硼对大豆结瘤和固氮作用的影响——Ⅱ.对根瘤结构和固氮酶活性的影响

在短期无氮营养液栽培条件下研究了缺硼和正常供硼处理对大豆超结瘤突变体(nts382)及其亲本Bragg根瘤结构和根瘤固氮酶活性的影响。结果表明:1.在缺硼条件下,无论是超结瘤突变体nts382,还是亲本Bragg,其根瘤固氮酶活性都显著下降;2.无论是缺硼还是正常供硼处理,超结瘤突变体nts382单位鲜重根瘤活性都明显低于亲本,但由于nts382每株根瘤数和鲜重显著高于其亲本,使每株固氮酶活性明显高于亲本,植株中氮素积累总量也相应的高于亲本;3.缺硼条件下,根瘤细胞结构发生明显改变,细胞壁凸凹不平,细胞间隙加大,含菌细胞内类菌体含量减少。这可能是硼影响根榴细胞正常固氮功能的主要原因。     

白浆土大豆结瘤及其固氮状况

黑龙江省是我国大豆主要产区,在国营农牧场中大面积机械化生产条件下,大豆的种植面积约占耕地面积的三分之一左右。一般认为,大豆与根瘤菌的共生固氮作用所固定的氮,能提供大豆整个生育过程中对氮素需要量的二分之一到三分之二。然而,在大田生产实践中,由于土壤类型、肥力水平、气候条件、前作、品种、施肥等因素的综合影响,使大豆在田间的共生固氮效率产生了很大的差异。     

磷素水平对大豆氮素积累及产量的影响

利用砂培方法和15N示踪技术研究了磷素水平对大豆氮素积累、根瘤固氮和产量的影响。结果表明:大豆植株氮素积累、根瘤固氮和产量均随磷素营养水平的提高而呈单峰曲线变化,营养液磷素浓度31mg/L左右时达到峰值,当营养液磷素浓度达11mg/L时,再提高磷素浓度对大豆根瘤固氮率无明显促进作用;而对于大豆植株氮素积累、根瘤固氮量和产量,只有当营养液磷素浓度达到21mg/L时,再提高磷素浓度才无明显促进所用,表明满足根瘤固氮的磷素营养水平较产量形成的水平要求低。     

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA INCREASE GROWTH,YIELD AND NITROGEN FIXATION IN PHASEOLUS VULGARIS

Nitrogen (N) fixation by legume-Rhizobium symbiosis is important to agricultural productivity and is therefore of great economic interest. Growing evidence indicates that soil beneficial bacteria can positively affect symbiotic performance of rhizobia. The effect of co-inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Rhizobium, on nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars was investigated in two consecutive years under field conditions. The PGPR strains Pseudomonas fluorescens P-93 and Azospirillum lipoferum S-21 as well as two highly effective Rhizobium strains were used in this study. Common bean seeds of three cultivars were inoculated with Rhizobium singly or in a combination with PGPR to evaluate their effect on nodulation and nitrogen fixation. A significant variation of plant growth in response to inoculation with Rhizobium strains was observed. Treatment with PGPR significantly increased nodule number and dry weight, shoot dry weight, amount of nitrogen fixed as well as seed yield and protein content. Co-inoculation with Rhizobium and PGPR demonstrated a significant increase in the proportion of nitrogen derived from atmosphere. These results indicate that PGPR strains have potential to enhance the symbiotic potential of rhizobia.     

IMPACT OF LOW RATES OF NITROGEN APPLIED AT PLANTING ON SOYBEAN NITROGEN FIXATION

Environmental conditions in the northern Great Plains can delay emergence, nitrogen (N) fixation and growth of soybean due to cool and wet soil conditions at planting. The objective was to evaluate the impact of low rates of N applied at planting on soybean N fixation and crop growth. A field experiment was established within corn soybean rotation using a split-plot design with four replications. Whole plots were no-tillage and conventional tillage and split plots were starter fertilizer. Nitrogen sources were ammonium nitrate or urea applied at four rates. The amount of plant N fixation increased with growth stage reaching a maximum fixation at the R5 growth stages. Plant ureide content decrease with increase N applied for all growth stages except R7. The increase in plant biomass contributed to an overall increase in yield indicating that in unfavorable environments application of N at planting can have a positive impact on soybean growth.     

施氮水平对大豆氮素积累与产量影响的研究

以绥农14为材料,利用砂培和15N标记的方法研究了施氮水平对大豆氮素积累及产量的影响。结果表明:随着施氮水平的提高,大豆全株氮素积累量及叶柄、荚皮、籽粒中氮素积累量呈现先增加后下降的趋势;高氮水平增加了叶片和茎中氮素积累量,N150较N0处理叶片的氮素积累量增加了3倍,而茎增加了5倍,但减少了根中氮素积累,降低了大豆全株和籽粒中根瘤固氮量及其所占比例,降低了肥料氮和根瘤氮的收获指数,其中根中氮素积累N150较N50处理降低了60.3%,全株根瘤氮和籽粒中根瘤氮N150较N0分别降低了74.9%、85.7%,肥料氮的收获指数N150较N50降低19.8%,根瘤氮的收获指数N150较N0降低25.5%。随着施氮水平的增加,大豆产量也呈现先增加后下降的趋势,施氮水平的增加促进了大豆植株株高、结荚高度和始荚节位的显著增加,但对节数没有明显影响,N150和N0比较株高增加了55.2%,结荚高度增加了199.7%,始荚节位增加了142.9%。     

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FORMS ON THE GROWTH AND POLYAMINE CONTENTS IN DEVELOPING SEEDS OF VEGETABLE SOYBEAN

A pot culture experiment of nitrogen forms [nitrate (NO^? ₃ ): ammonium (NH ⁺ ₄ )] with four ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75) in nutrient solutions was conducted to examine the effect of nitrogen forms on the growth and polyamine contents of developing seeds of vegetable soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. ‘Li-xiang 95-1′]. Results showed that the best plant growth vigor was observed in (75%), and then in (50%). However, the fresh and dry weight of biomass decreased when a high concentration of either (100%) or (75%) was the primary nitrogen source in the nutrient solution. The numbers of flowers and pods in (75%) were significantly decreased compared with other ammonium-nitrate ratios in which the numbers of flowers and pods were not influenced by nitrogen forms. During the development of seeds, levels of free Put and Spd decreased, and the decrease extents were more marked in 100:0 and 25:75 (:), but the change of free Spm was opposite. Levels of conjugated and bound polyamines in all nitrogen forms increased, but the increases in 75:25 and 50:50 (:) were not so obvious as in 100:0 and 25:75 (:) treatments. The possible roles of polyamines in the adaptive mechanism of vegetable soybean seeds to different nitrogen forms were discussed.     

硼对大豆结瘤和固氮作用的影响——Ⅰ.对生长、营养元素吸收与分布和固氮量影响

在短期无氮营养液栽培(28天)条件下,研究缺硼和正常供硼处理对Bragg大豆品种及不结瘤突变体nod49和超结瘤突变体nts382生长、矿质元素吸收与分布及固氮量的影响。试验结果表明:1.在正常供硼的条件下,不结瘤突变体nod的植株生长量,株高、主根生长均高于超结瘤突变体及其亲本。缺硼处理时三种基因型大豆的生长均受到明显的抑制作用。无论是正常供硼还是缺硼处理,超结瘤突变体nts382根系的生长量均明显小于其它基因型。2.正常供硼处理时三种基因型大豆地上部、根及nts382的根瘤中硼的浓度和积累量均高于缺硼处理。缺硼处理,超结瘤突变体及其亲本地上部和根中大部分矿质元素浓度高于正常供硼处理,但积累总量低于正常供硼处理或变化不大。施硼处理的nts382和Bragg,根和根瘤中钙的浓度和积累量明显降低,而地上部变化不大,同时在nts382根瘤中,锌、锰、铁、铜浓度和含量也下降,而钼含量增加。3.施硼处理和Bragg和nts382地上部、根及根瘤中氮的浓度和含量均显著高于缺硼处理,其中超结瘤突变体中氮浓度和总量最高。在缺硼条件下,Bragg和超结瘤突变体能够结瘤,但是Bragg大豆根瘤的固氮作用完全受到抑制,而nts382根瘤还能保持较强的固氮能力。     

硼对大豆结瘤和固氮作用的影响——Ⅰ.对生长、营养元素吸收与分布和固氮量影响

在短期无氮营养液栽培(28天)条件下,研究缺硼和正常供硼处理对Bragg大豆品种及不结瘤突变体nod49和超结瘤突变体nts382生长、矿质元素吸收与分布及固氮量的影响。试验结果表明:1.在正常供硼的条件下,不结瘤突变体nod的植株生长量,株高、主根生长均高于超结瘤突变体及其亲本。缺硼处理时三种基因型大豆的生长均受到明显的抑制作用。无论是正常供硼还是缺硼处理,超结瘤突变体nts382根系的生长量均明显小于其它基因型。2.正常供硼处理时三种基因型大豆地上部、根及nts382的根瘤中硼的浓度和积累量均高于缺硼处理。缺硼处理,超结瘤突变体及其亲本地上部和根中大部分矿质元素浓度高于正常供硼处理,但积累总量低于正常供硼处理或变化不大。施硼处理的nts382和Bragg,根和根瘤中钙的浓度和积累量明显降低,而地上部变化不大,同时在nts382根瘤中,锌、锰、铁、铜浓度和含量也下降,而钼含量增加。3.施硼处理和Bragg和nts382地上部、根及根瘤中氮的浓度和含量均显著高于缺硼处理,其中超结瘤突变体中氮浓度和总量最高。在缺硼条件下,Bragg和超结瘤突变体能够结瘤,但是Bragg大豆根瘤的固氮作用完全受到抑制,而nts382根瘤还能保持较强的固氮能力。     

春大豆生长中对不同氮源的吸收利用

利用15N示踪技术和框栽方法,对大豆不同生育期(苗期V4,初花期R1,盛花期R2,结荚初期R4,鼓粒期R5,成熟期R6,收获期R8)各部位及全株氮素来源进行系统的研究。结果表明,在大豆生育前期土壤氮和肥料氮是根、茎、叶片氮素的主要来源,在生育后期根瘤固氮开始增加;随生长大豆荚果氮素中土壤氮所占比例逐渐减小,根瘤固氮所占比例逐渐增加,并在收获期(R8)达到总量的70.6%,肥料氮所占比例一直很低。苗期至初花期(V4~R1)是无机氮营养期,大豆主要依靠土壤氮和肥料氮;初花期至鼓粒期(R1~R5)是无机氮营养与根瘤固氮并行期,既依靠土壤氮和肥料氮,又有根瘤固氮的供应;鼓粒期至收获期(R5~R8)是根瘤固氮营养期,主要依靠根瘤固氮。     

大豆品种—根瘤菌株最佳组合筛选试验

在5个大豆品种[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]上分别接种12个大豆根瘤菌菌株[其中1株快生型(Rhizobium Japonicum)其余11株均为慢生型(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)]和一个土壤上清液样品;接种后28天和48天分别测定各处理的单株结瘤数、单株根瘤鲜重、单株茎叶干重、单株茎叶含氮量以及28天至48天单株茎叶的氮积累量。结果表明,不同根瘤菌菌株对上述5个指标的影响,不论在28天或48天都有差异(P=0.01);而不同大豆品种对上述5个指标的影响,28天时无差异而48天都表现出差异(P=0.01);并且28天和48天的茎叶含氮量有品种×菌株相互作用效应外,而其他指标均没有品种×菌株相互作用效应。参试菌株以22—10、USDA123,Tal377,E84,USDA110固氮效率较高,大豆品种以绥83—495在结瘤、固氮方面表现较优良。     

硼对大豆结瘤和固氮作用的影响——Ⅱ.对根瘤结构和固氮酶活性的影响

在短期无氮营养液栽培条件下研究了缺硼和正常供硼处理对大豆超结瘤突变体(nts382)及其亲本Bragg根瘤结构和根瘤固氮酶活性的影响。结果表明:1.在缺硼条件下,无论是超结瘤突变体nts382,还是亲本Bragg,其根瘤固氮酶活性都显著下降;2.无论是缺硼还是正常供硼处理,超结瘤突变体nts382单位鲜重根瘤活性都明显低于亲本,但由于nts382每株根瘤数和鲜重显著高于其亲本,使每株固氮酶活性明显高于亲本,植株中氮素积累总量也相应的高于亲本;3.缺硼条件下,根瘤细胞结构发生明显改变,细胞壁凸凹不平,细胞间隙加大,含菌细胞内类菌体含量减少。这可能是硼影响根榴细胞正常固氮功能的主要原因。     

豌豆族根瘤菌菌株分离筛选及某些因素对结瘤的影响

从豌豆和蚕豆植株根瘤中分别分离纯化根瘤菌22株和11株。其中豌豆2210,2213,2211和蚕豆114,117,112等菌株结瘤表现较好。从分离的菌株中随机取豌豆211,2210及蚕豆112,115,123菌株测定了不同 pH 值、盐浓度、不同可给态氮的不同浓度对结瘸的影响以及豌豆2210和蚕豆115菌株的固氮活性。结果表明,总的趋向是在中性偏碱范围结瘤表现较好。在 pH 4的条件下,对植株生长、结瘤有较明显的抑制作用;在 pH 9条件下,除接种豌豆2210菌株的植株不受抑制外、其余均不同程度的受到抑制。盐浓度在0.01 mol/L 时,对植株生长、结瘤无不良影响,当浓度增加到0.05 mol/L 时,对接种豌豆2210菌株的植株生长、结瘤无影响,其余植株生长无明显影响但结瘤数很少。可给态氮不论是铵态氮或硝态氮,浓度在0.5～16 ppm 对植株生长和结瘤均无不良影响。     

缺硼、不同光强及外源葡萄糖对大豆根瘤固氮活性的影响

以大豆超结瘤突变体nts382及其亲本Braggcv．为试验材料，研究了正常供硼和缺硼条件下，不同光强和外源葡萄糖对大豆根瘤固氮活性的影响。结果表明，缺硼时根瘤固氮酶活性显著下降，此时降低光强并没有使根瘤固氮酶活性进一步下降，但使根瘤数减少；外源施用葡萄糖也不能提高根瘤固氮酶活性。在正常供硼情况下，低光强降低了根瘤固氮酶活性，并且使根瘤数和根瘤干重减少，外源施用葡萄糖也增加根瘤固氮酶活性。这说明了在缺硼条件下，根瘤固氮酶活性的下降并不是由于碳水化合物供应不足所造成的。     

应用~(15)N稀释法筛选高固氮能力的大豆品种

应用＾１５Ｎ稀释法筛选出了具有高固氮能力的大豆品种和品系,大豆品系１００５,８５０２,２０９６,１４５４,９４用东农４２是高固氮品系,它们的固氮效率高达７０％,大豆品系１４５４和１５５５即高产又高固氮。根据方差分析,不同大豆品种或品系固氮效率差异显,固氮效率与产量无相关关系,与成熟期呈正相关,成熟期越长,固氮效率越高。有１０年品种或品系在１９９２和１９９４年两次进行试验,尽管两年的降雨情况有较大     

INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS ON NODULATION,NITROGEN FIXATION,AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY CHICKPEA GROWN ON CALCAREOUS SOILS IN PAKISTAN

Field experiments were conducted at two different locations under rainfed conditions of Punjab, Pakistan to assess nodulation, nitrogen fixation and nutrient uptake by chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in response to application of three rates [0, 40, and 80 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅ ha^?1)] of phosphorus and three rates (0, 15 and 30 kg S ha^?1) of sulfur in different combinations. Effect of phosphorus application was nonsignificant while that of sulfur was significant on percent nitrogen derived from atmosphere. Both phosphorus and sulfur application resulted in increase in nitrogen fixation up to 38% and 33% over control, respectively. Nutrient uptake [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S)] increased significantly with the application of phosphorus and sulfur and correlated positively with nitrogen fixation. There is direct involvement of sulfur in the process of nitrogen fixation whereas effect of phosphorus on nitrogen fixation is indirect mainly through enhanced growth and dry matter production.     

大豆硝酸还原酶活性及其与施氮关系的研究

以绥农14为材料,利用框栽、砂培和15 N标记的方法,研究了大豆硝酸还原酶（NR）活性及其与施氮水平的关系。结果表明：框栽试验中大豆叶片NR活性随生育进程的推进大体上呈单峰曲线变化,营养生长阶段叶片NR活性较低,进入生殖生长期后逐渐升高,并于盛花期前后达到峰值,随后呈逐渐下降趋势;施氮水平对NR活性有明显影响,营养生长...     

五种水生植物生物量及其对生态沟渠氮、磷吸收效果的研究

为明确水生植物对农田排水沟渠中氮、磷吸收效果的影响,本研究以生态沟渠中水生美人蕉、铜钱草、黑三棱、狐尾藻和灯心草为试验植物,对5种水生植物的生物量以及吸收、累积的氮、磷量进行测定。结果表明:不同水生植物生物量有差异,平均总生物量在1.10～2.43kg/m2之间,其中以水生美人蕉的生物量最大,达2.43kg/m2。5种水生植物地上部分的氮、磷浓度分别在8.41～20.67g/kg和1.41～3.40g/kg之间,狐尾藻氮、磷浓度最高;而地下部分的氮、磷浓度分别在4.41～10.47g/kg及1.08～1.90g/kg之间,不同水生植物间差异显著,以狐尾藻氮浓度和铜钱草磷浓度为最高;地上部分氮、磷累积量的变化范围分别7.40～28.23g/m2和1.13～4.49g/m2,其中以水生美人蕉对氮的累积量为最大,狐尾藻对磷的累积量为最大。5种水生植物地上部分氮、磷累积量均高于地下部分。地上部分收割后,5种水生植物单次可带走氮、磷分别在7.40～28.23g/m2和1.13～4.49g/m2,水生美人蕉带走的氮最多;全年可带走的总氮和总磷量分别为20.34～109.12g/m2a和3.41～17.95g/m2a,狐尾藻带走的最多。水生植物地上部分通过收割的方法可有效去除沟渠中的氮磷,还能解决水生植物的二次污染问题。     

NATURAL ABUNDANCES OF 15NITROGEN AND 13CARBON INDICATIVE OF GROWTH AND N2 FIXATION IN POTASSIUM FED LENTIL GROWN UNDER WATER STRESS

Dual natural abundance analysis of ¹⁵Nitrogen (N) and ¹³Carbon (C) isotopes in lentil plants subjected to different soil moisture levels and rates of potassium (K) fertilizer were determined to assess crop performance variability in terms of growth and N₂-fixation (Ndfa). The δ¹⁵N values in lentils ranged from +0.67 to +1.36‰; whereas, those of the N₂-fixed and reference plant were ?0.45 and +2.94‰, respectively. Consequently, the Ndfa% ranged from 45 and 65% of total plant N uptake. Water stress reduced Δ¹³C values. However, K fertilization enhanced whole plant Δ¹³C along with dry matter yield and N₂-fixation. The water stressed plants amended with K fertilizer seemed to be the best treatment because of its highest pod yield, high N balance, and N₂-fixation with low consumption of irrigation water. This illustrates the ecological and economical importance of K fertilizer in alleviating water stress occurring during the post-flowering period of lentil.     

旱作水稻与花生间作系统中的氮素固定与转移及其对土壤肥力的影响

以花生和旱作水稻为材料 ,采用分隔方法和15N同位素示踪法 ,在不同氮素水平下研究了水稻与花生间作复合体的氮素营养优势、间作花生的生物固氮效率、花生体内氮素向水稻的转移。并在田间条件下研究了花生单作、水稻单作、水稻 /花生间作 3种栽培方式下对土壤氮素肥力的影响。结果表明 :( 1 )水稻和花生间作有产量优势和氮素营养优势 ,在N 0kghm- 2 、N 2 2 5kghm- 2 和N 3 0 0kghm- 2 三个氮素水平下 ,根系不分隔的水稻生物量分别比分隔处理的高 3 0 0 3 %、1 0 1 %和 2 2 % ;水稻氮素吸收量分别比分隔处理的高 74 0 3 %、1 6 93 %和 2 3 2 % ;( 2 )花生在N 2 2 5kghm- 2 和N 3 0 0kghm- 2 氮素水平下 ,分隔处理和不分隔花生固氮量分别为 3 8 1 1 %、40 97%和 1 4 81 %、2 0 49% ,间作能提高花生固氮效率 ;( 3 )花生体内氮素在共生期内可以转移到水稻体内 ,花生固氮量和氮素转移没有相关 ;( 4 )与水稻单作比较 ,花生 /水稻间作可以改善土壤的氮素营养。