施氮量对白萝卜硝酸盐含量和土壤硝态氮淋溶的影响

在保护地栽培条件下,通过6个施氮水平的田间小区试验,结合土层原位渗滤装置,研究了施用氮肥对白萝卜（Raphanus sativus L.）产量和硝酸盐含量及土壤硝态氮淋溶的影响。结果表明,施氮处理白萝卜产量比不施氮处理仅增加6.04%～10.92%,当尿素氮施用量大于N 100 kg/hm2时,增产幅度开始下降。不同施氮处理白萝卜产量没有显著差异,说明在土壤基础肥力较高的情况下,增施氮肥不能明显提高白萝卜的产量;单施有机肥白萝卜体内硝酸盐含量为 196.86 mg/kg,比不施氮处理降低 5.08%。在此基础上加施尿素后,硝酸盐含量随氮肥施用量的增加显著升高（p0.05）;0—100cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积量随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,且与氮肥施用量显著正相关（r=0.993, r0.01=0.917）;白萝卜生长期间收集到的土壤淋溶液中硝态氮浓度较高,平均为32.88 mg/L,硝态氮的淋失量为 4.42～6.14 kg/hm2,不同施氮量处理之间没有显著差异。     

高温胁迫下外源褪黑素对黄瓜幼苗光合作用及叶绿素荧光的影响

以"津春4号"黄瓜品种为试验材料,采用喷施外源褪黑素(melatonin,MT)的方法,研究了MT对高温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:高温处理后黄瓜幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)降低,气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)却增大,但随外源MT处理浓度的增加,黄瓜幼苗叶片内P...     

EFFECT OF NITROGEN SOURCES AND RATES ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF SILAGE CORN

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nitrogen (N) application source and rate on silage corn (Zea mays L.). Urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate were compared at 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha^?1. The application of ammonium sulfate produced the highest plant height, leaf area index (LAI), total yield, and stem, leaf, and ear dry matter, followed by ammonium nitrate and urea. However, nitrogen sources had no marked effects on the content of protein, ash, oil, soluble carbohydrates, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). As the rate of nitrogen increased plant height, LAI, total yield, and stem, leaf, tassel, and ear dry matters, and protein, ash and oil contents increased while soluble carbohydrates, ADF, and NDF contents decreased. Ammonium sulfate was the most effective N source on production and 200 kg N ha^?1 was the most effective N rate on corn yield and quality.     

紧实胁迫对土壤呼吸强度及黄瓜生长和品质的影响

用容重为1.2和1.5 g cm-3的土壤进行盆栽试验,研究了紧实胁迫对土壤剖面各层中呼吸强度及CO2浓度的影响,调查了黄瓜植株及果实品质对土壤紧实胁迫的反应。结果表明:紧实土壤(高容重)土面下CO2浓度及呼吸强度均大于疏松土壤(低容重)。紧实土壤中黄瓜根系伸长生长受到抑制,根系重量显著减小,根冠比(地下部干重/地上部干重)降低;地上部的鲜重及干重也减小,但干物质含量却有一定程度增加;展开的叶片数减小,黄叶数增加,植株衰老提早。果实增大速度受到抑制,糖/酸比大幅度下降,风味变差。     

EFFECT OF CADMIUM ON PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF WHEAT AND CORN TO IRON DEFICIENCY

This work evaluated the effect of cadmium (Cd) on the physiological responses of corn (Zea Mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to iron (Fe) deficiency. For this purpose, seedlings of corn and wheat were cultivated under controlled conditions, plants were grown in different strength Hoagland's solutions for one month. In the fifth week, some seedlings were still in full strength Hoagland's solution (+Fe) and others were in full strength Hoagland's solutions without iron (?Fe). The plants were exposed to different cadmium (Cd) concentrations for four days. The plant chlorophyll content of young leaves, Fe and Cd content in shoots and roots, biomass production, and phytosiderophores (PS) release by roots were assessed. Results showed that Cd decreased the chlorophyll content of young leaves, accompanied by a significant shoot and root biomass reduction for Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient wheat and corn across all Cd treatments. However, chlorophyll content and shoot and root biomass of Fe-deficient wheat and corn were lower than Fe-sufficient plants at different Cd concentrations. Iron-deficiency induced Cd accumulation compared to Fe-sufficient in wheat and corn; however, a depressive effect of Cd on iron acquisition in shoots and roots of Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient wheat and corn across all Cd treatments was observed. Cadmium also inhibited PS release in Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient wheat and corn. Iron-deficient PS release was higher than Fe-sufficient corn and wheat across all Cd treatments. These results suggested that Cd might reduce capacity of plants to acquire iron from solution by inhibiting PS release.     

5-azaC对萝卜茎尖DNA甲基化和开花的影响

本文研究了去甲基化因子5氮杂胞苷(5azaC)对萝卜开花及幼苗茎尖DNA甲基化水平的影响。用0(对照)、0.10、0.25、0.50和1.00mmolL5azaC处理‘短叶13’萝卜种子6d,除对照外,茎尖组织DNA甲基化水平均有所降低,并与春化后茎尖组织DNA甲基化水平相当;茎尖组织DNA甲基化水平随着处理浓度的提高而下降。同时,5azaC处理明显促进春性品种萝卜‘短叶13’的开花。结果表明5azaC可以部分代替低温诱导萝卜开花。     

水、沉积物和土壤中重金属生物有效性/毒性的生物配体模型研究进展

重金属以多种化学形态存在于环境介质中,仅根据环境中重金属元素总量已不能对其生物效应进行良好预测,因此在制定重金属环境质量标准和进行环境风险评价时,明确考虑其生物有效性逐渐受到重视。水体重金属的生物有效性和毒性很早就被认识到是水化学性质的函数,并形成了一些机理描述模型,如自由离子活度模型(FIAM)、鱼鳃点位交互作用模型(GSIM)和生物配体模型(BLM)。BLM在FIAM和GSIM的基础上,同时考虑了水中金属离子的化学形态以及阳离子与金属离子在生物配体(BL)上的竞争对其毒性的影响,能成功预测水体金属的生物有效性/毒性,并被用于水质金属基准的制定。本文对BLM在水环境中的概念模型、发展状况及软件应用做了全面介绍,并对BLM在沉积物和陆地环境中的拓展作了综述,重点介绍了针对植物、土壤动物和微生物的陆地生物配体模型(t-BLM),提出了土壤重金属t-BLM的概念模型并对其构建方法学等进行了探讨。联合了土壤理化性质、金属形态及生物积累和毒性效应的t-BLM,将提供一个环境风险评价和制定更合理土壤环境质量标准的新工具。     

灌溉水质对土壤化学特征和作物生长的影响

本文以灌溉水矿化度和钠吸附比为两个主要指标，组合成１６个灌溉水质处理，研究了不同灌溉水质对土壤化学性质和作物生长的影响。初步提出了引起盐害和碱害的灌溉水矿化度和钠吸附比的临界值。研究结果表明，灌溉水带入土壤的盐分在土壤中累积与淋洗交替进行。     

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND SULFUR ON YIELD AND SEED QUALITY OF THREE CANOLA CULTIVARS

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilizers on yield and seed quality of three canola cultivars, a factorial based on randomized complete block experiment was conducted during 2005–2006 in Iran. Treatments included four nitrogen rates (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha^?1 source of urea), four sulfur rates (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg S ha^?1), and three cultivars (‘Pf’, ‘Option-500’, and ‘Hyola-401’). Results indicated cultivar had a significant effect on all studied traits. ‘Option-500’ and ‘Hyola-401’ cultivars had the highest seed yield, protein content, and N:S ratio in seed. The levels of 150 and 220 kg N ha^?1 resulted in the maximum protein content. Increasing N levels resulted in N content and decreased the oil content. The interaction effect between S and N levels showed the highest N content in seed was obtained with 300 kg S ha^?1 and 225 kg N ha^?1.     

硫肥对棉花蕾铃脱落及产量的影响

本文就硫素与棉花蕾铃脱落和产量的关系进行了研究。试验结果表明,在传统施肥量330kg N/hm2,60kg P/hm2情况下,棉花蕾铃脱落率达70.3%;在增加氮磷肥施用量并补施硫酸钾情况下,棉花蕾铃脱落率为68.5%,说明硫酸钾有效降低了棉花的蕾铃脱落率。在传统施肥量基础上施用硫磺30.0kg/hm2对棉花的蕾铃脱落没有影响,但是增加了棉花单株结铃数、提高了产量。与不施硫相比,施硫使棉花单株结铃数增加14.7%,产量增加了15.7%。上述结果说明,在新疆高产棉田中使用单质硫肥能够进一步增加棉花产量。     

打顶后涂抹生长素对长绒棉生长和蕾铃脱落的影响

与传统打顶处理相比,打顶后涂抹浓度为3×10-2mmol.L-1的α-萘乙酸(NAA),促进了上部植株的生长,植株上部生物量、成铃率分别比传统处理提高148.6%和96.6%,空果枝数降低52.6%,蕾铃脱落率降低43.1%;单株籽棉产量增加了26.4%。上述结果说明,生产中普遍存在的中后期“早衰”和“中空”现象与棉花打顶导致顶端优势丧失有关,打顶后涂抹NAA使植株的顶端优势得到一定恢复。     

施用氨基酸肥料对连作条件下黄瓜的生物效应及土壤生物性状的影响

为探讨施用氨基酸肥料对连作条件下黄瓜生长及土壤微生物的影响,本研究采用盆栽试验的方法对黄瓜（Cucumis sativus）的生物学效应及土壤微生物群落结构进行测定和分析.结果显示：施用氨基酸肥料（AAF）使黄瓜生物学性状得到显著改善,黄瓜的叶绿素增加、叶面积增大、光合作用增强,干重提高;同时,AAF富含优质碳源,施入土壤后使连作土壤的放线菌数量增加1.57～2.18倍,真菌数量增加2.22～8.43倍,尖孢镰刀菌明显减少,真菌/细菌比值显著提高,尖孢菌/真菌比值显著降低,对枯萎病的防治率最高达80%以上.本研究表明,AAF对连作黄瓜生长具有显著促进和调节作用,对连作土壤微生物活性有激发作用,对黄瓜的连作障碍有明显的缓解作用.但是,从生长趋势看,氨基酸肥料应配合施用一定量的无机肥料,才能使黄瓜持续高产.     

DIFFERENTIAL TRANSLOCATION OF 59IRON IN IRON SUFFICIENT AND DEFICIENT SORGHUM PLANTS

Radioactively labeled iron (⁵⁹Fe) was used to study differential uptake in sorghum plants in the recovery stage of chlorosis. Radio-labeled ⁵⁹Fe was supplied through root feeding in nutrient solution experiment (48 hrs, pH 6.2) to non-chlorotic and chlorotic plants. Chlorotic plants were further treated with foliar spray [ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄), FeSO₄ + thiourea (TU), FeSO₄ + citric acid (CA), FeSO₄ + thioglycollic acid (TGA)] to study the uptake of radio-labeled ⁵⁹Fe through root feeding during recovery process of chlorosis. Under iron deficiency, the differential uptake of ⁵⁹Fe was markedly increased in leaves and stem of chlorotic control (-Fe) sorghum plants as compared to non-chlorotic control (+Fe) and foliar sprayed (FeSO₄, FeSO₄ + TU, FeSO₄ + CA, and FeSO₄ + TGA) plants. The lowest uptake of ⁵⁹Fe was observed in younger leaves (24.33 nmol, g^?1 fresh weight h^?1) and stem (1.98 nmol, g^?1 fresh weight h^?1) of non-chlorotic control followed by foliar sprayed plants in comparison to chlorotic control, respectively. Similarly less ⁵⁹Fe uptake was observed in the older leaves of FeSO₄ + CA sprayed (21.70 nmol, g^?1 fresh weight h^?1) plants in comparison to chlorotic control (35.60 nmol, g^?1 fresh weight h^?1). The highest differential ⁵⁹Fe uptake through nutrient medium was in the roots of plants, which were foliar sprayed with FeSO₄ along with TU. The role of iron alone and along with citric acid and thiol compounds is discussed in recovery of chlorosis.     

抗生素对高羊茅胚性愈伤组织生长与分化的影响

研究了两种常用抗生素对高羊茅胚性愈伤组织生长和分化的影响 ,结果表明 ,头孢霉素明显抑制愈伤组织生长 ,而浓度低于 5 0 0mg L的羧苄青霉素能促进愈伤组织生长 ;两种抗生素对愈伤组织分化均有抑制作用 ,但羧苄青霉素的抑制作用要比头孢霉素小。因此 ,在农杆菌介导高羊茅遗传转化中 ,抑菌剂以选用羧苄青霉素较为合适。     

STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF NITROGEN DEFICIENCY ON GRAIN IRON AND ZINC CONCENTRATIONS OF LANDRACE AND BRED WHEAT VARIETIES IN CHINA

It has been reported that nitrogen (N) deficiency can significantly reduce grain iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentrations in wheat. Here, we investigated the grain Fe (GFeC) and Zn (GZnC) concentrations of 42 Chinese wheat varieties grown in a field trial under low and high N conditions. Analysis of variance revealed that both GFeC and GZnC significantly differed among varieties and between N treatments, and significant interactions existed between variety and N treatment. The GFeC under the low N condition was 94.8% of that under high N condition, ranging from 79.4% to 112.7%; the GZnC under low N condition was 74.8% of that under high N condition, ranging from 59.5% to 102.5%. Wheat varieties with high GFeC and GZnC under both N conditions were identified, and this kind of varieties is desirable in breeding wheat with enriched Zn and Fe under a range of soil N conditions.     

海藻提取物缓解高温对樱桃萝卜胁迫效应的研究

选取樱桃萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.var.radculus pers)为研究对象,在盆栽试验条件下以清水处理为对照(CK),并以浓度为66.7 mg·L^-1的芸苔素内酯为阳性对照(BHG),通过添加不同浓度(100.0、200.0 mg·L^-1)的海藻提取物处理(SWE-1、SWE-2),探究了在高温胁迫(30℃)条件下海藻提取物对樱桃萝卜产量、果实品质、内源激素水平以及抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明,SWE-1、SWE-2均可有效缓解高温对樱桃萝卜生长造成的胁迫效应,以SWE-2处理效果最好。与CK处理相比,SWE-2处理的果实鲜重显著提高180.0%,可溶性蛋白含量显著提高35.2%;其叶片的SPAD值显著提高16.8%,硝酸还原酶活性显著提高57.7%,生长素含量显著提高145.4%,而脱落酸含量显著下降42.0%,丙二醛含量显著下降59.2%,谷胱甘肽还原酶活性提升15.7%,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性显著上升9.4%。与BHG处理相比,SWE-2处理的果实鲜重显著提高43.5%;可溶性蛋白含量显著提高49.6%,维生素C...     

黄芪组方浓缩物和半胱胺对肥育猪生长性能和体蛋白动态代谢的影响

采用稳定同位素(15N-Gly)示踪技术和氮平衡试验,比较研究了外源代谢调节物(黄芪组方浓缩物、半胱胺)对PIC肥育猪生长性能、体蛋白动态代谢和氮沉积的影响。选用32头体重59.82±1.32kg的PIC商品猪,随机分成4个处理组,CON组、NCAE组、CAE组和CS组。每处理设4个重复,每重复2头猪。试验结果表明:(1)黄芪组方浓缩物和半胱胺均明显提高肥育猪的生长性能,其中基础日粮+半胱胺70mg/kg组(CS组)显著提高肥育猪日采食量(P<0.05),基础日粮+黄芪组方浓缩物250mg/kg组(CAE组)和基础日粮+非稳定化处理黄芪组方浓缩物250mg/kg组(NCAE组)显著提高饲料利用率(P<0.05),从而使肥育猪日增重均显著提高(P<0.05)。(2)黄芪组方浓缩物和半胱胺均显著增加肥育猪体蛋白沉积速率、显著提高氨基酸利用效率和生物学效价(P<0.05);黄芪组方浓缩物显著提高可消化氨基酸用于合成体蛋白质的速率(P<0.05),降低内源尿氮排泄速率。(3)黄芪组方浓缩物和半胱胺调控体蛋白沉积的强度和途径不同:半胱胺主要通过降低体蛋白降解速率26.71%,增加体蛋白沉积速率63.53%(P<0.05);黄芪组方浓缩物通过降低体蛋白降解速率和提高体蛋白合成速率,共同增加体蛋白沉积,与对照组相比,NCAE和CAE组体蛋白质降解速率分别降低了24.84%和13.66%,体蛋白合成速率分别提高了22.86%和19.18%。(4)黄芪组方浓缩物和半胱胺均可改善氮代谢,体现在CS组显著提高氮的净利用率和生物学效价(P<0.05),CAE组极显著改善沉积氮、氮的净利用率和生物学效价(P<0.01),NCAE组显著提高氮的净利用率和生物学效价(P<0.05)。     

平流层辐射对谷子生长发育及后代性状的影响

平流层辐射对谷子的营养生长及后代性状的变异有显著影响。试验结果表明:经高空气球搭载的谷子,种子发芽势比对照提高21.1％,株高比对照降低6.8cm。叶片长度的生长动态呈双峰曲线,叶片长度和宽度与对照的差值由下到上呈正弦曲线,旗叶的面积、穗重均明显高于对照。SP_2分离群体中产生了各种各样具有隐性性状的突变体,SP_3大穗型株系性状相对稳定,在穗长、穗重、种子蛋白质含量和脂肪含量上表现出有选育价值的稳定变异。     

钾肥用量和品种对桑叶生产及蚕茧质量的影响

通过为期 4年的田间施肥试验和 1季养蚕试验 ,研究了钾肥用量和钾肥品种对桑叶产量、品质、养分吸收和蚕茧质量的影响。结果表明 ,施K2 O 1 5 0、30 0、375kghm-2 a-1 处理分别比不施K肥年均增产桑叶 2 3.9%、31 .7%、36 .0 %;等量钾肥时 ,KCl对桑叶增产效果基本等同于K2 SO4;施钾增产效果有逐年增加趋势 ,同时钾肥施用表现后效。施钾明显提高桑叶中N、K和S(K2 SO4为钾源时 )含量 ,而降低Ca、Mg和Zn含量 ,对P含量影响不大。结果显示 ,钾肥施用大幅度促进了桑树对各种养分的吸收 ,从而提高了肥料利用率。施钾明显促进桑叶品质的改善 ,随着钾肥用量增加 ,桑叶中必需氨基酸、氨基酸总量、蛋白质、糖分和油脂含量均呈增加趋势。KCl施用也能提高桑叶品质 ,但效果比K2 SO4差。蚕茧质量测试结果表明 ,桑树施钾后对喂养的蚕茧品质产生正面影响 ,蚕重、全茧量、上茧率、茧丝长、解舒率、茧丝净度等指标均因施钾而提高 ,高量钾比低量钾效果好 ,在等量钾用量时K2 SO4对蚕茧质量的促进作用明显好于KCl。     

EFFECT OF NITROGEN APPLICATION ON GROWTH PARAMETERS,YIELD AND LEAF NITRATE CONTENT OF GREENHOUSE LETTUCE CULTIVATED DURING THREE SEASONS

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., cv. ‘Parris Island’) was grown hydroponically in autumn, winter and spring under five levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization. Plant biomass was highest in spring and lowest in autumn at N rates of 200 and 260 mg L^?1, respectively. Increasing N application correlated positively with rates of photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal carbon dioxide (CO₂) conductance and leaf chlorophyll concentration. Photosynthetic rate, stomatal CO₂ conductance, and chlorophyll a/b ratio were higher in spring than in autumn or winter. Nitrate concentrations within the leaves increased with increasing N application in all seasons. It is concluded that lettuce growth and yield is higher in spring than in winter or autumn due to enhanced photosynthesis thanks to increasingly favorable photoperiod. Regardless of season, high N rates promote yield but increase leaf nitrate concentrations. Therefore, for the production of healthy produce the recommended N rate should be based not just on yield but also on the nitrate content.