氟化物对酸性土壤溶液组成的影响

Atmospheric emissions of fluoride from an aluminium smelter-alumina refinery located on the northern coast of Galicia, NW Spain, increase the content of fluorine in soils and vegetation in the vicinity of the complex. The effects of the addition of fluoride solutions on the chemical properties of soil samples from the area surrounding the complex were investigated in laboratory experiments. Addition of fluoride to soils resulted in increases in pH and concentrations of Fe, Al, and organic matter in the equilibrium solutions and decreases in concentrations of Ca, Mg, and K. No consistent effects were observed on the Cu, Mn, or Zn concentrations. Most of the Al in solution was bound to organic matter. Within the fraction “labile aluminium,” the concentration of Al-OH complexes decreased and the Al-F complexes increased, especially AlF3 and AlF4-, which are less toxic than Al3+ and Al-OH species.     

Lead content and isotopic composition in submound and recent soils of the Volga Upland

Literature data on the historical reconstructions of the atmospheric lead deposition in Europe and the isotopic composition of the ores that are potential sources of the anthropogenic lead in the atmospheric deposition in the lower Volga steppes during different time periods have been compiled. The effect of the increasing anthropogenic lead deposition recorded since the Bronze Age on the level of soil contamination has been investigated. For the first time paleosol buried under a burial mound of the Bronze Age has been used as a reference point to assess of the current contamination level. The contents and isotopic compositions of the mobile and total lead have been determined in submound paleosols of different ages and their recent remote and roadside analogues. An increase in the content and fraction of the mobile lead and a shift of its isotopic composition toward less radiogenic values (typical for lead from the recent anthropogenic sources) has been revealed when going from a Bronze-Age paleosol to a recent soil. In the Bronze-Age soil, the isotopic composition of the mobile lead is inherited from the parent rock to a greater extent than in the modern soils, where the lead is enriched with the less radiogenic component. The effect of the anthropogenic component is traced in the analysis of the mobile lead, but it is barely visible for the total lead. An exception is provided by the recent roadside soils characterized by increased contents and the significantly less radiogenic isotopic composition of the mobile and total lead.     

Characteristics of natural growing areas for Leucojum aestivum L. in Bulgaria based on chemical composition of plants

The characterization Bulgarian natural growing areas of Leucojum aestivum L. was on the basis of the chemical composition of the plants and some soil characteristics which give an opportunity to choose those conditions suitable for growing and obtaining enlargement of the source of plant material with high galanthamine content. This information should benefit the improvement of natural growing areas for Leucojum aestivum L. as well as for the creation of new industrial plantations.     

土壤有机质含量对土壤入渗能力及参数影响的试验研究

基于土壤质地为壤土的大田水分入渗试验,分析了有机质含量对大田土壤水分入渗能力和考斯加科夫入渗模型参数的影响。研究表明：土壤有机质对大田土壤入渗能力和入渗模型参数的影响都比较明显,土壤累积入渗量随着土壤有机质含量的增加而增大;入渗模型参数k和α值随土壤有机质含量的增加而减小。研究结果对于土壤入渗能力预测模型的建立和地面灌水技术参数的优化具有一定价值。     

Influence of chemical properties of soils on methane emission from rice paddies

Abstract

The relationships between methane (CH₄) emission from flooded rice paddies and soil chemical properties were investigated using eight different soils in a pot experiment. Since CH₄ is produced in paddy soil microbiologically when reducing conditions are sufficiently developed, the amounts of oxidizing agents including free iron (Fe)(III), amorphous Fe(III), easily reducible manganese (Mn), nitrate (NO₃ ^‐), and sulfate (SO₄ ^2‐), and indexes of reducing agents including total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and easily decomposable C, were measured as possible decreasing and increasing factors in CH₄ emission. The seasonal variations in CH₄ emission rates were similar in pattern among the soils used. However, the amount of emitted CH₄ varied largely, with the maximum total CH₄ emission (from a brown lowland soil, 1,535 mg pot^‐1) being 3.8 times that of the minimum (from a gley soil, 409 mg pot^‐1). No correlation was found between the total CH₄ emission and any single factor investigated. However, a statistically significant equation was found through multiple regression analysis: r=‐2.24x10² a+2.88b+6.20x10²; r ²=0.821; P<0.01; where Y is the amount of emitted CH₄ (mg pot^‐1), a is the amount of amorphous Fe(III) (mg pot^‐1), b is the amount of easily decomposable C (mg pot^‐1), and r ² is a multiple correlation coefficient adjusted for the degree of freedom. The amendment of ferric hydroxide [Fe(OH)₃] to a gray lowland soil significantly decreased the CH₄ emission from 1,099 to 592 mg pot^‐1. This measured amount agreed well with that estimated from the above equation, 554 mg pot^‐1.     

Influence of organic matter on the chemical and electrochemical properties of some flooded soils

The influence of organic matter added in the form of gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium Steud.) leaves and rice straw on the chemical and electrochemical kinetics of three flooded soils was studied in a pot experiment. Soils after submergence differed markedly in the properties studied. With addition of organic matter not only the peaks of CO₂ production and maximum concentrations of water-soluble Fe²⁺, Ma²⁺ and other cations occurred earlier but their concentrations were also significantly higher as compared to controls (no organic matter addition). The high concentration of CO₂ appeared to influence pH, the accumulation of cations in the soil solution, and to be chiefly responsible for the death of the rice plants. The lethal effects of CO₂ and other reduction products can be avoided and nutritional gains to rice can be achieved by planting 3–4 weeks after the addition of quickly-decomposing organic materials.     

Comparative yield and chemical composition of soybean and fababean grown on chernozemic soils on the Canadian prairies

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) and fababean (Vicar faba (L.)) were grown under field conditions on six Orthic Black Chernozemic soils over three years at two levels of fertility. At flowering, full pod and maturity the yield and N, P, K and S composition of harvested plant materials were compared. Application of fertilizer (P, K and S) increased dry matter and seed yields of both crops. At all, growth stages fababeans produced more dry matter than soybean, and at maturity produced higher yields of seed, hull and stalk. However, the ratio of seed: hull: stalk for both crops was similar and constant at 3.8: 1: 4.7 on all soils and at both levels of soil fertility. At the high level of soil fertility, at the flowering and full pod stages, the concentration of N, P, and K in fababean was higher than that in soybean, but both crops had a similar concentration of S. At low fertility both crops had similar concentrations of P, K and S. At maturity, soybean seed had the higher concentrations of the four nutrients. The concentration of P in the hull and stalk of both crops was similar, but fababean hull had a higher concentration of K and soybean stalk a higher concentration of S. Soybean seed also had a higher protein content and yielded more protein per hectare than fababean seed.     

Effect of long-term drainage on the content and composition of humus in soddy-podzolic soils and their particle-size fractions

Changes in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of humic substances in soddy-podzolic soils and their particle-size fractions in the course of long-term drainage have been studied under the conditions of pronounced microrelief and different intensities of agrotechnical impacts. The transformation features of humic substances during the periods of specific impacts have been characterized.     

长期施用有机肥与化肥对潮土土壤化学及生物学性质的影响

研究长期施用有机肥与化肥对潮土土壤化学和生物学性质的影响结果表明,有机肥和化肥均使土壤有机质、全N、全P、速效磷、速度钾、阳离子交换性提高,增加土壤微生物数量和活性,但有机肥在培肥地力、创造有利于微生物生长繁育的土壤环境方面明显优于化学肥料。     

Bacterial composition and N2-fixation of some Egyptian soils cultivated with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The composition of the microflora, N₂-fixing bacteria particularly, in different soils cultivated with wheat in Egypt was investigated in some samples collected from the fields after applying the agricultural practices recommended for wheat cultivation and just before sowing. The influence of carbon sources, mineral nitrogen and water regimes on potential dinitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction assay) in soils was investigated. The bacterial population densities including-N₂-fixing organisms were related to a number of environmental factors such as organic matter content. Among diazotrophs, Azotobacter spp. and Azospirillum spp. were encountered in higher densities in comparison with clostridia. Unamended soils showed a lower acetylene-reducing activity (0.5–61.5 nmoles C₂H₄ g^?1 h^?1). Addition of glucose (1% w/w) greatly enhanced such activity being the highest (86.9–2846.5 nmoles C₂H₄ g^?1 h^?1) in the clay soil with the highest organic carbon content (1.42%). Glucose amendment had no significant influence on acetylene reduction in the saline soil. N₂-fixation in barley straw-amended (1%) soils was not much higher than in unamended soils. Concentrations of up to 70 ppm ammonium-nitrogen depressed N₂-fixation in soils that received barley straw. Acetylene reduction in submerged soil increased after addition of cellulose. Non-flooded conditions favoured N₂-fixation in the fertile clay soil amended with sucrose.     

Determination of suitable chemical extraction methods for the available iron content of brown forest soils in Turkey

The aim of this research was to determine the available iron (Fe) content of brown forest soils of Edirne Province and the most suitable chemical extraction method. Eight chemical extraction methods (the 0.005 M DTPA + 0.01 M CaCl2 + 0.1 MTEA, 0.05 M HCl + 0.012 M H2SO4, 1 M NH4OAc (pH: 4.8), 0.01 M EDTA + 1 M NH4OAc, 1 M MgCl2, 0.01 M EDTA + 1 M (NH4)2CO3, 0.005 M DTPA + 1 M NH4HCO3, and 0.001 M EDDHA methods) and six biological indices (the dry matter yield, Fe concentration, Fe uptake, relative dry matter yield, relative Fe concentration, and relative Fe uptake) were compared. The biological indices were determined with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown under greenhouse conditions. At the end of the experiment, the highest correlation coefficients (r) were determined to be between the 0.005 M DTPA + 0.01 M CaCl2 + 0.1 M TEA method and the biological indices and between the 0.005 M DTPA + 1 M NH4HCO3 method and the biological indices. The corresponding correlation coefficients (r) for the 0.005 M DTPA + 0.01 M CaCl2 + 0.1 M TEA method and the six biological indices were 0.621**, 0.823**, 0.810** 0.433**, 0.558**, and 0.640**, respectively. For the 0.005 M DTPA + 1 M NH4HCO3 method, these coefficients were equal to 0.618**, 0.520**, 0.679**, 0.521**, 0.492**, and 0.641**, respectively (** indicate the validity of the relationships at p < 0.01) These extraction methods, out of all the methods tested, were suggested for the determination of the available Fe content of the brown forest soils. Published in Russian in Pochvovedenie, 2006, No. 9, pp. 1068–1074. The text was submitted by the author in English.     

Influence of organic malter content and plant root on the leaching of cations from paddy soils

On the productivity of paddy field, many investigations have been performed in Japan. These investigations were mainly focused on the importance of mineralization of soil organic nitrogen, redox system, and generation of injurious materials under water-logged conditions of soils. Recently HARADA (1) and YOSHIDA (2) showed that the cations adsorbed by negative charges originated from humic substances were more weaker than that of the clay. Moreover KONISHI (3) has investigated on the effects of Renge application upon the soil productivity and the leaching of nutrients. He proved that the applicatign of Renge upon soil accelerates the nutrient leaching. From these experiments the importance of nutrient leaching in the soil productivity was again closed up.     

保水剂对干旱胁迫下雪茄烟叶次生代谢物质及化学成分含量的影响

为研究干旱胁迫下保水剂种类及用量对雪茄烟叶次生代谢物质及化学成分含量的影响,以德雪3 号为试材,采用盆栽试验研究了保水剂种类(SAP保水剂、沃特保水剂和自制TS-PAA保水剂)与用量(2、4和6 g·株-1)对雪茄烟生长过程中质体色素、多酚、有机酸含量的消长规律及其调制后化学成分含量变化的影响。结果表明,①干旱胁迫下施用3 种保水剂均能显著增加烟叶中叶绿素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的含量,且有利于烟株前中期叶绿素的快速积累和后期叶绿素的充分降解,以确保烟株适时落黄;②生长发育期间绿原酸、芸香苷、莨菪亭含量呈先增加后缓慢降低的趋势,且显著高于对照,说明施加3 种保水剂均有利于多酚类物质的积累,能间接提升调制后烟叶的香吃味;③在移栽后75 d时,3 种保水剂处理下苹果酸、草酸、丙二酸含量均有不同程度的提高,而柠檬酸含量与对照无显著差异;④施加3 种保水剂均能显著提高总糖、还原糖和钾含量,并降低总氮、烟碱、淀粉和氯含量,进而增加两糖比、糖碱比、钾氯比和氮碱比,使烟叶中化学成分更加均衡协调。不同处理相比较,TS-PAA保水剂和SAP保水剂以施用量为4 g·株-1,沃特保水剂以施用量为6 g·株-1时对次生代谢物质积累和烟叶质量改善作用效果最佳。     

Glycoalkaloid content and chemical composition of potatoes improved with nonconventional breeding approaches

This paper reports the results of chemical analyses performed on two distinct groups of new potato genotypes. The first group contained five clones transformed with the gene ech42 encoding for an endochitinase. The second included 21 interspecific hybrids between the cultivated potato Solanum tuberosum and the wild species S. commersonii, obtained either by somatic fusion or by sexual hybridization. Tubers from transgenic plants were analyzed for several morphological and biochemical parameters to ascertain the substantial equivalence between the transgenic genotypes and the original cultivar Désirée. The interspecific hybrids were analyzed for the same parameters in order to identify genotypes with novel improved chemical characteristics and with low levels of glycoalkaloids deriving from the wild species and potentially hazardous to human health. For transgenic tubers, the results provided evidence that indicates the substantial equivalence between the transgenic genotypes and the cultivated control for the considered traits. The results suggest that chitinase gene insertion did not alter other metabolic pathways of potato tubers and did not cause unintentional pleiotropic effects. As far as interspecific hybrids are concerned, wide variability for all of the parameters analyzed was found. For some useful traits (e.g., soluble solids and proteins, dry matter content) the interspecific hybrids performed better than both the cultivated control and the wild species. In a number of genotypes, glycoalkaloid levels were close to or lower than those of the control varieties, suggesting that selection for low glycoalkaloid content is possible. The results also indicated that glycoalkaloids from S. commersonii may be lost rapidly. Indeed, some hybrids were found to have the same glycoalkaloid profile as S. tuberosum. Finally, the results showed that among the parameters considered, glycoalkaloid content is the most sensitive to variation. Therefore, glycoalkaloid determination should be used for routine control of genotypes produced by interspecific hybridization.     

Sorption of trace quantities of cadmium by soils with different chemical and mineralogical composition

Cadmium sorption experiments were performed using four soil separates of different chemical and mineralogical composition, adding Cd solutions with initial concentrations ranging from 15 to 150 μg l^?1. At the soils pHs, the sorption isotherms were a mixture of a constant partition isotherm with a high affinity one. Also, more than 90% of the initially added Cd was sorbed by all four soils. These results indicate a high affinity of these soils for trace amounts of Cd. The effect of pH was, in general, to decrease the amount of sorbed Cd as the pH decreased. The sorption isotherms were linear at all pH's. Also, the data fitted the Freundlich's sorption isotherm in all cases, but not Langmuir's. Freundlich's k values were found to be a good index of the relative Cd sorption affinities of the four soils at all the pH's used. It was found that the structural and chemical nature of the soils sorbent complex was a more important parameter than the CEC when studying the sorption of these trace amounts of Cd by soils.     

Influence of storage conditions on chemical composition and sensory properties of citrus honey

Fresh citrus honey was stored at 10, 20, and 40 degrees C for 12 months. The effect of storage on the quality of honey was evaluated using physicochemical parameters, volatile compounds, mono-, di-, and trisaccharides, and sensory analysis. Diastase activity and HMF were out of the legal limit in honey stored 12 months at 40 degrees C. Volatile compounds (especially terpenes and terpene derivatives), monosaccharides, and disaccharides presented important losses during honey storage at any temperature. Honey storage at 10 or 20 degrees C maintained their floral, fresh, citric, and fresh fruit aroma, while the intensities of these attributes were diminished. Storage at 40 degrees C during 12 months resulted in the appearance of attributes such as "medicinal, smoked, toasted, cooked vegetable, and ripened fruit", associated with compounds formed during the Maillard reaction or through degradation of sugars such as volatile pyrroles, furanones, pyranones, and pyrazines, which appeared or increased in concentration during honey storage mainly at high temperature.     

Influence of soil composition on adsorption of glyphosate and phosphate by contrasting Danish surface soils

The herbicide glyphosate and inorganic phosphate are strongly adsorbed by inorganic soil components, especially aluminium and iron oxides, where they seem to compete for the same adsorption sites. Consequently, heavy phosphate application may exhaust soil's capacity to bind glyphosate, which may lead to pollution of drain‐ and groundwater. Adsorption of phosphate and glyphosate to five contrasting Danish surface soils was investigated by batch adsorption experiments. The different soils adsorbed different amounts of glyphosate and phosphate, and there was some competition between glyphosate and phosphate for adsorption sites, but the adsorption of glyphosate and phosphate seemed to be both competitive and additive. The competition was, however, less pronounced than found for goethite and gibbsite in an earlier study. The soil's pH seemed to be the only important factor in determining the amount of glyphosate and phosphate that could be adsorbed by the soils; consequently, glyphosate and phosphate adsorption by the soils was well predicted by pH, though predictions were somewhat improved by incorporation of oxalate‐extractable iron. Other soil factors such as organic carbon, the clay content and the mineralogy of the clay fraction had no effect on glyphosate and phosphate adsorption. The effect of pH on the adsorption of glyphosate and phosphate in one of the soils was further investigated by batch experiments with pH adjusted to 6, 7 and 8. These experiments showed that pH strongly influenced the adsorption of glyphosate. A decrease in pH resulted in increasing glyphosate adsorption, while pH had only a small effect on phosphate adsorption.     

我国主要菜区耕层土壤盐分总量及离子组成

【目的】评价全国主要菜区温室、 大棚和露地菜田土壤盐分及离子组成状况,为土壤次生盐渍化防治、 蔬菜合理施肥和土壤可持续利用提供一定的理论依据。【方法】在我国北方3个区域(东北、 华北、 西北地区)和南方4个区域(华中、 西南、 华东、 华南地区)主要蔬菜种植区不同栽培方式典型菜田耕层土壤展开调查,共采集501个土壤样品,分析了盐分总量及其离子组成。【结果】 1)全国主要菜区设施(温室和大棚)菜田土壤盐分总量及其各离子含量(NO-3、 SO2-4、 Cl-、 Na+、 K+、 Ca2+、 Mg2+)均显著高于露地菜田土壤,盐分总量平均高69.3%,离子组成增加幅度在36.2%~170.0%之间。2)设施菜田土壤次生盐渍化的土样数比例显著高于露地菜田土壤,但设施菜田土壤盐化程度总体上较轻,居于轻度盐化水平的比例占38.2%,处于中度盐化以上水平的比例仅占4.7%。 3)设施菜田土壤盐分总量及主要盐分离子(NO-3、 SO2-4和Ca2+)含量积累总体上随种植年限的延长呈先增后降并趋于平缓的变化趋势,在连续种植5~6年时达到高峰期,之后因采取的各种管理措施而有所降低,但仍显著高于露地菜田土壤。 4)设施菜田土壤盐分离子组成以NO-3和SO2-4为主,其次是Ca2+,分别占盐分总量的27.9%、 26.9%和15.3%。露地菜田土壤主要盐分离子组成总体上是SO2- 4 NO- 3 Ca2+、 HCO-3,分别平均占盐分总量的29.0%、 21.1%、 16.1%和14.1%,但西北地区露地菜田土壤盐分离子组成以HCO-3为主,其次是SO2-4、 NO-3和Ca2+。【结论】设施菜田土壤次生盐渍化的土样数比例虽然显著高于露地菜田土壤,但土壤盐化程度总体上较轻,盐分离子主要是NO-3、 SO2- 4和Ca2+,NO-3、 SO2-4含量大于Ca2+含量; 露地菜田主要盐分离子是SO2-4、 NO- 3、 Ca2+和HCO-3,含量为SO2- 4 NO- 3 Ca2+、 HCO-3。     

Influence of cultivar on quality parameters and chemical composition of strawberry fruits grown in Brazil

Six strawberry cultivars grown on the same commercial plantation in Brazil were evaluated for their chemical composition and quality attributes at the ripe stage. The profiles of the main soluble sugars, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanins were also obtained during the developmental stages. Results showed significant differences among cultivars in all of the investigated parameters. Cv. Campineiro showed an average value for texture of 0.63 N, half the value found for cv. Oso Grande. Anthocyanin content ranged from 13 (cv. Campineiro) to 55 (cv. Mazi) mg/100 g. Total ascorbic acid found for cv. Campineiro (85 mg/100 g) was twice the amount found in cv. Dover (40 mg/100 g). Fructose was the predominant soluble sugar in almost all cultivars. The proportion among the main soluble sugars (fructose, sucrose, and glucose) was similar for Oso Grande and Toyonoka cultivars. The flavonol content (quercetin plus kaempferol derivatives) ranged from 2.7 to 7.1 mg/100 g, with a mean value of 6.1 mg/100 g, whereas free ellagic acid ranged from 0.9 to 1.9 and total phenolics varied from 159 to 289 (mean 221) mg/100 g.