短波紫外线处理对采后草莓果实腐烂和抗氧化能力的影响

以"凤冠"草莓为材料,研究了0、1.5、3.0和4.5kJ.m-2UV-C处理对草莓果实在10℃,12d贮藏期间腐烂和果实抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,3kJ.m-2UV-C处理能显著抑制草莓果实采后腐烂的发生和MDA的积累,延缓果实失重、硬度和可溶性固形物含量的降低,促进果实CIRG值的提高,增强果实采后着色能力,从而保持果实的感官和食用品质。同时,3kJ.m-2UV-C处理能促进贮藏期间果实总花色苷、总酚含量和DPPH自由基清除能力的增加,减少草莓果实中抗氧化组分含量的下降,维持果实较高的营养品质。说明适宜剂量的UV-C处理(3kJ.m-2)在草莓果实采后后贮运保鲜和抗氧化能力调控中具有潜在的应用前景。     

辐照对黄原胶分子量及抗氧化活性的影响

以0~500kGy 60Co γ射线对固态黄原胶进行辐照,研究辐照对黄原胶分子量及还原力、清除1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼自由基（DPPH·）、超氧自由基（O2-·）及羟自由基（·OH）能力等抗氧化活性的影响。研究表明,10kGy的辐照可使黄原胶粘均分子量从1.71×106增加到2.23×106,超过10kGy后,黄原胶粘均分子量随辐照剂量的增大逐渐减少,500kGy时降为1.59×104。低于10kGy辐照,黄原胶的还原力、对DPPH·和对O2-·的清除率与剂量呈负相关,与对照相比,还原力降低了3.16%,对DPPH·和O2-·的清除率分别从17.37%和18.18%减少到16.87%和8.51%,增大辐照剂量,黄原胶的还原力和对DPPH·和O2-·的清除率与剂量呈正相关,500kGy时黄原胶的还原力比对照增加164.22%,对DPPH·和O2-·的清除率升高至60.79%和30.06%;对·OH清除能力与辐照剂量呈负相关,清除率从0kGy时的9.29%降低到500kGy时的3.63%。辐照可以引起黄原胶聚合或降解,从而导致其分子量及抗氧化活性发生显著变化。     

酸雨对木芙蓉幼苗光合作用及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以pH 5.6为对照,采用pH 4.0、pH 3.0、pH 2.0强度的酸雨对2年生木芙蓉进行人工模拟胁迫,研究酸雨胁迫对木芙蓉叶片可见伤害、质膜透性(Membrane Permeability,MP)、叶绿素(Chlorophyll,Chl)含量、抗氧化酶系统及气体交换参数的影响.研究结果表明,pH 2.0和pH 3...     

苯磺隆对土壤酶活性的影响

通过盆栽小麦试验,研究了苯磺隆污染对土壤尿酶、碱性磷酸酶和蛋白酶活性的动态影响。结果表明,苯磺隆处理前期(14d前)对土壤脲酶活性具有抑制作用(除第1天0.1、0.5mg/kg处理),且抑制作用随着苯磺隆浓度的增大而增强,第7天脲酶活性最小,最大抑制率为74.8%;处理后期(14d后)对脲酶活性具有一定的激活作用,最高激活率达183.0%。而低浓度苯磺隆对土壤碱性磷酸酶和蛋白酶具有一定的激活效应,高浓度苯磺隆对土壤碱性磷酸酶和蛋白酶具有抑制-激活效应,对碱性磷酸酶的抑制作用表现在处理的最初7d,对蛋白酶的抑制作用表现在处理前期(14d前)。结果表明苯磺隆对土壤酶活性的影响不仅与苯磺隆处理的浓度和培养时间有关,同时还与土壤酶的种类有关,土壤尿酶活性对表征苯磺隆污染具有一定的指示作用。     

锌铬复合污染对水稻不同生育期土壤酶活性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了锌铬复合污染对水稻(Oryza sativaL.)不同生育期土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,锌铬复合污染对水稻生长有抑制作用,随土壤中锌铬浓度的增加,不同生育期水稻生物量均呈下降的趋势,而根冠比呈一定的升高趋势,差异极显著(P<0.01)。在锌铬污染下,土壤过氧化氢酶活性随土壤中锌铬浓度增大而降低。与对照相比,在水稻分蘖期、孕穗期及灌浆结实期土壤过氧化氢酶活性的最小值分别降低了34.17%、23.02%和4.89%;除在灌浆结实期锌与铬浓度互作间的差异不显著外,其他生育期的锌浓度间、铬浓度间及锌与铬浓度互作间的差异均极显著(P<0.01)。在水稻分蘖期,土壤脲酶活性、转化酶活性随土壤锌铬浓度的增加而降低,但在孕穗期及灌浆结实期则升高,其差异均极显著(P<0.01)。线性回归及偏相关分析表明,在水稻不同生育期,土壤过氧化氢酶活性与土壤中锌、铬浓度均有极显著的线性回归关系,并呈显著或极显著负相关关系,这说明锌铬复合污染对土壤过氧化氢酶活性可能产生协同或加和的抑制效应。土壤脲酶活性在水稻灌浆结实期与土壤中锌浓度有极显著的线性回归关系,偏相关系数为0.7253**;土壤转化酶活性在水稻分蘖期、灌浆结实期与土壤中铬浓度均有极显著的线性回归关系,偏相关系数分别为-0.7426**、0.8056**,这说明锌铬复合污染对土壤脲酶活性及转化酶活性未产生复合效应。     

钙对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗抗氧化酶活性和膜脂过氧化作用的影响

研究了外源Ca2 对盐胁迫下耐盐性不同的两个水稻品种(武育粳3号和IR36)几种抗氧化酶活性及膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明:适量的Ca2 供应能有效提高水稻叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)以及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)的活性,使之维持在较高的水平上,并降低了丙二醛(MDA)含量和细胞膜透性。此外,外源Ca2 还增加了抗坏血酸(AsA)的含量,增强了水稻幼苗的根系活力。这表明适量的外源Ca2 供应提高水稻耐盐性的原因之一,在于其增强了植株的活性氧清除能力以及对细胞膜的稳定作用。     

施肥方式对旱地土壤酶活性和养分含量的影响

为了明确不同施肥方式下旱地土壤酶活性与养分间的相互关系,以30年(1979-2008)肥料长期定位试验地为基础,研究了不同施肥方式下旱地小麦田耕层(0~20cm)土壤酶活性与养分的变化趋势及其相关性。结果表明,相比单施氮肥和氮磷配施,小麦秸秆与氮磷配施的土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性以及土壤中全氮、全磷和有机质含量提高,但全钾含量降低。相关分析表明:土壤中的蔗糖酶活性与磷酸酶和过氧化物酶的活性,磷酸酶与过氧化物酶活性之间相关显著,相关系数依次为0.6747、0.5878、0.6414(n=9),其余酶活性之间相关不显著。土壤蔗糖酶、过氧化物酶活性与土壤全氮含量,土壤磷酸酶活性与土壤全磷和有机质含量高度正相关,相关系数分别为0.9969、0.9997、0.9998、0.9863(n=9);多酚氧化酶活性与土壤中的全磷和有机质含量密切负相关,相关系数分别为0.9945、0.9587(n=9),而蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性与土壤中的全钾含量相关性较低。     

卫星搭载处理对辣椒萌发过程中抗氧化酶活性的影响

测定经卫星搭载后的辣椒种子萌发过程中抗氧化酶的活性。结果表明:辣椒种子经卫星搭载处理后,其发芽势和发芽率分别比对照提高了3.5%和5.3%;在萌发过程中,可溶性蛋白质MDA含量低于地面对照,但SOD活性高于对照;卫星搭载的种子在萌发13d的幼苗体内SOD、G-POD、APX和CAT活性分别较对照提高了14.29%、25.23%、1.84%和21.52%。表明卫星搭载处理提高了辣椒种子和幼苗体内抗氧化酶活性,对萌发初期保护膜系统的修复具有重要的意义。     

硼在土壤中的吸附-解吸及其对植物吸收硼的影响

本文对湖北省几种主要旱地土壤进行了硼的吸附－解吸实验,同时对这些土壤上油菜幼苗吸收硼进行了试验,并用Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ和Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温吸附方程对实验结果进行了拟合。从中发现,一些土壤硼的解吸存在着明显的滞后解吸现象,这种现象可用滞后系数来定性描述。     

γ射线辐射对高羊茅种子发芽及酶活性的影响

用60Coγ射线辐射处理高羊茅的3个品种千年盛世、知音和猎狗5号的干种子,观测辐射对种子发芽的影响,测定种子萌发过程中的SOD、POD和PPO酶的活性。结果表明,50Gy的辐射对高羊茅种子的萌发具有促进作用,较高剂量的辐射对高羊茅种子的萌发有抑制作用,且随着辐射剂量的加大,抑制作用增强。萌发过程中3种酶的活性均随辐射剂量的增加先升高后降低。高羊茅的适宜辐射诱变剂量为150Gy。     

RESPONSE OF WHEAT TO INOCULATION WITH MYCORRHIZAE ALONE AND COMBINED WITH SELECTED RHIZOBACTERIA INCLUDING FLAVOBACTERIUM SP. AS A POTENTIAL BIOINOCULANT

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate different arbuscular mycorrhiza sps. (AM) for their effect on plant growth, yield and nutrient uptake by wheat. All the AM fungal sps. significantly enhanced all the plant parameters and nutrient uptake by the plant. A positive correlation was observed between percent root colonization by AM fungi and most of the plant parameters studied. Glomus macrocarpum giving best results was selected for studying interactive effect with Azotobacter, Azospirillum (well-known PGPRs), and Flavobacterium and Proteus vulgaris (less studied PGPRs). All the PGPRs significantly increased most of the plant parameters studied and their combination with AMF had a synergistic effect. Amongst PGPRs, Flavobacterium gave best response both singly and in combination with AMF and thus, is a potential new bioinoculant for wheat. Application of 120 kg nitrogen (N) ha^?1was the best treatment. Inoculation with most of the PGPRs gave better response than 60 kg N ha^?1.     

空间飞行对五角枫植株生理指标及抗氧化酶的影响

为探讨空间飞行对五角枫植株生理指标及抗氧化酶的影响,以"实践8号"育种卫星搭载种子培育所得5年生植株为研究对象,以未搭载种子的同龄实生植株为对照,对生长性状、光合生理指标、抗氧化酶及可溶性蛋白质含量进行了测定和分析。结果表明:(1)空间飞行显著提高了五角枫植株生长量、净光合速率、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及可溶性蛋白含量。而对丙二醛(MDA)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度及气孔导度等影响未达显著水平。(2)空间飞行提高了五角枫植株的净光合速率和植株生长量,而高净光合速率可能是导致搭载后五角枫植株具有高生长量的原因之一。     

EFFECTS OF PHYTOHORMONES ON PROLINE CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES OF VARIOUS WHEAT CULTIVARS UNDER SALINITY STRESS

Salinity stress is one of the important agricultural problems in the world. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytohormones (gibberellic acid and abscisic acid) on the activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase), rubisco activity and content, and proline in three wheat cultivars (Gascogen, Zagros, and Kuhdasht) under control and salinity stress (3.5 and 7 dS m^?1). The results showed that salinity stress (3.5 and 7 dS m^?1) decreased the activity of catalase, rubisco, carboxylase, but increased peroxidase, superoxide dismutase activity and proline content. Gibberellic acid caused 58.03% increased in rubisco carboxylase activity in Zagros at 7 dS m^?1 in comparison with abscisic acid under salinity stress compared with the control plants in Kuhdasht. Activity of superoxide dismutase in Kuhdasht cultivar at 7 dS m^?1 salinity level showed 76.43% increased in Gascogen under salinity stress compared with the control plants with gibberellic acid application. The highest proline content as an osmolyte was found in Zagros at 7 dS m^?1 salinity level with abscisic acid (194 μmol g^?1 DM) application. Peroxidase activity increased 83.31% and catalase activity decreased 61.27% compared with the control plants in Zagros. Gibberellic acid application significantly prevented reduction in rubisco content under salinity stress. In conclusion, increased in peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity and proline content decreased the adverse effects of salinity stress on studied cultivars. Also, the foliage spray of gibberellic acid enhanced and improved the growth condition. In this experiment, Zagros cultivar showed more tolerance to salinity stress than the other two cultivars.     

MOBILIZATION OF POTASSIUM FROM WASTE MICA BY PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA AND ITS ASSIMILATION BY MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) AND WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.): A HYDROPONICS STUDY UNDER PHYTOTRON GROWTH CHAMBER

A hydroponics study was carried out to evaluate the effect of three plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) namely, Bacillus mucilaginosus, Azotobacter chroococcum, and Rhizobium spp. on their ability to mobilize potassium from waste mica using maize and wheat as the test crops under a phytotron growth chamber. Results revealed that PGPR significantly improved the assimilation of potassium by both maize and wheat, where waste mica was the sole source of potassium. This was translated into higher biomass accumulation, potassium content and uptake by plants as well as chlorophyll and crude protein content in plant tissue. Among the rhizobacteria, Bacillus mucilaginosus resulted in significantly higher mobilization of potassium than Azotobacter chroococcum and Rhizobium inoculation. Overall, inoculation of maize and wheat plants with these bacteria could be used to mobilize potassium from waste mica, which in turn could be used as a source of potassium for plant growth.     

EFFECTS OF GREEN MANURE CONTINUOUS APPLICATION ON SOIL MICROBIAL BIOMASS AND ENZYME ACTIVITY

A three-year field experiment was carried out to study the effects of green manure application on the soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and soil enzyme activities in order to provide a theoretical basis on low-carbon agriculture, environment-friendly agriculture and promote the sustainable development of tobacco production. Six treatments were set and were: check (CK) (contrast, no application of green manure), T1 (application of ryegrass only 1 year), T2 (application of ryegrass 2 years), T3 (application of oats 2 years), T4 (application of ryegrass 3 years), and T5 (application of oats 3 years), which was based on continuous planting oats and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) in our experiment. The results showed that soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and the activity of soil urease, acid phosphatase (ACP), sucrase, and catalase increased with each year and with the application of green manure. Compared with the control, after the application of green manure the content of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen increased 1.94%–93.07% and 2.30%–145.07%, respectively, and the activity of soil urease, ACP, sucrase, and catalase increased 1.45%–56.52%, 2.34%–33.17%, 0.96%–172.66%, and 3.33%–85.71%, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated that soil microbial biomass carbon and soil enzymes activity had certain relevance that showed the dynamic process of soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity were coordinate with the decomposition process of green manure and the absorption of mine nutritional to tobacco plant. The results demonstrate that continuous application of green manure could increase soil biological fertility level.     

辐照对苦荞种子发芽及苗期细胞膜与保护酶活性的影响

利用不同剂量(100~500Gy)的60Coγ射线辐照处理3个苦荞品种的干种子,研究γ射线对苦荞幼苗的性状、膜透性和保护酶活性的生物学效应。结果表明,3个苦荞品种的发芽率、苗高、根长随着辐照剂量的增加逐渐降低,细胞膜透性、丙二醛含量、SOD酶活性和POD酶活性则逐渐增加,但在0~300Gy剂量辐照范围内的晋荞2号和九江苦荞的SOD酶活性呈现增加-降低-增加的趋势。γ射线对不同品种各性状产生的影响程度也不同,3个品种辐照敏感性依次为九江苦荞>西农1号>晋荞2号。     

有机酸对活化土壤中镉和小麦吸收镉的影响

向土壤中加入外源有机酸,研究有机酸对活化土壤中镉的作用和小麦吸收镉的影响。结果表明：有机酸对土壤中镉有一定的活化能力,对镉活化能力强弱顺序为ＥＤＴＡ〉缺铁小麦根分泌物〉柠檬酸〉苹果酸〉水。但ＥＤＴＡ却降低了小麦地上部镉的含量,缺铁小麦根分泌物明显增加了小麦地上部镉含量。与对照相比,柠檬酸和苹果酸对小麦地上部的镉含量有一定的促进作用,也增加了小麦地上部镉含量。     

春石斛兰类原球茎分化过程中抗氧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白的变化

以春石斛兰(Dendrobium nobileSw.)为试材,研究了类原球茎在分化芽和根系发生过程中抗氧化酶系统中多种酶活性及可溶性蛋白的变化规律。结果表明,在分化过程中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性和可溶性蛋白含量均呈现先降后升的趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性则呈现先升后降的变化。对过氧化物酶同工酶和可溶性蛋白进行SDS-PAGE电泳发现,在分化过程中均有新谱带的产生或原有谱带的消失。     

干旱胁迫对小麦叶片核糖核酸酶活力及合成的影响

干旱协迫下，抗旱（陕合６号）与干旱敏感（郑引１号）小麦品种叶片中的核糖核酸酶活性均有所增加，增加幅度与其相对含水量变化呈显著负相关。１４Ｃ－Ｌｅｕ掺入后，样品粗提液经ＰＡＧＥ分离并染色，发现干旱处理叶片的两个低分子女（１２ｋＤ、１７ｋＤ）具ＲＮａｓｅ活性的蛋白质的放射性掺入总量低于对照，但占总蛋白的放射性比例高子对照，证明干旱胁迫下存在ＲＮａｓｅ的从头合成（ｄｅｎｏｖｏｓｙｎｔｈｓｉｓ）。讨论了胁迫下ＲＮａｓｅ活性增加的原因。     

烟草连作对稻田土壤微生物及酶的影响

对烟草连作不同年限的稻田土壤中微生物的数量、活度及酶活性进行了分析,结果表明:连作年限与土壤中的好气性细菌、厌气性细菌、放线菌及真菌的数量没有相关性,所测不同连作年限的土壤中微生物的数量也没有明显差异,说明烟草连作不会对土壤中主要微生物类群的数量造成明显的影响。烟草连作10年以上的土壤微生物活度有降低趋势,明显低于连作5年以下的,而烟草连作5年以下的土壤微生物活度没有明显差异。烟草连作不同年限的土壤纤维素酶、脲酶、蛋白酶及过氧化氢酶没有明显差异。