EFFECT OF PACLOBUTRAZOL AND PUTRESCINE ON ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES ACTIVITY AND NUTRIENTS CONTENT IN SALT TOLERANT CITRUS ROOTSTOCK SOUR ORANGE UNDER SODIUM CHLORIDE STRESS

The effects of paclobutrazol (PBZ) and putrescine (Put) on antioxidant enzymes activity, proline contents and nutrients uptake were studied on salt tolerant citrus rootstock sour orange. Six-month-old nucellar seedlings grown in pots and subjected to three levels of PBZ and two levels each of salinity and Put for 90 days. Seedlings treated with PBZ or Put alone or in combination had higher anti-oxidant enzymes activities, accumulation of proline and nutrients contents like potassium (K⁺) and calcium (Ca²⁺) under both saline and non-saline conditions. Further, application of PBZ or Put alone or in combination also reduced the accumulation of both Na⁺ and Cl^? ions in leaves and roots in NaCl stressed seedlings. A combined application of 250 mg L^?1 PBZ and 50 mg L^?1 Put proved to be more effective in improving proline and Ca²⁺ content and restricting accumulation of Na⁺ ions in leaf tissues.     

INFLUENCE OF ALUMINUM ON MINERAL NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND ACCUMULATION IN URTICA PILULIFERA L.

Pollutants can have detrimental effects on living organisms. They can cause toxicity, damaging cells, tissues and organs because of their high concentrations or activities. Plants provide a useful system for screening and monitoring environmental pollutants. Among pollutants, aluminum is considered as a primary growth limiting factor for plants resulting in decreased plant growth and development. Although considered to be a non-essential and highly toxic metal ion for growth and development, aluminum (Al) is easily absorbed by plants. Urticaceae family members have high nutrient requirements demonstrated by leaves containing high levels of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), and nitrogen (N). Urtica pilulifera is one of the important traditional medicinal plants in Turkey. In this study, U. pilulifera was used as a bioindicator to investigate the possible differences in the absorption and accumulation of mineral nutrients at different levels of the Al exposure and examine the mineral nutrition composition of U. pilulifera under Al stress. Also, some growth parameters (leaf-stem fresh and dry weights, root dry weights, stem lengths and leaf surface area) were investigated. U. pilulifera seedlings were grown for two months in growth-room conditions and watered with spiked Hoagland solution, which contained 0, 100, and 200 μM aluminium chloride (AlCl₃). It was observed that macro- and micro-nutritional status of roots and leaves was altered by Al exposure. The concentrations of some macro- and micronutrients were reduced while concentrations of others were increased by excess of Al. Some macro- and micronutrients were increased at low level of Al whereas reductions were observed at high level of Al, and vice versa. The patterns were dependent on the macro- or micronutrient and the plant part.     

我国北部草原系列土壤中成土作用对微量元素含量影响的经向分异

根据我国北部草原系列土壤中１０种微量元素的实测结果，用方差分析和多重比较方法研究了母质和土类因素对该地区土壤微量元素含量的影响。并以主成分得分的调整独立方差为依据，探讨了成土作用对土壤微量元素含量影响的方向，强度及地域分异特征。研究结果证实，不同母质和土类单元草原土壤中微量元素含量有明显差异，其中母质单元间的差别尤为显著，影响草原土壤表层微量元素含量的主要成土因素包括两种类型：导致元素含量下降的淋     

SILVER-INDUCED CHANGES IN THE NUTRIENT AND TRACE ELEMENT UPTAKE BY WHEAT AND AMOUNT OF THE RHIZOSPHERE PROTEINS

The information on biogeochemistry of silver (Ag) is scarce and mechanisms of Ag uptake by plants are still unclear. We studied the impact of silver sulfate (Ag₂SO₄) and silver nitrate (AgNO₃) on biomass of wheat seedlings, the rhizosphere proteins and uptake of nutrients and trace elements. Most part of Ag was accumulated in roots. Concentrations of Ag in leaves remained the same as in control plants. Both treatments (Ag₂SO₄ and AgNO₃) affected biomass of the seedlings. Plant biomass was decreased more after treatment with AgNO₃. Both Ag₂SO₄ and AgNO₃ reduced leaf concentrations of sodium and barium and root concentrations of calcium. Over time (three days), protein concentration in the rhizosphere of control plants and plants treated with AgNO₃ increased, whereas treatment with Ag₂SO₄ reduced concentration of the rhizosphere proteins. In soil treated with Ag₂SO₄ only low-molecular-weight proteins were found. In the control soil and in soil treated with AgNO₃ we also observed polydisperse fraction.     

石灰性土壤施磷、铁对柠条生长及根际土壤环境的影响

采用随机区组和裂区设计,通过盆栽和根箱模拟试验研究了石灰性土壤,在水分充足的条件下施磷及磷、铁对柠条生长发育及根际土壤养分有效性的影响。盆栽试验结果表明,柠条的生物产量随着施磷水平的增加而增加;在低磷或磷胁迫条件下,柠条的地上部生长受到抑制,根冠比增大,土壤pH值迅速降低。根箱模拟试验发现,不同的铁、磷施肥配比对柠条生物产量的影响不同,当磷和铁的施用量分别为P2O50.15 g kg-1 和FeSO4·7H2O0.03g kg-1时能明显提高柠条的生物量。不同铁、磷配比对柠条根际土壤有效磷含量影响的根际范围是0-6 mm之间,在此范围内供试土壤有效磷含量随距离快速下降,并与根际土壤pH值呈反比。柠条对根际土壤pH的调控主要受磷水平的影响,而施铁水平对根际和根外土壤pH值的影响比较小。     

POTASSIUM UPTAKE CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO MAIZE HYBRIDS AND THEIR PARENTS UNDER THE STRESS FROM A LOW AMOUNT OF POTASSIUM

The objective was to study the relationship between maize hybrids and their parents in potassium ion (K⁺)-uptake characteristics under the stress from a low amount of potassium. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, the potassium utilization index (KUI), root volume, total and active root uptake area, Michaelis-Menten coefficient (Km), and the maximum rate of uptake (Vm) of different maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes were determined. SOD activity and MDA content in the leaves of Si144, Xianyu335 and PH4CV were significantly higher than the control, whereas for Jidan27, Si-287 and PH6WC, no differences were detected. Jidan27 showed a higher KUI than Xianyu335 under 0.1 mM potassium chloride (KCl), but no differences were observed under 3 mM KCl. Jidan27, Si287, and PH6WC had a greater root volume, total and active uptake areas, higher Vm and smaller Km than the other genotypes under 0.1 mM KCl. The differences in the KUI among maize genotypes resulted from variation in the Km to a greater extent than the Vm. These results indicate that potassium absorption characteristics of the low-K⁺-tolerance genotype, Jidan27 resembled its female parent, Si-287, whereas that of the stress-sensitive genotype, Xianyu335 was more like its male parent, PH4CV.     

不同利用年限蔬菜大棚土壤中微量元素含量的演变

本文主要研究蔬菜大棚土壤中微量元素含量随棚龄(利用年限)的变化情况。结果表明:除Mo外,在0～40cm内不同深度处微量元素的含量差异很小;露天大田改为蔬菜大棚后第1年,微量元素含量一般显著降低,然后显著升高,5年后达到一个相对稳定的阶段;除Mo之外,微量元素含量之间均或多或少地呈现出一定的线性相关;大量施用家禽粪便和复合肥可能是蔬菜大棚土壤中微量元素含量增加的主要来源,但尚未引起土壤污染;土壤缺Mo严重,在施肥中应予适当的考虑。     

NAA对大白菜吸收和积累~(45)Ca的效应

用ＮＡＡ处理大白菜根部和叶部,对其吸收和转运＾４５Ｃａ的变化进行了研究。结果表明,不论根部施用ＮＡＡ或叶面喷洒ＮＡＡ均使大白菜根对＾４５Ｃａ的吸收增加,提高茎叶＾４５Ｃａ的积累,尤其心叶中＾４５Ｃａ的积累显提高,同是改变心叶＾４５Ｃａ分布,使心叶叶缘的＾４５Ｃａ积累明显增加,且根部施用效果比叶面喷洒效果更明显。     

INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS ON NODULATION,NITROGEN FIXATION,AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY CHICKPEA GROWN ON CALCAREOUS SOILS IN PAKISTAN

Field experiments were conducted at two different locations under rainfed conditions of Punjab, Pakistan to assess nodulation, nitrogen fixation and nutrient uptake by chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in response to application of three rates [0, 40, and 80 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅ ha^?1)] of phosphorus and three rates (0, 15 and 30 kg S ha^?1) of sulfur in different combinations. Effect of phosphorus application was nonsignificant while that of sulfur was significant on percent nitrogen derived from atmosphere. Both phosphorus and sulfur application resulted in increase in nitrogen fixation up to 38% and 33% over control, respectively. Nutrient uptake [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S)] increased significantly with the application of phosphorus and sulfur and correlated positively with nitrogen fixation. There is direct involvement of sulfur in the process of nitrogen fixation whereas effect of phosphorus on nitrogen fixation is indirect mainly through enhanced growth and dry matter production.     

INFLUENCE OF SALINITY AND AMMONIUM: NITRATE RATIO ON GROWTH,PHOTOSYNTHESIS, FATTY ACID AND THE ACTIVITY OF ANTIOXIDATIVE ENZYMES IN CANOLA

The effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity (0 and 200 mM) and ammonium (NH₄):nitrate (NO₃) ratios (100:0, 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25) on growth, photosynthesis, fatty acids and the activity of antioxidative enzymes were investigated in canola plants. Leaf area and fresh and dry weights of leaves were significantly reduced by the salinity. The reduction in vegetative characteristics varied in both salinized and unsalinized plants according to the NH₄:NO₃ ratios so that the lowest reduction was observed with the 50:50 (NH₄:NO₃) ratio. Increased NH₄ up to 50 percent (50:50) of total N, promotes the yield at both salinized and unsalinized plants. In both salinized and unsalinized plants, the increased NH₄ and NO₃ ratio in the nutrient solution reduced the photosynthetic (Pn) rate and stomatal conductance; however, the reduction in Pn rate was severely impaired at a higher ratio of NH₄ in the nutrient solution. In both salinized and unsalinized plants, the 75:25 ratio had the lowest potassium (K) and sodium (Na) content; however, the K/Na ratio was the highest in 50:50 ratio. An increase of NH₄ in the solution led to a significant increase in NH₄ content in both salinized and unsalinized plants. Salinity increased NH₄ content so that the salinized plant had nearly twice as high NH₄ content in the leaves. The activity of nitrate reductase was increased by increasing NH₄ from 0 to 50% and then reduced at a higher ratio of NH₄ in the solution. The activities of antioxidative enzymes increased in salinized plants regardless of the NH₄:NO₃ ratios. In salinized plants, the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes were increased by 44.4 % and 97.5%, respectively. Within salinized and unsalinized treatments, the highest activities of all antioxidant were observed in 75:25 ratio, while they remained unchanged for all NH₄:NO₃ ratios. The increased NH₄ content in the solution increased the oil content and the maximum oil content in both salinized and unsalinized plant was obtained in both 50:50 and 75:25 ratios. The percentage of oleic acid was affected by both salinity and NH₄:NO₃ ratios. The ratios of NH₄:NO₃ had no effect on the protein content; however, salinity reduced the protein content by 20%.     

硼在土壤中的吸附-解吸及其对植物吸收硼的影响

本文对湖北省几种主要旱地土壤进行了硼的吸附－解吸实验,同时对这些土壤上油菜幼苗吸收硼进行了试验,并用Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ和Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温吸附方程对实验结果进行了拟合。从中发现,一些土壤硼的解吸存在着明显的滞后解吸现象,这种现象可用滞后系数来定性描述。     

IMPACT OF VERMICOMPOST AND NITROGEN-PHOSPHORUS- POTASSIUM APPLICATION ON BIOMASS PARTITIONING,NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF ARECANUT

A long-term field experiment (1998 to 2010) investigated the effects of vermicompost (VC) and chemical fertilizers (CF) application alone or in combination on biomass partitioning, nutrient uptake and productivity of arecanut. Trunk biomass (kg palm^?1) was significantly higher with integrated treatments (40.8–43.0) than control (23.9). Biomass partitioning to kernel varied between 4.6% in control to 7.7% in CF 100 and 200% nitrogen (N)- phosphorus (P)- potassium (K). The leaf P and K content varied significantly among treatments. The N immobilized in trunk (g palm^?1) was significantly higher in integrated treatments (119-127) than in control (93). Phosphorus and K uptake by trunk followed same trend. The leaf K uptake and total K removed were found significant. The nutrition treatments registered significantly higher kernel yield (2508–3176 kg ha^?1) than control (1721 kg ha^?1). The increased yield of arecanut from chemical fertilizers (73–85%) was more pronounced when compared to VC (48–59%) and integrated treatments (46–63%) over control.     

水肥状况对土壤剖面中锰的移动和水稻吸锰的影响

水旱轮作条件下水麦缺锰是四川冲积性水稻土上主要的养分胁迫问题,为了深入探讨这一问题,作者利用模拟土柱试验研究了不同水肥状况对四川两种典型冲积土中锰的迁移,转化及其对水稻吸锰的影响。     

NITROGEN UPTAKE AND RECOVERY FROM N FERTILIZER AND LEGUME CROPS IN WETLAND RICE MEASURED BY 15N AND NON-ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES

Intensive rice-based cropping systems rely on nitrogenous fertilizer for optimum grain production and legume crops could be used as an alternative nitrogen (N) source for rice. We investigated the fate of N applied to dual cropping wetland rice in the form of legume residue and ¹⁵N labeled fertilizer. In 2001–2002, hairy vetch and broad bean accumulated 131 and 352 kg N ha^?1 of which 41 and 78% was derived from N₂ fixation. In 2002–2003, hairy vetch accumulated 64 kg N ha^?1 and broad bean accumulated 320 kg N ha^?1 of which 21 to 24% was derived from hairy vetch and 31 to 82% N was derived from broad bean by N difference and ¹⁵N-natural abundance method. Our results reveal that hairy vetch and broad bean can supply 50–100% of N required for intensive wetland rice and can be a viable alternative N source to enhance soil fertility.     

六种水培的苋科植物对134Cs的吸收和积累

对营养液栽培 42d后的 6种苋科植物用不同13 4 Cs比活度处理 ,1周后收获并分析13 4 Cs比活度。结果表明 ,不同植物组织的烘干重和最大生长高度存在差异。不同植物和同种植物不同器官间13 4 Cs积累量表现为显著差异 ,但差异取决于初始加入到营养液中的13 4 Cs比活度。放射性自显影结果表明 ,各种植物叶片积累的13 4 Cs比根茎积累的多。籽粒苋 (AmaranthuscruentusL .)较其它植物生物量高、根系密度大、生长速率快 ,虽然籽粒苋中13 4 Cs比活度较低 ,但其茎叶器官从13 4 Cs水培液中剔除的13 4 Cs明显高得多 ,且表现出很高的13 4 Cs去除速率。研究还发现 ,6种植物叶部含钾量与13 4 Cs比活度之间存在较弱的线性相关性。     

INTERACTION BETWEEN POTASSIUM CONCENTRATION AND ROOT-ZONE TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF TEMPERATE LETTUCE GROWN IN THE TROPICS

Lactuca sativa L. plants were grown at three root-zone temperatures (RZTs): 25°C, 30°C and ambient RZT (A-RZT) on an aeroponic system. Three potassium (K) concentrations: ?25% (minus K), control (standard K), and +25% (plus K) were supplied to plants at each RZT. Plants grown at the plus K and 25°C-RZT had the highest productivity, largest root system and highest photosynthetic capacity. The minus K plants at 25°C-RZT had the highest shoot soluble carbohydrate (SC) concentration, but they had the highest root SC concentration in the plus K plants at A-RZT. However, the highest starch concentration was found in both shoots and roots of the plus K plants at 25°C-RZT. The plus K plants had the highest shoot K concentration at 25°C-RZT, but they had the highest root K concentration at A-RZT. Highest proportion of absorbed K was partitioned to shoots when the plants were grown with the plus K at 25°C-RZT.     

FERTILIZER RATE EFFECTS ON FORAGE YIELD STABILITY AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF MIDLAND BERMUDAGRASS

Our objectives were to document effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizer rates on forage yields and uptake of N, P, and K by Midland bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] on a Minco fine, sandy loam in southern Oklahoma. After six years of this long-term experiment, forage yield responses to fertilization were mixed and depended on year. Stability analysis indicated forage yields responded positively to N fertilization during favorable weather conditions but negatively during poor weather conditions. Application of 112 kg N ha^?1 provided the best yield stability and mean annual forage yield among treatments, 11.5 Mg ha^?1, across years. In years with near-average weather conditions, uptake of N, P, and K increased linearly with N application rate. Limited water holding capacity of the soil and high soil P and K may have contributed to the limited yield responses to fertilization in this semi-arid environment.     

FOLIAR SPRAYS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA IMPROVE THE GROWTH AND ANTI-OXIDATIVE CAPABILITY ON CHINESE DWARF CHERRY SEEDLINGS

Recently, there has been increasing attempts for photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) as foliar fertilizer in China. The biomass, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), maximal photochemical efficiency of PS II(Fv/Fm) and antioxidant isoenzymes metabolism were examined in Chinese dwarf cherry (Prunus humilis Bunge) seedlings with or without exogenous PSB application in this study. PSB sprays resulted in a significant accumulation of fresh weight and leaf area of Chinese dwarf cherry plants, accompanying with a marked increase of Pn. However, Fv/Fm had negligible changes. The exogenous PSB also induced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and a general increase of their isoenzymes activities. The increased level was the most significant in chloroplasts [such as Cu/Zn-SOD, Fe-SOD and stroma APX (sAPX)]. Our results demonstrated that PSB played a favorable role in growth and photosynthesis and improved the antioxidative capability in plants.     

水分状况对紫色母岩发育的水稻土团聚体及有机碳分布影响

在紫色丘陵区采集了因水分状况影响而形成的4种类型紫色水稻土土样,利用湿筛法获得不同粒径的团聚体,分析了其有机碳和不同土壤发生层中易氧化碳、微生物生物量碳和水溶性碳含量。结果表明,A层土壤中>2 mm的团聚体以潜育型水稻土和渗育型水稻土最高,分别占76.65%和75.92%,其次是潴育型水稻土占43.86%,淹育型水稻土只有13.10%;不同土壤发生层间土壤团聚体的组成也存在较大的差异;除潴育型水稻土的P层外,其余各层土壤的有机碳53.7%~96.2%均分布在>0.25 mm团聚体中;潜育型水稻土的微生物生物量碳和易氧化碳含量在4种水稻土中最高,分别为282.5 mg kg-1和6.59 g kg-1,水溶性有机碳则以渗育型水稻土最高;有机碳含量与>2 mm团聚体含量呈极显著正相关关系,与<0.25 mm微团聚体数量呈显著负相关关系。