叶面喷施氨基酸锌复合物对水稻产量性状和锌吸收的影响

通过2012年和2013年的盆栽试验,比较了氨基酸锌复合物和硫酸锌对水稻产量性状和锌吸收的影响。结果表明,与施用ZnSO_4相比,在水稻开花期进行叶面喷施氨基酸锌复合物可提高稻谷产量和秸秆产量,最高可达14.54%和10.40%,可使水稻灌浆粒数和千粒重最高增加11.28%和8.92%。试验结果还表明,氨基酸锌复合物在促进水稻锌吸收方面具有积极作用。在2012年试验中,叶面喷施精氨酸锌复合物、甘氨酸锌复合物和谷氨酰胺锌复合物处理水稻的锌表观利用率分别是20.88%、16.26%和19.34%;而ZnSO_4处理的锌表观利用率仅增加8.89%。2013年试验结果与2012年的结果相一致。因此,氨基酸锌复合物是一种更有效的锌肥。     

Effect of foliar and soil application of urea on leaf nutrients concentrations,yield and fruit quality of pomegranate

The influence of foliar application of 1% urea and four rates of urea (100, 200, 300 and 400 g tree^?1) as soil application (deep fertilizer placement) were studied on leaf nutrients concentrations, yield and fruit quality of ‘Malas e Torsh e Saveh’ pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) during 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. Trees that received 300 and 400 g urea as soil application showed positive significant response on fruit yield, average fruit weight, aril weight percent of fruit, 100 arils weight, fruit diameter and TSS. Foliar application of urea had also significant effects on average fruit weight, aril weight percent of fruit and 100 arils weight. Nitrogen concentration increased linearly in leaves with the increase in rate of urea-applied. According to results, deep soil application of urea under the conditions of this study was more effective on pomegranate fruit yield and quality characters than foliar application of urea.     

Effect of foliar fertilization of potassium on yield,quality, and nutrient uptake of groundnut

Abstract

Groundnut (Arachis hypogae L.) is the most important oilseed crop of India and it is abundantly grown under rainfed conditions in vertisols of Western India. The objective of this work was to study the effect of potassium (K) basal and foliar fertilization on yield, nutrient concentration in tissue and quality parameters of groundnut. Two varieties, GAUG‐1 (bunch type) and GAUG‐10 (spreading type) were grown during Kharif (rainfed) and Rabi (irrigated) seasons at Junagadh, Gujarat. The experiment compared two foliarapplied K fertilizers (KCl and K₂SO₄) at two different doses (0.5 and 1.0%) with basal KCl application (0 and 50 kg K₂O ha^?1). Field soil was highly calcareous (pH 8.2, NH₄OAc extractable K 188 kg ha^?1 with 40% lime reserve) Vertic ustochrept. The results showed a significant response in pod yield with foliar and soil‐applied potassium as compared to the control treatment. Pod yields were significantly higher when basal and foliar applications were combined. The best results were achieved with foliar application of 1% KCl together with a basal fertilization with 50 kg K₂O ha^?1. Response to foliar‐applied K was higher in rainfed kharif crop than in irrigated rabi crop. Groundnut variety GAUG‐10 out yielded GAUG‐1. Foliar K application increased plant tissue concentration of K. Foliar fertilization with KCl and K₂SO₄ did not cause leaf burn. Potassium application improved the crop harvest index and grain quality parameters of boldness, protein and oil contents. Response to K in quality parameters of protein and oil contents of seed was more consistent with foliar applied K₂SO₄ . The results confirmed that the practice of foliar K nutrition when used as a supplement and not a substitute for standard soil fertilization, is beneficial for groundnut crop in Western India.     

氮磷钾肥对红壤地区幼龄柑橘生长发育和果实产量及品质的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了氮、磷、钾肥对幼龄柑橘树生长发育和果实产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施用氮、磷、钾肥明显影响柑橘树新生叶片数和叶片大小;对柑橘三梢抽梢和生长状况也产生明显影响,不施氮、磷、钾肥处理的柑橘树三梢生长量分别为OPT处理(施足各种养分)的14.5%、74.5%和91.6%。不施氮、磷、钾肥处理的柑橘树开花数分别为OPT处理的28.9%、89.8%和91.9%;成果率分别为24.3%、83.3%和93.0%。不施氮、磷、钾肥柑橘果实产量分别下降22.2%、16.8%和21.2%;柑橘果实的品质指标尤其是外观品质受到严重影响。试验结果还表明,氮肥对红壤上种植的幼龄柑橘树的营养生长的影响程度大于磷肥,钾肥对营养生长影响程度最小,然而对柑橘产量和品质,氮、钾肥的影响程度大于磷肥。3年的试验结果说明,合理施用氮、磷、钾肥能明显促进幼龄柑橘树体生长发育,同时能提高柑橘产量和改善果实品质。     

连续施用硫酸钾镁肥对柑橘的效应

以柑为试验材料,采用短期定位试验,研究了施用硫酸钾镁肥料对柑效应的影响。结果表明,施用各种钾肥对柑鲜果产量有极显著增产效果,且能提高叶片中钾素含量。在施用氮磷肥基础上,施用硫酸钾镁肥的增产效应明显,经济效益最佳。在本试验中,与施硫酸钾相比较,施用氯化钾的果实Vc含量略有下降,可滴定酸含量略有提高。     

叶施钙肥对芒果果实呼吸、乙烯释放及矿质元素含量的影响

探索叶面增钙对芒果果实呼吸、乙烯释放及果实矿质元素的影响,为钙肥在芒果生产中的合理应用提供科学理论依据。以"贵妃"芒果为试材,田间试验于2013年10月至2014年6月在海南省东方岛西林场芒果园进行,试验共设置不喷施叶面肥(0 g·L~(-1))、喷施0.5、1.5、2.5、3.5 g·L~(-1)钙含量肥5个处理,各处理3个重复,肥料选择硝酸钙(化学纯)和果蔬钙(Ca 170 g·L~(-1)),于催花前、幼果期、果实膨大期及采收前分别喷施,研究果实呼吸速率、乙烯释放及矿质元素含量变化。研究发现,不施钙处理芒果的果实跃变峰出现在采摘后第13d,叶面增钙使果实跃变峰的出现滞后。在呼吸峰值出现前硝酸钙降低果实呼吸速率,以1.5 g·L~(-1)处理显著降低,峰后有增强呼吸的趋势,在呼吸峰值出现前果蔬钙有提高果实呼吸速率的趋势,峰值出现后有抑制呼吸速率的作用;喷施硝酸钙推迟采后芒果果实进入乙烯跃变期,使跃变峰的出现比CK滞后2 d,峰值过后各处理乙烯释放速率远高于CK,喷施果蔬钙推迟采后芒果果实进入乙烯跃变期,跃变峰的出现有推迟趋势,0.5 g·L~(-1)处理的跃变峰滞后显著,推迟至第17 d;叶施钙肥有使果实K含量降低趋势,以果蔬钙处理显著降低;叶面喷施硝酸钙、果蔬钙均提高果实Ca含量,硝酸钙降低Mg含量,果蔬钙提高Mg含量;叶施硝酸钙使果实Fe、Cu、Zn含量下降,Mn含量提高;叶施果蔬钙使果实Fe下降、Mn提高,低钙提高果实Cu、Zn含量,高钙降低果实Cu、Zn含量。叶面增钙,影响了芒果果实采后呼吸、乙烯释放速率及推迟跃变峰的出现,影响果实部分矿质元素的含量,提高了果实采后贮藏性。     

Effect of seed and foliar application of nano-zinc oxide,zinc chelate,and zinc sulphate rates on yield and growth of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars

Nanofertilizers have received considerable attention due to their increased uptake by plants. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and also different zinc (Zn) fertilizers (Zn sulfate, Zn chelate) on vegetative and yield traits of two pinto bean cultivars “KS21191” and “KS21193”. This experiment was a factorial based on completely randomized design with 24 treatments (three fertilizer applications and eight levels of Zn fertilizer). The results showed that twice foliar application compared to seed application and once foliar application improved growth and yield characteristics of both pinto bean cultivars. Also, compared to control treatment, zinc nanofertilizers improved vegetative characteristics (such as plant height, internode length, root and shoot dry, and fresh weight), yield (pods number and seed weight) and quality (zinc content in seed) of both pinto bean cultivars. Among the zinc fertilizer treatments, 0.10% and 0.15% of ZnO nanoparticles were as a superior treatment.     

生草栽培对柑橘园土壤水分与有效养分及果实产量、品质的影响

试验研究生草栽培对柑橘园土壤水分和有效养分含量及果实产量品质的影响结果表明,生草栽培7～11月份干旱时期可提高果园土壤含水率;生草栽培初期降低果园土壤有效氮、磷、钙、镁、锰、铜和锌等矿质养分含量,但生草栽培2年后土壤有效氮、钾、铁和锌等矿质养分含量高于清耕对照。生草栽培可提高果实产量和果实可溶性固形物含量,降低果实柠檬酸含量,且种植百喜草比白三叶效果更明显     

Effect of cobalt,cadmium, and nickel as inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis on floral malformation,yield, and fruit quality of mango

Among the treatments of exogenous foliar spray application of sulphates of cobalt (Co) and cadmium (Cd) at 0, 250, 500, 1000, and 1500 ppm, and nickel (Ni) at 0, 100, 200, and 400 ppm prior to flower bud differentiation in the first week of October, cobalt sulphate (1000 ppm) or cadmium sulphate (1500 ppm) significantly (P=0.05) reduced floral malformation of mango (Mangifera indica L) cv. Langra by 65 to 71% and increased the fruit yield by 35 to 37%. The physical characteristics of the fruit were not affected significantly at the lower concentrations but higher concentrations of Co and Cd caused reduction. Total and non‐reducing sugars in the fruit were adversely affected by the higher rates of Co and Ni applied, but exhibited no effect on total soluble solids percentage (TSS%) or reducing sugars. The foliar spray application of the sulphates of Co, Ni, and Cd increased their respective concentrations in the leaf tissue without any phytotoxic symptoms. Most of the desirable effects were achieved with the 1000 ppm cobalt sulphate treatment applied in the first week of October prior to flower bud differentiation.     

水肥耦合对芒果光合特性和产量及水肥利用的影响

为探明干热区芒果高效生产的水肥耦合模式。以4a生芒果树(贵妃芒)为研究对象,采用4因素3水平正交试验设计,共9个处理。试验4因素为3个生育期施肥量(花芽分化期:F_Ⅰ、开花期:F_Ⅱ、果实膨大期:F_Ⅳ)和灌水水平。3个施肥水平分别为高肥(F_(75))、中肥(F_(50))和低肥(F_(25)),3个灌溉水平分别为充分灌溉(F_Ⅰ)、轻度亏水灌溉(DI_M)和重度亏水灌溉(DI_S)。分析芒果冠层结构、光合特性、产量及水肥利用效率对水肥调控的响应规律。结果表明,与充分灌溉相比,重度亏水显著减少叶面积指数、净光合速率(15:00除外)、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和羧化效率(P0.05)。在果实膨大期施肥之后,T8处理(F_ⅠF_(Ⅰ50)F_(Ⅱ25)F_(Ⅳ75))叶面积指数和蒸腾速率最大;T6处理(DI_MF_(Ⅰ75)F_(Ⅱ25)F_(Ⅳ50))11:00的净光合速率和羧化效率均高于其余处理;此外,大多轻度亏水灌溉下11:00的叶片瞬时水分利用效率显著大于充分灌溉(P0.05)。在全生育期定量施肥条件下,增加芒果花芽分化期和果实膨大期肥料占比,充分灌溉能提高产量和肥料利用效率,而轻度亏水灌溉能提高灌溉水分利用效率。T8处理的产量(14 480.46 kg/hm~2)和肥料偏生产力(96.54 kg/kg)最大,T6处理的灌溉水分利用效率(6.67kg/m~3)最高。由极差分析可知综合影响产量和水肥利用的各因素依次为:灌溉水平、开花期施肥、果实膨大期施肥和花芽分化期施肥。综合评分法表明,水肥耦合的最优模式为轻度亏水灌溉、花芽分化期高肥、开花期低肥和果实膨大期中肥组合(DI_MF_(Ⅰ75)F_(Ⅱ25)F_(Ⅳ50))。该研究结果可为干热区芒果水肥管理提供科学依据。     

Effect of foliar and soil applied zinc on soil test levels,herbage composition,and yields of alfalfa

Abstract

Forages in the Northeast generally do not contain enough Zn to meet the National Research Council (NRC) recommended allowance for dairy cattle (40 mg/kg Zn). A study was undertaken to determine if foliar or soil application of Zn could increase Zn levels in alfalfa herbage to the NRC recommended allowance.

Alfalfa was treated with Zn by foliar applications of 0.34 and 0.68 kg/ha and soil application of 4.07 kg/ha. An untreated check was also included in the study. Average herbage Zn levels were 33.1 and 50.1 mg/kg for the low and high foliar applications, respectively. These levels were significantly higher than that of the check, 18.9 kg/ha. Average herbage Zn levels for the soil applied Zn treatment was 23.4 mg/kg. This level was also significantly higher than that of the check.

Although foliar Zn application significantly raised herbage Zn levels above those of the check, the results were erratic. The 40 mg/kg level was reached only one‐third of the time with the 0.34 kg/ha foliar application and two‐thirds of the time with the 0.68 kg/ha foliar application. Due to lower yields in comparison with cut 1, foliar application was more effective in raising herbage Zn levels in cuts 2 and 3. Foliar application of Zn does not appear to be a reliable means of insuring adequate herbage Zn levels for dairy cattle.     

Effect of corn cultivar,phosphorus and potassium on yield and chemical composition

A corn cultivar × P × K factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate differential responses of selected parameters to P and K soil fertility. Yield along with leaf nutrient concentration of some nutrients differed among cultivars and nutrient concentration of some elements was affected by soil fertility. Leaf K and Mg were more consistently affected by K fertility than other variables studied. Fertility effects upon micronutrient leaf concentration were not consistent among cultivars or between years.     

增铵营养对基质栽培西葫芦产量、品质及其氮钾素吸收的影响

在氮素供应水平一致的条件下,采用基质栽培盆栽试验,设置5个NH_4~+-N比例(0、10%、20%、30%、40%),探究增铵营养对基质栽培西葫芦产量、品质与N、K素吸收的影响,为高效优质的西葫芦栽培模式提供理论依据。结果表明,在12.6 mmol/L的N素供应量下,20%增铵比例能促进西葫芦植株的生长发育,株型粗壮。10%～20%的NH_4~+-N比例能促进N素在果实部分积累,且过量的铵供应会明显抑制植株地上部对K素的吸收。同时随着NH_4~+-N比例的增加,西葫芦中NO_3~--N含量与可溶性固形物呈下降趋势,可溶性糖含量不断增加。30%NH_4~+-N比例处理下单株产量最高,相对于全硝处理增产29.6%,且N素偏生产力与收获指数水平最高。当NH_4~+-N比例30%以上时,西葫芦结瓜率低于60%,且地上部生物量呈现下降趋势。因此,30%增铵比例下西葫芦产量、品质以及水肥效率最能实现西葫芦在基质栽培中的高产优质高效。     

苹果专用肥对果园土壤理化性质及苹果产量、品质的影响

研究比较了旱地苹果专用肥与化肥、农家肥对果园土壤理化性质、果实产量及品质的影响,在10年生红富士果园设置不覆膜+化肥(CK)、不覆膜+农家肥(T1)、不覆膜+苹果专用肥(T2)、覆膜+化肥(FCK)、覆膜+农家肥(FT1)、覆膜+苹果专用肥(FT2)6个处理。结果表明:在未覆膜条件下,与CK相比,T1和T2处理均降低了土壤容重,增加了土壤贮水量,但两者间差异不显著;T1和T2处理显著提高了土壤有机质含量,在0~20 cm土层较CK处理分别提高36.77%和33.73%;T2处理提高了土壤中速效养分含量,其0~60 cm土层碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾平均含量分别较CK提高7.34%、9.05%、5.90%;各施肥处理苹果年均产量顺序为T2CK≥T1,T2处理的果实硬度(7.19 kg·cm-2)和糖酸比(33.23)均最高。与未覆膜相比,覆膜条件下,各处理(FCK、FT1、FT2)土壤容重均有所降低,土壤贮水量、有机质、速效养分、果实产量和品质均得到提高,以FT2处理整体效果最好。综合分析表明,施用苹果专用肥提高了果实产量和品质,改善了土壤肥力,是果园简便高效的施肥技术。     

木醋液土壤灌溉对土壤养分、番茄产量及品质的影响

采用田间小区试验,研究了木醋液不同灌溉量对土壤养分、盐碱和番茄产量及品质的影响。结果表明,土壤灌溉木醋液可提高土壤碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷含量,且使用量越大,效果越明显,其中有效磷含量增加最为显著,与对照相比可提高9.27%~25.51%;木醋液也可提高土壤有机质及全盐含量,但与对照相比差异不显著;木醋液还可降低土壤p H值,与对照相比可降低0.14~0.27个单位。木醋液低[2.25 t/(次·hm~2)]、中[4.50 t/(次·hm~2)]用量能显著提高番茄株高、增加产量,其中低用量效果最好,与对照相比可提高株高10.53%,增加产量11.52%;高用量[7.50 t/(次·hm~2)]对番茄生长具有一定抑制作用。木醋液可提高番茄可溶性糖含量5.27%~10.28%,提高Vc含量3.46%~17.15%,降低硝酸盐含量4.25%~15.33%,对有机酸含量影响不明显。综上所述,建议设施土壤番茄季木醋液灌溉量为2.25~4.50 t/(次·hm~2)为宜。     

The effects of autumn foliar applications of boron and urea on flower quality,yield, boron and nitrogen reserves of apricot

In order to determine the effects of autumn foliar application of boron (B) and/or urea on abortive flower ratio, yield, fruit weight, total soluble solid (TSS) and B and nitrogen (N) contents of reserves of non-irrigated apricot trees, field experiments were carried out between 2009 and 2012 in Malatya province of Turkey. The application of B and/or urea stimulated perfect flower development, B and N accumulation and resulted in significant yield increase. Boron, urea and B+urea applications increased fruit yield by 33.1%, 26.1% and 26.9%, decreased abortive flower ratio by 34.6%, 27.1% and 35.9% compared to the control, respectively. In addition, B and N contents of wood, bark and buds of apricot trees were significantly increased by B and/or urea treatments. It was also observed that B and N contents were the highest in bud compared to wood and bark in all treatments. The highest B (16.53 ppm) and N (1.56%) contents were determined to buds in B+urea treatment. The results of this study suggest that autumn foliar B and/or urea application have the potential to decrease abortive flower ratio and increase the yield and B and N contents of reserves of apricot trees under non-irrigated conditions.     

施肥对砂姜黑土基础肥力及强筋小麦产量、品质的影响

为探讨不同施肥方式对砂姜黑土的培肥效果和不同土壤基础肥力水平对优质强筋小麦产量及品质的影响,在22年长期定位试验的基础上,研究了不同施肥方式下砂姜黑土基础肥力的变化,并分析了土壤主要养分性状与强筋小麦产量和品质的关系.结果表明,长期单施有机肥或有机肥与化肥配合施用均能较单施化肥处理显著提高土壤全氮、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷及速效钾的含量;同一施氮水平,有机肥与化肥配施处理的基础肥力产量(不施肥时的产量)较单施化肥的高2715.0kg·hm-2.土壤有机质、全氮、全磷及速效磷含量与籽粒产量、蛋白质、湿面筋和沉降值均呈正相关.有机肥与化肥配施不仅是培肥地力的主要途径,同时还是确保优质小麦保优栽培,实现可持续发展的有效措施.     

钙素水平对基质栽培黄瓜生长、产量与品质的影响

在荷兰温室以园艺研究所黄瓜营养液配方为对照进行盆栽试验,通过改变营养液中钙素的含量与营养液的浓度研究钙对黄瓜产量与品质(可溶性蛋白、Vc、硝酸盐含量、有机酸以及可溶性糖)的影响。结果表明:1.2Ca含量处理的株高、茎粗有明显优势,并且有最高的平均单株产量与品质水平,为最优处理,并据此调节营养液4个不同浓度梯度(EC=1.5、2.5、3.5、4.5 m S·cm~(-1))。在生长初期与开花期EC值为1.5与3.5 m S·cm~(-1)处理的株高高于其他处理,在营养生长阶段3.5 m S·cm~(-1)处理的株高/茎粗较小,植株生长健壮。3.5 m S·cm~(-1)处理的黄瓜产量最高,且经过加权平均法进行品质比较分析,其品质也优于其他处理。因此,在实际黄瓜基质栽培生产中营养液以EC3.5处理的钙水平393.176 mg·L-1生长最好,产量较高。     

土壤紧实度对温室番茄生长发育、产量及品质的影响

试验研究土壤紧实度对日光温室番茄生长发育、产量及品质的影响结果表明 ,随土壤紧实度增大而植株生长发育迟缓 ,产量和品质下降 ,果实风味品质变差。而土壤疏松处理植株生长发育良好 ,座果节位下降 ,水分利用效率提高 ,果实游离氨基酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量增加 ,硝酸盐含量下降 ,果实风味好且产量高 ,经济系数较高。     

不同有机肥配比对蔬菜产量和品质及土壤肥力的影响

试验选择了5种有机肥料,采用6种配比在生菜和青花菜上进行了试验。研究表明,鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪按1∶1∶3或按1∶1∶1配比,青花菜的产量显著高于鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪、草炭为1∶1∶1∶1的配比。鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪按1∶3∶1的配比能明显提高青花菜的Vc和可溶性糖含量。鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪、草炭、玉米秸秆按1∶1∶1∶1配比能明显提高青花菜的粗蛋白和Vc含量。