Use of 15N isotope dilution for quantification of N2 fixation associated with roots of kallar grass (Leptochloa fusca (L.))

Summary Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth (kallar grass) has previously been found to exhibit high rates of nitrogen fixation. A series of experiments to determine the level of biological nitrogen fixation using ¹⁵N isotopic dilution were carried out in nutrient solution and saline soil. In the nutrient solution, E. coli inoculated plants were taken as non-nitrogen-fixing control. It was observed that nearly 60%–80% of the plant N was derived from atmospheric fixation. Estimations based on the N difference method gave much lower values (18%–35%). In experiments with saline soil which was initially sterilized with chloroform fumigation, a mixed culture of N₂-fixing rhizospheric isolates from kallar grass roots was inoculated and planted to kallar grass. Uninoculated treatments were regarded as controls. The soil was previously labelled with ¹⁵N by adding cellulose and (¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄. The results of these studies showed fixation values of 6%–32% when estimated by ¹⁵N dilution, whereas by the N difference method 54% of the plant N was estimated to be derived from fixation. This discrepancy is due to the increase in root proliferation due to inoculation, which results in greater uptake of soil N. The distribution of ¹⁵N in different fractions of the soil-N indicted isotopic dilution due to bacterial fixation of atmospheric N₂.     

Salt effects on growth and mineral contents of Diplachne fusca (Kallar grass)

Effects of NaCl, KC1, and CaCl₂ alone, and in combinations of NaCl/KCl and NaCl/CaCl₂ on growth and ion uptake by ‘Kallar'grass in soil and in solution cultures were studied. In soil up to 150 mM NaCl and KCl had little effect on growth but CaCl₂ depressed growth strongly. Dry weights in 150 mM NaCl/KCl decreased but remained little affected in NaCl/CaCl₂. Plant response to Na⁺ was little affected by Ca⁺⁺ or K⁺ and no interactions between Na⁺ and Ca⁺⁺ or Na⁺ and K⁺ were observed. Plant tissue exhibited a strong selectivity for K⁺ over Na⁺ Concentrations of Na and Cl in the tops exceeded those in the roots. Leaf transections are presented providing some information on the tissue anatomy.     

杀虫剂对甘蓝蚜与七星瓢虫的毒力及选择性研究

试验研究杀虫剂对甘蓝蚜及其天敌七星瓢虫幼虫的毒力及选择性结果表明,15种供试杀虫剂中以吡虫啉对七星瓢虫幼虫和甘蓝蚜的选择性最高,其选择性毒力比值(瓢虫LD50/甘蓝蚜LD50)为174.29。5种有机磷类杀虫剂中以马拉硫磷的选择性最高,其次为敌敌畏,其选择性毒力比值分别为35.73和25.32;7种菊酯类杀虫剂中以氟氯氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯的选择性最高,其选择性毒力比值分别为55.16和30.00。故吡虫啉、氟氯氰菊酯和马拉硫磷等选择性较高的杀虫剂对甘蓝蚜相对毒力高,而对其天敌瓢虫相对安全,为防治菜田甘蓝蚜的理想品种。     

广西不同地区小菜蛾对杀虫剂的敏感性研究

采用浸叶法在室内测定了广西5个菜区的小菜蛾种群对13种杀虫剂的敏感性.结果表明,这5个小菜蛾种群对印楝素和氟虫腈的敏感性最高,LC50值在0.08～0.26 mg/L之间;对苏云金杆菌、多杀菌素、溴虫腈、阿维菌素和定虫隆也具有较高的敏感性,LC50值在0.30～16.39 mg/L之间;而对辛硫磷、杀虫双、毒死蜱和敌敌畏的敏感性较低,LC50值在319.74～8 133.98 mg/L之间;对灭多威和杀螟丹的敏感性极低,已无法建立这两种杀虫剂对南宁安吉和石埠种群的毒力回归方程.不同地区小菜蛾种群对苏云金杆菌和毒死蜱的敏感性差异最大,超过6倍;其次为灭多威、杀虫双和定虫隆,种群敏感性差异达4～6倍;而不同种群对辛硫磷和溴虫腈的敏感性几乎没有差异.     

Dynamic chloroplast pigments concentration in leaves of soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.) under reduced tillage

The objectives of this experiment were to determine the chloroplast pigments dynamics of soybean leaves during the growth stages under different tillage systems, which can be a major factor limiting yield of soybean. The greatest differences between the photosynthetic productivity parameters of the investigated soybean were determined from reproductive stages (R2 and R3?–?4). The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a/b and carotenoids content under CT, DH and NT were greater in the reproductive stages (R2 and R3?–?4) than in the early stages (V3?–?4 and R1). The concentration dynamics of chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a/b was very similar in all growth stages and under all tillage systems in the 2-yr average. The increased drought stress in 2003 was likely critical in the observed lower seed yields in 2003. The yield of soybean was significantly lower under NT than CT and DH treatments in both years. The relationship between the soybean yield and chloroplast pigments concentration is strongly influenced by external factors. In the 2-yr average the soybean yield was considerably affected by the years and tillage systems. Statistical analysis showed a very significant relationship between chlorophyll pigments content, but photosynthetic parameters investigated did not correlate with soybean yield.     

Seed Treatment to Overcome Salt and Drought Stresses During Germination in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Although safflower is drought and salt tolerant, it is susceptible to drought and salinity at the germination and seedling stages. Priming techniques have been used to overcome salinity and drought tolerance at germination stage. Osmopriming potassium nitrate (KNO₃) and hydropriming were used to determine drought [by polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 at water potentials of 0, ?0.3 and ?0.6 MPa] and salt electrical conductivity (EC) (values of the sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions were 0, 6 and 12 ds.m^?1) tolerance of primed seeds of safflower. Germination index, shoot/root ration, germination uniformity, days to 50% germination (D50) and abnormal germination percentage were measured. Treatment 0f seeds with hydropriming increased germination index, shoot/root ration and germination uniformity, while decrease days to 50% germination under salt and water stress. Seed treated with KNO₃ reduced abnormal germination percentage in salt stress. KNO₃ improved germination uniformity and germination index of the low water potentials. As salinity increased, germination index and shoot/root ration were decreased, while germination uniformity, days to 50% germination and abnormal germination percentage were increased. Hydropriming enhanced germination under both salt and drought stresses and non-stress conditions. Therefore, hydropriming could be used to improved seed performance of safflower under saline and drought stress. This treatment dose not needs expensive chemicals or sophisticated equipment.     

Uptake of Heavy Metals by Mycorrhizal Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

It has been previously indicated that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can enhance the bioremediation abilities of their host plant. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a crop plant with some unique physiological properties, such as tolerance to salinity. However, its tolerance to other stresses such as heavy metals must be tested. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that barley can be efficiently used to treat heavy metals in symbiotic and non-symbiotic association with AM fungi. In a greenhouse experiment barley plants were inoculated with the AM species Glomus mosseae and grown in a soil polluted with cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), and lead (Pb). Relative to Cd and Co, mycorrhizal barley absorbed significantly higher amounts of Pb. AM species also significantly decreased Cd and Co uptake by barley indicating the alleviating effects of G. mosseae on the stress of such heavy metals.     

喷洒氯化钾对油菜植株硝酸盐再利用的影响

从植物体本身着手研究植物氮素高效利用的机理与途径,这是近几年来植物氮素营养研究的热点之一,而调动植物液泡中的硝酸盐使之得到更高程度的再利用,这是提高植物氮素利用效率和降低植物体内硝酸盐含量的途径之一。试验采用土培试验,研究叶面喷施质量分数为1%的氯化钾溶液对油菜角果初期和收获期植株硝酸盐累积再利用的影响,以喷施质量分数为1.17%的硫酸钾溶液(要求氯化钾和硫酸钾溶液中钾离子的物质的量浓度相同)和清水作为对照,在开花后期开始喷施,连续隔日喷洒15天,喷施部位在茎和叶,重点喷洒叶的背面,尽量不喷施至叶柄,于角果初期和收获期采样。结果表明,喷施氯化钾溶液能显著降低油菜角果初期和收获期茎、叶、根硝酸盐含量和植株硝酸盐总量,促进硝酸盐再利用;可以增强角果初期叶片硝酸还原酶的活性;能增加收获期干物质累积量,但不影响角果初期干物质累积量。     

Regulatory effects of sulfur on oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) response to selenite

Selenite is a form of selenium (Se) commonly found in Se-excessive soils. To regulate the Se content in plants in high-Se areas, a potted soil experiment was performed on oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) to evaluate the effects of varied amounts of sulfur (S) on the biomass, accumulation and distribution of Se in B. napus under the conditions of different amounts of Se in the soil. The results showed that the seedlings of B. napus were more sensitive to Se than the mature plants were. The addition of S significantly alleviated the growth inhibition in seedlings and facilitated the growth of mature plants under higher Se (15 mg kg^?1) conditions. S treatment significantly decreased soil pH within the range of 0.22–0.60. An appropriate moderate amount (150 mg kg^?1) of S exerted the strongest inhibition on Se concentration and accumulation in B. napus at the seedling stage, but a higher amount (300 mg kg^?1) of S led to a more significant decrease in the mature plants under higher Se conditions, with the maximum reduction in various parts of B. napus reaching 51.3–60.9% and 42.5–53.4%, respectively. The application of S only affected the uptake of Se, and not the translocation of Se; the accumulation of Se in B. napus follows the sequence of pod ≈ stem > rapeseed > root, and the distribution ratio is approximately 1.00:0.97:0.69:0.49. Overall, the application of S alleviated the inhibitory effect on growth caused by excessive Se by reducing the Se concentration in B. napus and facilitating its growth, suggesting that S treatment is a suitable and highly cost-effective method to regulate the content of Se in B. napus.     

Effect of cadmium on the chemical composition of xylem exudate from oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus L.)

Abstract

Phytoremediation is a good technique for removing cadmium (Cd) from farmland soils. To remove Cd from these soils effectively, it is necessary for Cd ions to be transported to the shoot organs for later harvest. However, the mechanism of Cd translocation to shoot organs via xylem vessels has not yet been elucidated. We selected oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus L.) and established a method to collect xylem exudates from these plants. After 3 days of Cd treatment (10 µmol L^?1 and 30 µmol L^?1) the Cd concentrations in the xylem exudates were approximately 6.5 µmol L^?1 and 16 µmol L^?1, respectively. The detection of Cd in the xylem exudate indicated that Cd was moving to shoot organs via xylem vessels. The effect of these Cd treatments on the amino acid, organic acid and protein composition of xylem exudates from oilseed rape plants was investigated. The level of amino acids and organic acids detected was enough to bind Cd transported via the xylem. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that proteins with molecular weights of 36 kDa and 45 kDa clearly increased in the exudates with Cd treatment. The possibility that these compounds are binding Cd in the xylem exudates was discussed.     

诸葛菜OvCYP86MF基因的克隆及其特性分析

为进一步阐明细胞色素P450基因CYP86MF在诸葛菜发育中的分子机理,本文根据已知同源基因保守序列设计特异引物,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术从诸葛菜中获得一个细胞色素P450基因(OvCYP86MF)全长cDNA序列,该序列全长为1876bp,含有1605bp的完整开放阅读框,可编码534个氨基酸,分子量和等电点分别为61.4kDa和6.90,具有细胞色素P450蛋白的典型特征,即保守结构域FNAGPRLCIG;原核表达显示该基因的融合蛋白在体外可以诱导表达;DANSTAR和Clustal W软件分析表明该基因的全长cDNA序列及其编码氨基酸序列与十字花科物种拟南芥相似性很高,达到80%以上,亲缘关系最近;与CYP86C亚家族成员在氨基酸水平上的相似性均高于50%,因此推断该基因属于CYP86C这个亚家族。Northern杂交分析表明该基因在花蕾中特异表达。     

Effect of salt stress on Growth and Ion accumulation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) yield and nutrient contents may be affected under salinity condition. Thus, this experiment was conducted to determine the effect of three salinity levels (60, 120, and 180 mM NaCl) on shoot and root dry weights, and mineral contents of three alfalfa cultivars. With the increasing salinity levels sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg) contents increased; but potassium (K), nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) contents and root and leaf weights decreased; however, changes in these traits depended on cultivar and salinity level. However, Rehnani, a tolerant cultivar, had the lowest Na and Mg contents and the highest K, N, P, Ca, Zn, and Cu contents and dry weights under all of the salinity levels. Moreover, leaf dry weight and leaf P content had the highest correlation with salt tolerance suggesting that these traits may be used as a marker for selecting salts that are tolerant among genotypes in alfalfa.     

土壤盐分对油菜氮素积累、运转及利用效率的影响

【目的】比较不同盐分含量条件下油菜产量、品质等性状差异,初步探讨盐分含量对油菜氮素积累、运转及利用效率的影响机制。 【方法】以杂交油菜宁杂 1818 和盐油杂 3 号为材料,在盐分含量为 2.7 g/kg (低盐) 和 4.4 g/kg (高盐) 的土壤上连续两年进行了田间试验。在初花期和成熟期取样,定期收集田间落叶,测定植株干物质积累量、氮素含量及籽粒品质,计算了不同盐分含量土壤条件下油菜氮素积累、运转及氮素籽粒生产效率。 【结果】高盐土壤上油菜的初花期和成熟期时间较低盐土壤的推迟 3～4 天,产量、总生物量和氮素积累总量显著降低,宁杂 1818 和盐油杂 3 号两年产量平均下降幅度分别为 23.6% 和 26.1%。与低盐土壤相比,高盐土壤上油菜籽粒含油量显著降低,蛋白质含量显著增加,宁杂 1818 和盐油杂 3 号两年油分含量平均下降幅度均为 4.6%,蛋白质含量平均增加幅度分别为 6.4% 和 9.4%。盐分含量对根系和叶片的氮素运转率影响较小。高盐土壤上油菜茎枝中的氮素运转率和氮素籽粒生产效率较低盐土壤的低,宁杂 1818 和盐油杂 3 号茎枝氮素运转率两年平均下降幅度均约为 14.2%,氮素籽粒生产效率平均下降幅度分别为 6.8% 和 9.3%。 【结论】高盐土壤上油菜的产量、总生物量、氮素积累总量以及籽粒含油量较低盐土壤显著降低,籽粒蛋白质含量显著增加。高盐土壤上油菜茎枝中氮素运转率的显著降低是导致油菜氮素籽粒生产效率降低的重要因素之一。     

Effects of P fertilization level on phosphorus uptake and agronomic traits under deficit irrigation in winter wheat (T. aestivum L.)

Abstract

Enhancing the phosphorus (P) use efficiency is critical for the sustainable cultivation of winter wheat. In this study, we investigated the effects of P fertilization level on plant P-uptake and agronomic traits under deficit irrigation, by using two wheat cultivars sharing contrasting water responses (i.e., Jimai 585 and Shimai 22). The high P level treatment (P120) improved plant biomass and P accumulation at each growth stage, grain yields, P remobilization amount to grain (PRA), P remobilization rate (PRR), and P contribution rate (PRR) of the cultivars with respect to the low P treatments (i.e., P90 and P60). Compared with Jimai 585, a cultivar acclimated to affluent water, the drought tolerant cultivar Shimai 22 exhibited similar behaviors on plant biomass, P-associated traits at each stage, and agronomic traits at maturity under P120. However, Shimai 22 was more improvement on P-associated and agronomic traits than Jimai 585 under P60 and P90. P contents were increased whereas moisture contents decreased in soil profile treated by P120 with respect to those by P60. Meanwhile, the soil profile cultivated by Shimai 22 displayed reduced moisture and P contents under P deprivation (i.e., P90 and P60) respect to that by Jimai 585, suggesting the contribution of more consumption of soil P and water storage to improved agronomic traits of Shimai 22. Together, our investigation suggested that suitable P input management positively mediates plant P-associated traits and grain formation capacity under deficit irrigation by improving supply and internal translocation of P across tissues in winter wheat plants.     

Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nano Particles and Their Effect on Growth of Maize (Zea mays L.) Plant

In the current literature, the impact of nano-particles (NPs) on growth of higher plants has scantly been reported. An investigation was carried out to study the effect of zinc oxide nano-particles (<100 nm) on growth of maize (Zea mays L.) plant, as one of the major agricultural crops, in a solution culture system. Various concentrations of zinc (Zn) were applied through nano-zinc oxide (ZnO) particles (<100 nm) in suspension form and in ionic form through zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) salt in Hoagland solution culture. Experimental results showed that nano zinc oxide particles could enhance and maintain the growth of maize plant as well as conventional Zn fertilizer (as ZnSO₄). The plant parameters like plant height, root length, root volume, and dry matter weight were all improved due to application of zinc oxide nano-particle. These findings indicate that plant roots might have the unique mechanism of assimilating nano-Zn and using for its growth and development. Different enzymatic activities were also studied and experimental results revealed that nano-ZnO particles (<100 nm) also governed the enzymatic activity of maize plant. A separate laboratory experiment was also carried out to characterize the zinc oxide nano particle for its size, zeta potential, etc.     

不同生长条件下槟榔叶片氮、磷、钾含量及其比例的研究

采用田间调查与实验室分析相结合,探讨海南地区不同产量水平、不同生长年限、正常结果与黄化槟榔叶片氮、磷、钾含量变化规律.结果表明,槟榔叶片氮、磷、钾比例约为1:0.081:0.356.高产组槟榔叶片平均氮含量比中高产组和中产组的分别高10.45%和21.73%;而比低产组槟榔叶片的高了36.86%.正常结果树(低产组槟榔...     

利用EST序列鉴定葡萄应答外源赤霉素的基因

为了利用NCBI上大量的葡萄(Vitis viniferaL.)EST序列进行葡萄应答外源赤霉素基因的信息挖掘,通过本地化Blast、Blast2go等工具以及其他生物信息学工具和数据库,对NCBI上经过赤霉素(gibberellins,GA)诱导后的葡萄EST序列进行处理,获得了45条仅在赤霉素处理后表达的无冗余EST序列。Blastx注释结果显示,45条序列中有25条序列注释为假定蛋白或未知蛋白(约占55.6%),14条序列无注释信息(约占31.1%),6条序列(13.1%)注释有推定功能,其中包括整合酶蛋白(EE077049)、SPX结构域基因1(EE085000)、丝氨酸羧肽酶类44蛋白(EE091188)、CHY1(EE092187)、假尿苷合酶/转运蛋白(EE106096)、钾离子通道蛋白(EE108944)。Blast2go分析显示,共有29条序列通过基因本体论(GO)注释180个GO号,分属于分子功能(molecula rfunction)、细胞成分(cellular component)、生物过程(biological process)三大类的不同水平。初步推断,在外源赤霉素对葡萄进行处理后,应答基因主要具有结合活性(46.34%)和催化活性(39.02%)两方面的分子功能。其作用空间分布为整个细胞(44.68%)或者细胞器(40.43%)中,并且主要通过参与细胞生理过程(28.57%)和代谢过程(25.71%)等一系列复杂的生理生化反应完成整个应答过程。为进一步研究赤霉素处理后导致葡萄的基因表达情况提供了基本资料。     

Effect of phosphorus‐enriched biochar and poultry manure on growth and mineral composition of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv.) grown in alkaline soil

The use of pyrolysis products of manures gives positive effects on soil fertility, crop productivity and soil carbon sequestration. However, effects depend on soil characteristics, plant species and the raw material from which the biochar is derived, and some negative effects of biochar have been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of poultry manure (PM)‐derived biochar on the growth, and P, N, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn concentration of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plant. The treatments as follows: control, 20 g/kg poultry manure (PM), 20 g/kg phosphorus‐enriched poultry manure (PM+P), 10 g/kg Biochar (B), 10 g/kg Biochar+P (B+P). Application of biochar and PM significantly increased lettuce growth, and P‐enriched forms of PM and biochar gave the higher growth. PM has no significant effect on the N concentrations but biochar and, P‐enriched PM and biochar treatments significantly increased N concentrations. Phosphorus concentration of the lettuce leaves significantly increased by PM and biochar treatments. Plant K concentrations were also increased by PM and biochar, and their P‐enriched forms. Leaf Ca and Mg concentrations were lower in Biochar and B+P treatments than that of PM and PM+P treatments. Compared to control and PM treatments, biochar applications reduced Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu concentrations of the lettuce plants. The results of this study indicated that application of biochar to alkaline soil is beneficial for crop growth and N, P and K nutrition, but it certainly reduced Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn nutrition of lettuce.     

Effects of Soil Fertility Management on Growth,Yield, and Water-Use Efficiency of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Selected Soil Properties

Maize was grown for two cropping years to investigate the supplementary effect of inorganic fertilizer with cow dung on growth, yield, water-use efficiency, and soil properties. Five treatments were imposed: unfertilized control and four different fertilization packages comprising two different levels of inorganic fertilization with cow dung as supplements, sole inorganic fertilizer, and sole cow dung. Results analyzed after the two cropping years showed significant differences in growth and yield. A reduction in yield was observed for the unfertilized plots, whereas yields in the plots of supplemented inorganic fertilizer with cow dung increased and were significantly at par with the sole inorganic fertilizer plot. Water-use efficiency was improved for the fertilized plots. Significant improvement was observed in the water-stable aggregates with plots that received cow dung as organic manure either in part with inorganic fertilizer or as sole cow dung.