犬、猫钩端螺旋体病的流行病学调查

为了解钩端螺旋体病在犬、猫体内的感染情况,2011年,在北京地区建立了20个宠物疫病监测点,随机收集了犬、猫血清及尿液样本396份,进行犬、猫钩端螺旋体病的流行病学调查。调查结果为显微镜凝集试验检测犬、猫血清共计200份,抗体阳性的样品共有106份,阳性率为53%,其中猫血清为阳性的样品有20份,阳性率为27.8%;犬血清为阳性的样品有86份,阳性率为67.2%。RT-PCR检测犬、猫尿液共计196份,阳性的样品共有54份,阳性率为27.6%,其中猫尿样21份,阳性样品4份,阳性率为19%;犬尿样175份,阳性样品50份,阳性率为28.6%。     

犬钩端螺旋体病的临床症状和治疗研究

一、钩端螺旋体与犬钩端螺旋体病钩端螺旋体属有2个种,引起人和犬发病的是问号钩端螺旋体。钩端螺旋体病(简称钩体病)就是由致病性钩端螺旋体引起的一种重要的人犬共患传染病。该病原菌菌型复杂,目     

犬的钩端螺旋体病的诊断与防治

犬的钩端螺旋体病是由致病性钩端螺旋体引起的一种人兽共患自然疫源性传染病。2010年8月至9月某"松狮"种犬饲养场相继有19只犬发病,发病率达32.7%。根据该饲养场的发病情况、流行病学调查、临床症状、病理变化、实验室病原学检查综合诊断最后确诊为犬钩端螺旋体病,通过采取药物治疗及综合性防治措施,10d后控制病情发展,15d后病犬痊愈。     

一例犬钩端螺旋体病的诊断及病例分析

钩端螺旋体病(letospirosis)是一种人兽共患病。目前对犬钩端螺旋体病多采取抗生素疗法。本文报道犬感染问号钩端螺旋体(Leptospira interrogans),出现急性肾炎症状。给予患病犬输液和抗生素治疗,治疗5 d后,肌酐明显改善,精神状态改善,食欲恢复,预后良好。该病例报告可为犬钩端螺旋体病的诊断与治疗提供参考。     

犬感染的端螺旋体致死病例

钩端螺旋体病是由一群致病性的钩端螺旋体引起的一种急性或隐性感染的人畜共患性传染病，犬感染后主要表现为：短期发热，黄疸，血红蛋白尿，母犬流产和出血性素质等。本病在世界上大部分地区均有流行，尤其热带、亚热带地区多发。根据血清学调查，有些地区20%-80%的犬曾感染过钩端螺旋体病。笔者在临床工作中，遇见1例感染钩螺旋体致死的病例，现报告如下：     

波尔山羊钩端螺旋体病的病理学观察

正钩端螺旋体病(leptospirosis)是由各种不同型别的致病性钩端螺旋体(简写钩体)所引起的一种急性全身性感染性疾病,简称钩体病,是一种全球流行的人兽共患传染病,在世界各地均有发生,我国也是该病的主要疫区。该病严重危害人类健康,在一些地区流行时病死率可达25%[1-2]。在家畜中主要发生于猪、马、牛、羊、犬,鼠类是钩体的主要储存宿主和传染源,牛和羊对钩体病的易感性最高,其次为猪、马、犬     

犬感染钩端螺旋体致死病例

钩端螺旋体病是由一群致病性的钩端螺旋体引起的一种急性或隐性感染的人畜共患性传染病,犬感染后主要表现为:短期发热,黄疸,血红蛋白尿,母犬流产和出血性素质等。本病在世界上大部分地区均有流行,尤其热带、亚热带地区多发。根据血清学调查,有些地区20%￣80%的犬曾感染过钩端螺     

犬钩端螺旋体病的诊断与防治

钩端螺旋体病(leptospirosis)是一种犬和多种动物均可感染自然疫源性疾病。犬在感染后引起急性肾炎并常伴有肝衰竭或凝血不良[1～2]。在感染人后引起螺旋体性黄疸,称为Weil氏病。犬较易感染本病,猫的钩端螺旋体病少见。我国从犬分离到的钩端螺旋体主要是犬群和流感黄疸出血群。1病原犬钩端螺旋体病的病原主要为犬钩端螺旋体和出血黄疸钩端螺旋体。钩端螺旋体菌体纤细,螺旋紧密缠绕,一端或两端有特征性的小钩。在旋转时两端柔软而中间僵硬。钩端螺旋体为严格需氧菌,对pH6.2～8.0以外的酸碱敏感。加热到50℃10分钟、60℃10秒以及常用的消毒剂…     

聚合酶链反应快速检测钩端螺旋体

钩端螺旋体(简称钩体)病是一种人畜共患的自然疫源性疾病，猪、犬、牛是洪水型和雨水型的主要传染源”。对钩体进行及时监测，是防治钩体病大规模流行的重要措施。由于我国致病性钩端螺旋体有18个血清群74个血清型，其抗原变异性较大，若采用血清学方法进行快速侦检显然是不现实的，比     

水牛在马来西亚钩端螺旋体传染之流行病学中的作用

从马来西亚的三群印度水牛(Bubalus bu-balis)所采集的血清样品中,有30%(28/95)的抗体与一个或更多个钩端螺旋体抗原起凝集反应。最常见的反应是对血清型为:tarassovi 的(占15.8%)、hardjo 的(占14.7%)和 Pyroge-nes (占12.6%)的钩端螺旋体。将这三群水牛的管理方法进行了比较,其中只有一群水牛有钩端螺旋体传染的高度流行(占被检牛的64%)。从这个调查中可看出,水牛在马来西亚钩端螺旋体传染之流行病学中并不起主要作用。     

Avoiding bites and scratches? Understanding the public health implication of human–bat interactions in Ghana

Zoonotic pathogens cause an estimated 70% of emerging and re‐emerging infectious diseases in humans, affecting various aspects of human development on a global scale. The significance of bats as a source of emerging infectious diseases is being progressively appreciated. This study was undertaken post‐Ebola virus disease in West Africa and assessed the public health implications of human–bat interactions by exploring the reasons for contact between humans and bats, as well as reported actions taken upon experiencing bat bites or scratches. The paper highlights the nuances of human–bat interactions, stressing zoonotic disease risk awareness as well as the sources of information. The study used questionnaires to solicit information from 788 respondents in five communities with significant bat populations. We show that bat consumption was one of the main reasons for human–bat interactions. More men across the various communities ate bat meat. Only a small number of respondents (4.4%) reported being bitten by a bat, and 6.1% had been scratched by a bat. More than 21% had come into direct contact with bat blood. An even lower number went to the hospital after been bitten or scratched by bats. There was little knowledge on post‐exposure management. The most common places human–bat interactions occurred were at home and on farms. Seventy‐three per cent of the respondents believed that bats carried diseases, with Ebola virus disease being the most mentioned. Respondents indicated that the way they interacted with bats had not changed, even though they believed bats carried diseases and 46% stated that they had not changed the way they interacted with bats over the last two years. Apart from providing information on avoiding bites and scratches, a more holistic framework is needed to reduce human–bat interactions. The paper recommends a comprehensive and coordinated approach to optimizing an effective response to a potential bat‐borne zoonotic disease spillover.     

Differential serological testing by simultaneous indirect immunofluorescent antibody test in canine leishmaniosis and ehrlichiosis

A mixed indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT), based on cultured promastigotes Leishmania infantum and formol-inactivated suspension of cells infected with the bacteria Ehrlichia canis, was applied to make a differential diagnosis between canine ehrlichiosis and leishmaniosis. A titre greater than 80 was considered positive for antibodies to E. canis and suggestive of antibodies to L. infantum. Positive sera were titrated subsequently by serial dilutions to confirm antibodies positive to Leishmania and establishing the antibody titre of both pathogens. Fluorescence was absent with negative control sera and background staining was minimal. No serological cross-reactions between positive sera for L. infantum or E. canis were detected. Results obtained by mixed IFAT did not differ when the same serum IFAT standard was compared. The test showed equivalent sensitivity (100%). The specifities were 100% for L. infantum and 98.5% for E. canis. The equivalence in sensitivity was confirmed by calculating the correlation coefficient between IFAT standards and mixed IFAT (r>or=0.99 for both pathogens). The results of our investigations demonstrated that mixed IFAT is a specific means of establishing serological differential diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis and ehrlichiosis.     

Knowledge and perceptions of dog-associated zoonoses: Brazos County,Texas, USA

In order to assess the knowledge and perceptions of dog-associated zoonoses in Brazos County, Texas, random digit dialing was used to select 922 households for participation in a cross-sectional telephone survey. The interviews were completed during June 2008 and yielded a response rate of 55% (922/1691). Fifty-six percent of the respondents who completed the questionnaire owned dogs. Eighty-six percent of the respondents indicated they would report being bitten by a dog that they did not own. Five factors were shown to be significantly associated with such reporting. Those respondents who believed that rabies could be transmitted by bats were 5.5 times more likely (95% CI: 1.6, 18.6) to report a dog bite compared to people who did not hold this belief. Respondents who would seek emergency treatment if they believed they had been exposed to rabies were 3.1 times more likely to report a bite (95% CI: 1.8, 5.4). Those who were over 60 years of age were 2.3 times more likely (95% CI: 1.2, 4.4) to report being bitten when compared to respondents who were under the age of 60. Living inside the city limits also increased the chance that the respondent would report being bitten by a dog (OR 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4, 3.9). Females were 2.3 times more likely (95% CI: 1.3, 3.7) to report being bitten than their male counterparts. Dog ownership did not have a significant impact on reporting. Only 85% of respondents stated that they would seek emergency treatment if they believed that they may have been exposed to rabies. In addition, only 59% of respondents were aware that exposure to rabies without treatment could lead to death. While 98% of respondents had heard of rabies and knew that it was possible to get it from a dog, only 54% of respondents knew that worms could be transmitted from dogs to people. This study demonstrated that many people surveyed lacked knowledge about dog-associated zoonotic diseases, which could seriously impact their health and the health of their families. It is important to find a method of getting information out to the public in order to correct this deficiency.     

An estimation of Toxocara canis prevalence in dogs,environmental egg contamination and risk of human infection in the Marche region of Italy

The human risk of infection with larvae of Toxocara canis was estimated in people from the Marche region of Italy. This region includes both urban and rural areas and its inhabitants frequently keep dogs for company, hunting, as guardians or shepherds. T. canis infection was diagnosed in 33.6% out of 295 dogs examined. Nearly half of the dogs (48.4%) living in rural areas were found T. canis positive, compared to about one-quarter of the dogs (26.2%) from urban areas. Analysis by provenance and role revealed the highest infection rate in rural hunting dogs (64.7%) and the lowest in urban companion dogs (22.1%). According to questionnaire data, the peridomestic environment, i.e. gardens and dog pens, is the most important defecation site in both rural and urban areas. Since over 40% of the dogs who defecate in dog pens are infected and 24% of urban and 47% of rural dogs who leave their droppings in the house surroundings harbour the parasite, it is clear that these environments may constitute sites of zoonotic risk. Our analysis of soil samples from 60 farms confirmed the high contamination level, revealing positive soil samples in more than half of the farms. Substantial egg contamination was also found in urban areas, as 3/6 parks examined were Toxocara spp. positive. Finally, our serological findings indicate that human infection actually occurs in the area: 7 out of 428 adults examined (1.6%) had very high levels of antibodies to T. canis antigen, suggesting a previous contact with the Larva migrans of the nematode.     

An outbreak of leptospirosis in seals (Phoca vitulina) in captivity

An outbreak of leptospirosis in seals (Phoca vitulina) in captivity is described. In a zoo in The Netherlands 5 adult seals died within 12 days. At necropsy all animals showed signs of acute septicaemia, consistent with acute leptospirosis. Serological examination of one animal was positive for antibodies against Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae and the serologically closely related serovar Copenhageni. Polymerase chain reaction was positive in one other animal. 8 nutria (Myocastor coypus) were examined, serologically, through bacteriological culture and PCR. 81,8% (9/11) were serologically positive for Leptospira. The seals and nutria were housed in the same water system.     

Anti-Hepatozoon canis serum antibodies and gamonts in naturally-occurring canine monocytic ehrlichiosis

The prevalence of IgG antibodies to Hepatozoon canis and the presence of gamonts in the blood and hemolymphatic tissues were studied in dogs with canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) caused by Ehrlichia canis. Both pathogens are transmitted by the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Forty-five out of 69 (65.2%) dogs with CME were seropositive to H. canis by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Intra-neutrophilic gamonts of H. canis were found in 2 out of 69 dogs (2.9%) comprising 4.5% of the seropositive dogs. The present study indicated that the prevalence of antibodies to H. canis was high among dogs with CME in an area where both infections are endemic. However, previous exposure to H. canis was not found as an important contributor to clinical or clinicopathologic abnormalities found in dogs with CME.     

Serological survey for antibodies reactive with Ehrlichia canis and E. chaffeensis in dogs from the Bloemfontein area, South Africa

Sera from 161 dogs in the Bloemfontein area in South Africa were tested for the presence of antibodies reactive with Ehrlichia canis and E. chaffeensis by indirect fluorescent antibody testing. Overall, 68 (42%) of the dogs had significant antibody titres (> or = 1/64) against E. canis and 61 (38%) had significant titres (> or = 1/64) against E. chaffeensis. Seven (11%) dogs had higher titres to E. chaffeensis than E. canis (1/2048 and 1/1024 (2 dogs); 1/1024 and 1/512 (2 dogs); 1/2048 and 1/512; 1/512 and 1/256 and 1/512 and < 1/64, respectively). The remaining seropositive dogs had equal (n = 26; 42%) or 2-(n = 17; 25%), 3-(n = 13; 2%) or 4-fold (n = 5; 7%) higher titres against E. canis. Dogs from economically depressed, high-density suburbs (60/112; 48%) had significantly higher prevalences of antibodies against E. canis than those from more affluent, low-density suburbs (8/49; 14%) (chi 2 = 19.38, p < 0.001). Higher titres to E. chaffeensis than E. canis were found in dogs from affluent, low-density suburbs (3/49) and in dogs from economically depressed, high-density suburbs (4/112).     

Antibodies reactive with Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup antigens and the spotted fever group rickettsial antigens, in free-ranging jackals (Canis aureus syriacus) from Israel.

A seroepidemiological survey was conducted to investigate the prevalence of antibodies reactive with the Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup antigens, and the spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae antigens in jackals in Israel (Canis aureus syriacus), to assess the possible role of the jackal in the epidemiology of these diseases. Fifty-three serum samples from jackals were assayed by the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test. Antibodies to E. canis were detected in 35.8% serum samples while 26.4% of the samples tested were positive to Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Twenty-six percent of the jackals tested were seropositive to E. phagocytophila, of which 5.7% were seropositive to E. phagocytophila alone without any seroreactivity to either E. canis or E. chaffeensis. Fifty-five percent of the jackals were seropositive to the SFG-rickettsiae antigens. The results suggest a high exposure rate of jackals in Israel to E. canis. Positive reactivity to E. chaffeensis was considered to be due to antigenic cross-reactions with E. canis. The study demonstrated for the first time the presence of E. phagocytophila antibodies in free-range jackals. The high incidence of antibodies to the SFG-rickettsiae and their relatively high antibody titers was suggestive of either recent or persistent infection. The possibility that jackals may play a role in the transmission of E. canis, E. phagocytophila and the SFG-rickettsiae for human and canine infections is discussed.     

The experience of dog bites: A survey of veterinary science and veterinary nursing students

AIM: To investigate the circumstances of dogs biting people in New Zealand.

METHODS: Veterinary science and veterinary nursing students enrolled at Massey University in 2003 completed a questionnaire detailing their lifetime experience of dog bites and their opinions of dog control legislation.

RESULTS: The response rate was 100%. There were 228 completed responses to the survey, and 87 (38%) respondents had been bitten by a dog. Most bites caused minor injury, but 17 (20%) required medical attention. Male respondents were more likely to have been bitten. The highest proportion of respondents (27; 31%) had been bitten while between 6 and 10 years of age, and the hand was the part of the body most often injured. Eighteen (21%) bites involved a stranger's dog, but most bites were by a dog known to the victim. Respondents from rural areas were three times more likely to have been bitten than city dwellers. The victim's home was the place where most (31; 36%) bites occurred. Male dogs were responsible for a larger proportion of bites (38; 44%) than females (24; 28%); respondents were unsure about the sex of the remainder of the dogs (25; 29%) that bit them. Protecting the home, play, accidents, rough handling and pain were identified as the common reasons for dogs to bite. Most (46; 52%) respondents did not believe legislation could have prevented their bite. Only four (5%) bites were reported to authorities.

CONCLUSION: Rural dwellers, people with more experience of dogs, children <11 years of age, and male respondents were bitten by dogs most often. Only legislation relating to the fencing of dog owners′ properties may have prevented a reasonable proportion (25; 29%) of the bites reported here.     

The experience of dog bites: a survey of veterinary science and veterinary nursing students

AIM: To investigate the circumstances of dogs biting people in New Zealand. METHODS: Veterinary science and veterinary nursing students enrolled at Massey University in 2003 completed a questionnaire detailing their lifetime experience of dog bites and their opinions of dog control legislation. RESULTS: The response rate was 100%. There were 228 completed responses to the survey, and 87 (38%) respondents had been bitten by a dog. Most bites caused minor injury, but 17 (20%) required medical attention. Male respondents were more likely to have been bitten. The highest proportion of respondents (27; 31%) had been bitten while between 6 and 10 years of age, and the hand was the part of the body most often injured. Eighteen (21%) bites involved a stranger's dog, but most bites were by a dog known to the victim. Respondents from rural areas were three times more likely to have been bitten than city dwellers. The victim's home was the place where most (31; 36%) bites occurred. Male dogs were responsible for a larger proportion of bites (38; 44%) than females (24; 28%); respondents were unsure about the sex of the remainder of the dogs (25; 29%) that bit them. Protecting the home, play, accidents, rough handling and pain were identified as the common reasons for dogs to bite. Most (46; 52%) respondents did not believe legislation could have prevented their bite. Only four (5%) bites were reported to authorities. CONCLUSION: Rural dwellers, people with more experience of dogs, children <11 years of age, and male respondents were bitten by dogs most often. Only legislation relating to the fencing of dog owners' properties may have prevented a reasonable proportion (25; 29%) of the bites reported here.