmol/L) 和正常供锌 (1 μmol/L) 两个处理。植株干样经硝酸–过氧化氢消煮,利用原子吸收分光光度计测定消煮液锌浓度。保存于FAA溶液 (70% 乙醇︰38% 甲醛︰乙酸 = 90︰5︰5,体积比) 中的根系样品,经洗涤扫描获得数字图像,利用WinRHIZO软件分析得到根长、根表面积、根体积等指标;采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测根系中生长素吲哚乙酸含量;采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对玉米根系生长素转运基因ZmAUX1和ZmPIN1c表达进行定量分析。【结果】缺锌胁迫下,植株地上部锌含量低于20 μg/g,生物量显著降低;缺锌根系表面积与体积变小,总根长、侧根总长度与侧根平均长度变短,侧根密度增大,直径变细。缺锌条件下,距根尖2 cm的区域中生长素较正常供锌处理降低近30%。缺锌根系中ZmAUX1和ZmPIN1c基因表达明显受抑。【结论】缺锌胁迫下玉米根系中生长素转运关键基因表达降低,生长素含量下降,生长素分布改变,影响根系生长发育。     

Effect of different management on biochemical properties of organic matter in Fragi-Stagnic Albeluvisols

Abstract

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of N_total, N-NH₄ ⁺, N-NO₃ ^?, total organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and also activity of nitrate reductase as well as activity of urease from Fragi-Stagnic Albeluvisols' organic matter in a field experiment (crop rotation: potato – spring wheat – spring barley). Samples were obtained from long-term field studies at Eerika near Tartu, Estonia, and from the forest Tiksoja. The experimental plots were under different regimes of organic and mineral fertilizers. The concentrations of N_total, indole-3-acetic acid, activity of urease and C/N ratios were generally the highest in the forest soil Tiksoja. Application of organic and mineral fertilizers increased the activity of both enzymes as well as the concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid in soils. The various fertilizer regimes influenced biochemical factors in soils as well as crop yields. The increase of crop yields was associated with the activity of both enzymes and the content of indole-3-acetic acid in soils.     

Brominated phenols as auxin-like molecules

2,6-Dibromophenol (DBP) was reported as an auxin-like molecule using molecular quantum similarity measures. In this study, the auxin activity of this molecule and its chlorinated homologue is further determined using a bacterial biosensor: the auxin-inducible ipdC promoter of Azospirillum brasilense. We were able to demonstrate that DBP can induce gene expression, but to a lesser extent than the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and that DBP is not an antagonist for the IAA signalling pathway. To investigate the role of the bromine groups, the molecule 2,6-dichlorophenol (DCP) was also tested for gene expression induction. However, no induction could be observed. In a second part, DBP and other molecules were modelled in the auxin-binding pocket of the plant auxin receptor TIR1 to evaluate theoretical binding energies. Both DBP and its chlorinated homologue DCP are not strong ligands compared to other known auxins such as IAA. The importance of a carboxylated side chain for optimal binding (and probably auxin activity) was demonstrated.     

Promotion of plant growth by an auxin-producing isolate of the yeast Williopsis saturnus endophytic in maize (Zea mays L.) roots

A plant-growth-promoting isolate of the yeast Williopsis saturnus endophytic in maize roots was found to be capable of producing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPYA) in vitro in a chemically defined medium. It was selected from among 24 endophytic yeasts isolated from surface-disinfested maize roots and evaluated for their potential to produce IAA and to promote maize growth under gnotobiotic and glasshouse conditions. The addition of l-tryptophan (L-TRP), as a precursor for auxins, to the medium inoculated with W. saturnus enhanced the production of IAA and IPYA severalfold compared to an L-TRP-non-amended medium. The introduction of W. saturnus to maize seedlings by the pruned-root dip method significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the growth of maize plants grown under gnotobiotic and glasshouse conditions in a soil amended with or without L-TRP. This was evident from the increases in the dry weights and lengths of roots and shoots and also in the significant (P<0.05) increases in the levels of in planta IAA and IPYA compared with control plants grown in L-TRP-amended or non-amended soil. The plant growth promotion by W. saturnus was most pronounced in the presence of L-TRP as soil amendment compared to seedlings inoculated with W. saturnus and grown in soil not amended with L-TRP. In the glasshouse test, W. saturnus was recovered from inside the root at all samplings, up to 8 weeks after inoculation, indicating that the roots of healthy maize may be a habitat for the endophytic yeast. An endophytic isolate of Rhodotorula glutinis that was incapable of producing detectable levels of IAA or IPYA in vitro failed to increase the endogenous levels of IAA and IPYA and failed to promote plant growth compared to W. saturnus, although colonization of maize root tissues by R. glutinis was similar to that of W. saturnus. Both endophytic yeasts, W. saturnus and R. glutinis, were incapable of producing in vitro detectable levels of gibberellic acid, isopentenyl adenine, isopentenyl adenoside or zeatin in their culture filtrates. This study is the first published report to demonstrate the potential of an endophytic yeast to promote plant growth. This is also the first report of the production of auxins by yeasts endophytic in plant roots.     

Stress-responsive indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis by Azospirillum brasilense SM and its ability to modulate plant growth

Plant growth promotion by Azospirillum brasilense SM has been attributed to its indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production. Analysis of IAA biosynthesis by this strain under nutrient stresses, likely environmental fluctuations and long-term batch cultures suggested that they significantly influenced this function, with some conditions (fluctuations in temperature) triggering IAA accumulation. In long-term batch cultures (of 30 days), the bacterial population was maintained at a specific cell density and produced IAA even after a sharp decline in population size, albeit fluctuations were observed in both the parameters. Long-term bacterial cultures under nitrogen starvation showed the same trend in cell viability; however, a continuous increase in IAA accumulation was seen over time. This study has shown that A. brasilense strain SM has the potential to be a competent rhizospheric bacterium as it can beneficially influence the growth of sorghum. Further, it also has the ability to promote the growth of a number of other plants like mung bean, maize, and wheat. The benefit of this characteristic of strain SM can be directly accrued to a range of plants with which it may associate so as to improve their yield.     

Establishment of seed germination and micropropagation protocols for Senegalia nigrescens,a potential anti-virulent species

This study describes seed germination and micropropagation of Senegalia nigrescens, an economic, medicinal and nitrogen-fixing species of South Africa. Seeds of S. nigrescens were subjected to pre-sowing treatments including soaking in cold water for 24?h, sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) or hydrochloric acid (HCl) for 4, 8 and 12?min and mechanically scarifying seeds before sowing on Petri plates with wet filter paper. Mechanically-scarified seeds were also sown aseptically on a filter paper bridge, plain agar, ½ or full strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium. Single nodal explants from MS-derived seedlings were grown on MS media supplemented with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg?L^?1 of benzylaminopurine (BAP) or kinetin (KIN) and a combination of 0.5 mg?L^?1 of BAP and KIN to investigate shoot multiplication. No significant differences were observed in the number of shoots produced across all treatments. However, the treatment containing 1.0 mg?L^?1 KIN produced a significantly higher shoot length (14.17?±?5.20 mm) than 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg?L^?1 BAP (7.67?±?3.87, 6.75?±?2.93 and 8.70?±?3.56 mm, respectively). The highest rooting rate (16.7%) was obtained on ¼ strength MS supplemented with either indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at concentrations 1.0 and 0.5 mg?L^?1, respectively. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatised with a 66.7% survival rate. The findings from this study would be of great benefit for the commercial propagation of S. nigrescens.     

Promotion of plant growth by phytohormone-producing endophytic microbes of sugar beet

Three plant-growth-promoting isolates of endophytic bacteria from sugar beet roots produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in vitro in a chemically defined medium. The three isolates were selected from 221 endophytic bacteria isolated from surface-disinfected beet roots and evaluated for potential to produce IAA and to promote beet growth under gnotobiotic and glasshouse conditions. The inoculation of roots of beet by three selected bacteria isolates significantly increased plant height fresh and dry weights and number of leaves per plant, as well as levels (p < 0.01) of phytormones compared with control plants. In the glasshouse test, the three selected bacterial isolates were recovered from inside roots in all samplings, up to 8 weeks after inoculation, indicating that the roots of healthy beet may be a habitat for these endophytic bacteria.     

Rhizobium strain,a banana (Musa spp.)-associated bacterium with a high potential as biofertilizer

A diazotrophic bacterial strain denominated 11B isolated from the rhizosphere of a banana plant (Musa spp.) was characterized morphologically, biochemically, and phylogenetically, whereas the symbiotic potential of the strain was assessed through tests of host range, interstrain nodulation competitiveness, and capacity to synthesize indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and solubilize phosphate. Based on morphological and physiological–biochemical properties, as well as 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) sequence and phylogenetic analysis, the strain 11B belonged to the genus Rhizobium with 100.0% sequence similarity with Rhizobium tropici CAF440. The optimum growth temperature and pH for strain 11B are 28°C and 7.2, respectively. This strain was able to produce IAA, solubilize phosphate, and fix large amounts of nitrogen (N₂) and form effective nodules on the legumes Acaciella angustissima, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Lysiloma acapulcensis, and Phaseolus vulgaris. The rhizobial strain 11B was used successfully as a biofertilizer in agriculturally important legumes, forest trees, and agroindustrial plants.     

不同外源激素处理对桦叶四蕊槭扦插生根的影响

[目的]研究不同外源激素类型、不同浓度水平以及不同直径插穗对桦叶四蕊槭扦插生根的影响,为探寻高效繁殖体系以及为人工栽培和园林生产提供科学指导。[方法]利用扦插试验和统计分析方法开展研究。[结果](1)经过吲哚乙酸(IAA),吲哚丁酸(IBA),萘乙酸(NAA)和赤霉素(GA)这4种外源激素处理的插穗扦插生根率,均明显高于对照,其中IBA处理的效果最好;(2)在0~400mg/L这4个水平浓度中,IAA,IBA,NAA和GA分别在50,200,50,50mg/L时,所处理的插穗扦插达到其各自生根率的最大值;(3)粗插穗(D≥7mm)的平均生根率最高,达54%,其中以200mg/L的IBA处理效果最好,生根率达到77%。[结论]桦叶四蕊槭扦插生根的最优组合为,9月上旬,选用直径D≥7mm的插穗,用200mg/L的IBA处理。     

Auxin production by rhizobacteria was associated with improved yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought stress

Drought tolerant rhizobacteria of the genus Bacillus, Enterobacter, Moraxella and Pseudomonas colonizing the root system of Acacia arabica were isolated to mitigate the drought stress of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In vitro auxin production by rhizobacteria was quantified by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). Analysis of the crude extracts detected the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA) and indole-3-lactic acid (ILA). Highest IAA production of 25.9 µg ml^?1 was observed for Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S-134. Pot trials were conducted to evaluate the role of rhizobacteria to enhance the growth of wheat at different water regimes. At highest water stress i.e. 10% field capacity (FC), significant improvement of shoot length was observed with B. amyloliquefaciens S-134. For yield parameters, B. muralis D-5 and E. aerogenes S-10 recorded 34% and 1 fold increases for spike length and seed weight, over respective control at 10% FC. Mixed culture combinations of M-2 (B. thuringiensis S-26, D-2, B. amyloliquefaciens S-134, B. simplex D-11) and M-3 (M. pluranimalium S-29, B. simplex D-1, B. muralis D-5, P. stutzeri S-80) showed significant improvement for tillers and number of spikelets. In conclusion, application of the drought tolerant rhizobacteria can help to overcome productivity losses in drought prone areas.     

A diazotrophic, indole-3-acetic acid-producing endophyte from wild cottonwood

An endophytic bacterium, wild poplar strain B (WPB), isolated from stems of wild cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) was identified to Burkholderia vietnamiensis by analyzing the recA and rDNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the nifHDK cluster indicates that the WPB isolate shares high sequence similarity with known B. vietnamiensis strains. The nitrogenase activity of WPB was determined by a ¹⁵N₂ incorporation assay and an acetylene reduction assay. WPB was also monitored for production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a phytohormone which can promote plant growth, when incubated with l-tryptophan. In addition, its plant growth promotion capacity was assessed by inoculating the WPB strain onto Kentucky bluegrass in nitrogen-free medium. Compared to uninoculated control plants, the plants inoculated with WPB gained more dry weight (42%, p = 0.01) and more nitrogen content (37%, p = 0.04) in 50 days.     

Arsenic-contaminated soils phytotoxicity studies with sunflower and sorghum

Background, Aim and Scope  Environmental pollution caused by arsenic (As) is a major ecological problem. There has been intense worldwide effort to find As-hyperaccumulating plants that can be used in phytoremediation—the green-plant-assisted removal of chemical pollutants from soils. For phytoremediation, it is natural to prefer cultivated rather than wild plants, because their agriculture is well known. This study was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of common sunflower(Helianthus annuus L.) and sugar sorghum(Sorghum saccharatum Pers.) for soil-As contents of 10–100 mg As kg^-1 soil, with sodium arsenite as a model contaminant. Methods  Plants were grown in a growth chamber for 30 days. Microfield experiments were conducted on experimental plots. To study the phytoremediation effect of the auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), we treated 1- and 3-day-old plant seedlings with water solutions of the auxins (concentrations 10^-5, 10^-7, and 10^-9 g l^-1). The soil and plant-biomass samples were analyzed for total As by using the color reaction of ammonium molybdate with As. Results and Discussion  Phytotoxicity studies showed that 100 mg As kg^-1 soil poisoned sunflower and sorghum growth by 50%. There was a linear correlation between soil-As content and As accumulation in the plants. Laboratory experiments showed that the soil-As content was reduced two- to threefold after sunflower had been grown with 10–100 mg As kg^-1 soil for 30 days. Treatment of sunflower and sorghum seedlings with IAA and 2,4-D at a concentration of 10^-5 g l^-1 in microfield experiments enhanced the phytoremediation two- to fivefold as compared with untreated control plants. The best results were obtained with 3-day-old seedlings. Conclusion, Recommendation and Outlook  (a) Sunflower and sorghum are good candidates to remediate As-polluted soils. (b) Phytoremediation can be improved with IAA or 2,4-D. (c) Mixed cropping of sorghum and sunflower may be another way of improving phytoremediation.     

Co-inoculation of Pseudomonas spp. with Rhizobium improves growth and symbiotic performance of fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.)

The effect of Rhizobium galegae alone and in combination with root colonising Pseudomonas strains on the growth of fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) was studied under greenhouse conditions in potting soil containing low levels of nitrogen. Eight weeks after sowing combined inoculations of fodder galega with R. galegae bv. orientalis HAMBI 540 and Pseudomonas trivialis 3Re27 or Pseudomonas extremorientalis TSAU20 had increased shoot and root dry matter, as compared with inoculation with R. galegae HAMBI 540 alone. Both Pseudomonas strains produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in culture but R. galegae did not. While the cellulase producing strain P. trivialis 3Re27 was able to significantly increase nodule numbers and nitrogen content of the co-inoculated plants, the cellulase-negative P. extremorientalis TSAU20 showed no significant stimulation of nodule numbers and nitrogen content in roots. We conclude that P. trivialis 3Re27 improve rhizobia–legume interactions, acting as “rhizobium helper bacteria”. The production of IAA and/or cellulase by Pseudomonas strains may contribute to such a positive effect.     

打顶后喷施油菜素内酯和生长素对烤烟田间生长、碳氮代谢及烟叶品质的影响

通过田间试验研究了打顶后喷施油菜素内酯(BR)和生长素(IAA)对烤烟田间生长、碳氮代谢及烟叶品质的影响。试验共设置6个处理,分别为:T1,清水;T2,10 mg?kg?1 BR;T3,10 mg?kg?1 IAA;T4,20 mg?kg?1 IAA;T5,10 mg?kg?1 IAA+10 mg?kg?1 BR;T6,20 mg?kg?1 IAA+10 mg?kg?1 BR。在打顶当天、打顶后15 d和30 d时测定烟株顶部5片烟叶的叶面积和各部位的干物质重,在打顶当天、打顶后10 d、20 d、30 d时测定烟株碳氮代谢关键酶的活性。结果表明:1)打顶后喷施油菜素内酯和生长素能不同程度地促进上部烟叶开片,促进烟株根系生长,提高上部烟叶的产量,且以二者同时喷施时效果较好;2)除对照处理外,各处理的硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均表现为先升高后降低,蔗糖转化酶和淀粉酶活性均表现为先降低后略微升高的变化趋势,说明打顶后喷施油菜素内酯和生长素能增强烟株的碳氮代谢强度,但在一定程度上推迟了烟叶成熟落黄时期,延长了生育期;3)打顶后喷施油菜素内酯和生长素可以有效提高烟叶钾含量、钾氯比、有机钾指数,并降低中、上部烟叶的烟碱和氯含量,且以对上部叶的作用效果最为明显,以二者同时施用时作用效果最好;4)处理T6(20 mg?kg?1 IAA+10 mg?kg?1 BR)促进烟株生长和提高烟叶品质的效果最佳,能使上部烟叶的钾含量、钾氯比、有机钾指数相对于对照T1分别提高40.9%、68.5%和0.524,使氯含量和烟碱分别降低16.2%和16.3%。总的来看,打顶后喷施油菜素内酯和生长素可以促进烟株生长,增强碳氮代谢,提高烟叶钾含量、钾氯比和有机钾指数,降低烟碱和氯含量,进而提高烟叶的产质量。     

Potent enantioselective auxin: indole-3-succinic acid.

Low levels of synthetic auxins are used as root growth promoters for a wide variety of botanicals. When properly used, they can produce earlier and more prolific root growth. Indole-3-succinic acid (ISA) is a chiral compound that can be synthesized as a racemate. Its enantiomers were resolved by both chromatography and diastereomeric crystallization. The absolute configuration of each enantiomer was determined by X-ray crystallography and then tested for auxin activity. The relative effectiveness of the ISA enantiomers was determined and compared to the achiral synthetic auxin indole-3-butyric acid and to the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid.     

Effect of different fertilization treatments on indole-3-acetic acid producing bacteria in soil

Purpose  

Soil microorganisms directly affect the growth of plants. Especially, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) play an important role in plant growth. There are many studies about the effects of different fertilization treatments on soil microbial community structure; however, the effects on PGPR, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-producing bacteria have not been previously reported. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of different types of fertilizers on IAA-producing bacteria.     

低磷胁迫下熊猫豆侧根增多的生理机制研究

采用溶液培养方法,通过外源添加生长素吲哚-3-乙酸（IAA）及生长素极性运输抑制剂2,3,5-三碘苯甲酸（TIBA）,研究了低磷胁迫下熊猫豆根系构型与生长素相关代谢酶活性之间的关系,以阐明生长素在低磷胁迫下塑造植物根系构型的作用。结果表明,熊猫豆在低磷胁迫下形成特定根系构型,具体表现为侧根增多。IAA在侧根发生过程中起重要作用,外源IAA可以在一定程度上模拟低磷信号引导的侧根发生,而生长素极性运输抑制剂TIBA则显著抑制侧根发生。根系中生长素代谢相关酶生长素氧化酶（IAAO）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性在根构型形成过程中呈现规律性变化。低磷环境下熊猫豆根系中的IAAO、 POD酶活性均高于正常施磷的处理。外源IAA可以增加这两种酶的活性,而TIBA则能够逆转低磷诱导的IAAO、 POD活性的增加。