Triticale,wheat, and rye growth rates and mineral accumulation at various growth stages

Abstract

Cultivars of triticale, wheat, and rye were grown with different N‐fertilizer rates and sampled at various maturity stages in 1975 to 1977. ‘6TA 131’ triticale, ‘Arthur’ wheat, and ‘Abruzzi’ rye were used as checks. Increasing N fertilizer rates increased dry matter and N accumulation in the above‐ground plant parts. However, after flowering losses of dry matter and N from the plants increased with N fertilizer rates. Triticale and rye generally absorbed more N from the soil than wheat. Triticale and wheat straw had higher P concentrations than rye. The head/straw concentration ratios were: triticale and rye>wheat for P, wheat>triticale and rye for K while Ca and Mg ratios were triticale>wheat>rye.     

苹果幼果发育期果柄结构和Ca、Mg、K水平的变化

以富士、金冠苹果树为试材,分析了同一花序不同部位的果实重量,Ca、Mg、K含量和果柄结构的变化,以期探讨果柄发育和幼果Ca、Mg、K吸收之间的关系及其在幼果脱落中的作用。结果表明,随幼果的发育,单个幼果重量和Ca、Mg、K含量呈增加趋势;与发育不正常的边果相比,发育正常的中心果和边果的鲜重、干重、果柄直径、维管束数目、木质部厚度、韧皮部维管束面积和单果Ca、Mg、K总含量较高,而以干重为单位的果柄Ca、Mg含量较低。相关分析表明,苹果幼果的单果重和Ca、Mg、K含量与果柄的直径、维管束数目、木质部厚度、韧皮部维管束面积呈显著正相关,说明幼果发育与Ca、Mg、K吸收和果柄结构密切相关,Ca、Mg、K吸收率低和果柄发育不良可能是导致落果的重要原因。     

Preliminary studies on triticale,wheat, barley,and rye responses to lime and N.

Abstract

The lime and N requirements for triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) have not been established because of the relatively short history of the crop. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of lime and high N rates on triticale, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.) on Dickson silt loam (Typic Paleudult) and Decatur silty clay loam (Rhodic Paleudult) in 1974–1976. The soils had pH values of 4.9 and 5.5 with no lime and 5.4 and 5.8, respectively, when limed as recommended. The fertilizer rates were 112, 140, and 170 kg N/ha. Yields and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Al, Zn, Cu, and B were determined in straw and grain. Liming the Dickson soil increased the straw yields of barley at 112 kg N/ha and grain yields of the cultivars generally at the 170 kg N/ha rate. Liming the Decatur soil did not have consistent effects on straw yields but increased the grain yields of the wheat and rye cultivars. Increasing N rate increased the straw yields of wheat on Dickson but decreased the grain yields of barley in the same soil with no lime. Nitrogen fertilization did not have consistent effects on the Decatur soil. The N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Mn compositions suggested that more differences occured at the species level than at the cultivar level.     

The effect of Ca and K levels on the herbage yield and nutrient composition of barley plants grown in high Mg soils

Abstract

The effects of Ca and K levels on barley (cv. Johnston) yield were studied in soil media containing high levels of Mg. The dry matter yield of barley decreased with increasing concentrations of Mg in soils, but the decrease was small. Dry matter yield was positively related to concentration of K in the soil. However, additions of fertilizer Ca or K did not increase dry matter yield, indicating that depressed yield associated with high Mg levels was not due to reduced availability of Ca or K. In commercial agriculture, applications of either Ca or K to such soils are unlikely to prove beneficial in increasing crop yields.

Concentrations of Mg in soil solutions of unfertilized soils were lower than levels which were previously shown to reduce crop yield. Additions of N fertilizer increased Mg concentrations to levels which could reduce barley yield     

施钾对油菜干物质积累和钾、钙、镁吸收的影响

采用池栽土培试验研究了钾对不同生育期油菜干物质积累量和钾、钙、镁含量及吸收量的影响。结果表明 :( 1)施钾明显提高油菜植株的干物质积累量 ,施钾处理的油菜地上和地下部分的干物质积累量平均分别为不施钾处理的 1.3 5和 1.55倍。 ( 2 )施钾明显促进油菜对钾的吸收 ,同时促进其对钙和镁的吸收 ;施钾对油菜干物质积累量和钾含量影响的程度 ,地下部分大于地上部分 ,对钙和镁含量影响的程度 ,地上部分大于地下部分。 ( 3 )施钾对油菜钾、钙和镁吸收量影响的程度 ,都表现为地下部分大于地上部分。 ( 4 )油菜对钾、钙和镁的吸收总量中 ,地上部分平均分别占 92 %、97%和 94 %。     

Growth and uptake rates of P,K, Ca and Mg in wheat 1

The relation between plant age and nutrient absorption properties of red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots were investigated. Understanding the change in ion uptake parameters with increasing plant age is helpful in devising efficient fertilization systems. Such information can be used to determine the nutrient levels needed in the soil to supply nutrients rapidly enough to the root surface to minimize deficiencies. Wheat was grown for periods up to 40 days in solution culture in a controlled climate chamber. Sequential harvest and nutrient influx measurements were made. Shoot growth was exponential with time to 30 days and linear thereafter. Root dry weight increased linearly with time at a slower rate than shoot dry weight. Root length increased linearily with time. With increasing plant age there was a reduction in average P and K uptake rate while average uptake rates for Ca and Mg remained relatively unchanged. With increasing plant age, the maximum influx, I_max. for P and Mg remained constant, but for K and Ca, there was a decrease. For the Michael is constant, Km, no change was observed for P, an increase occurred for K, and a decrease for Ca and Mg, as the wheat plant grew from 5 to 40 days.     

不同氮、磷、钾、钙水平对香水百合切花品质效应的研究

以盆栽香水百合为试验材料,用氮、磷、钾、钙四因素四水平L16(44)正交试验设计方法,测定了百合切花形态、瓶插寿命、花瓣中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量等指标,以期探讨配比施肥对香水百合切花品质的影响。结果表明,以施用氮肥300 mg/kg、磷肥100 mg/kg、钾肥150 mg/kg、钙肥120 mg/kg配比处理最佳,提高了百合的株高、花径叶面积,延长了切花瓶插寿命,维持了花瓣中SOD活性在较高水平,还减缓了瓶插期间花瓣中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质的下降。在瓶插3个时期内切花SOD活性、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量均与氮、磷、钙营养呈正相关,而与钾营养呈负相关。     

Soil ecological study on dynamics of K,Mg, and Ca,and soil acidity in shifting cultivation in Northern Thailand

Abstract

Soil degradation caused by excessive land use is presently one of the major constraints on sustainable agriculture in the mountainous area of northern Thailand. In order to obtain basic information about soil fertility problems involved in the transition from traditional shifting cultivation to more intensive upland farming, the dynamics of K, Mg, and Ca, and soil acidity in the farming systems of both Karen and Hmong/Thai peoples were investigated. In the fields that lay fallow for more than 5 y, the soils were highly acidic and poor in exchangeable bases, mainly due to the fact that the fallow vegetation rapidly absorbed inorganic bases (K, Mg, and Ca) in the soils. In the fields both under fallow and cropping within 3 y after the slash and burn practice, the high acidity observed in the soils at the fallow stage seemed to be alleviated by ash input with high alkalinity. The aboveground biomass ranged from 9 to 10 t ha^?1 in the 8 y fallow field and the sum of inorganic bases and alkalinity, which were expected to be added to the soils with ash input, ranged from 3 to 4 kmol( + ) ha^?1 or kmol(-) ha^?1 , respectively. In the fields under continuous cultivation for more than 4 y after the slash and burn practice, the subsoils showed a more acidic nature than in the fields immediately after burning. Judging from the high concentrations of inorganic bases in the soil solution from the subsoils, the decrease of the content of exchangeable bases and resulting soil acidification might have proceeded through leaching loss of these bases. Among the exchangeable bases in the soils, Ca and Mg were generally predominant and K occurred as trace. Comparison of the total contents of the bases with the contents of exchangeable ones showed that most of Ca occurred in an exchangeable form while most of K and Mg occurred in the nonexchangeable forms in the soils. Therefore, Ca was likely to be readily depleted along with soil acidification in continuous cultivation.     

磷钾钙配比对芦苇末基质栽培甜椒幼苗生长及生理代谢的影响

以甜椒品种‘中椒5号’为试材,以芦苇末和蛭石(体积比3∶1)混合基质为栽培基质,运用正交试验设计法,研究了营养液中不同磷、钾、钙水平对甜椒幼苗生长及体内营养元素含量等的影响。结果表明,芦苇末混合基质栽培甜椒时,提高营养液中磷和钙水平,甜椒幼苗的株高、生物积累量、根系活力、叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn)显著提高,过氧化物酶(POD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量降低,幼苗体内营养元素含量较高;而提高营养液中的钾水平对甜椒幼苗没有明显的影响。总之,营养液中磷和钙处于较高水平、钾处于较低水平时,芦苇末混合基质栽培的甜椒幼苗生长势良好;用芦苇末基质栽培甜椒时应具有较高的磷和钙营养管理水平,浇灌营养液中磷、钾、钙浓度的最佳配比组合为:1.66、3、3 mmol.L-1。     

宁夏引黄灌区春小麦不同生育期吸收氮、磷、钾养分的特点

选择宁夏引黄灌区中等肥力灌淤土,设置施肥与不施肥处理,在相距约5km的3个试验点进行了肥料田间试验,研究春小麦不同生育期氮、磷、钾养分的吸收特点。结果表明,在供试土壤条件下,施肥可明显提高小麦产量、干物质累积量、体内氮、磷、钾含量及其累积量。施肥或不施肥,小麦地上部干物质的累积量随生育期呈典型S型曲线增长,其中拔节期和灌浆期出现两个高峰期,各占总累积量的30%左右。植株氮、磷、钾含量随生育期呈曲线下降趋势,特别是从拔节到灌浆中期下降幅度较大;而在分蘖期以前和灌浆中期以后变化幅度较小。植株氮、磷、钾累积吸收量随生育期的延长和施肥水平的提高而增加,但各生育期相对累积吸收比例,施肥与否差异不大。苗期氮、磷、钾的吸收量约占总吸收量的4%～5%,分蘖期占20%～23%,拔节期分别占30%、41%、34%,抽穗期分别占14%、12%、10%,灌浆期分别占29%、20%、26%,成熟期占1%～3%,其中拔节期是养分吸收的高峰时期。不论施肥与否,地上部氮、磷、钾累积吸收量与其干物质累积量之间均呈极显著正相关,而与植株氮、磷、钾含量之间呈极显著负相关。     

磷、钾和钙元素对三月红荔枝果皮着色的影响

试验通过采用0．2％的KH2PO4（PK）、CaCl（Ca）溶液和KH2PO4与CaCl2混合液（PK＋Ca）及清水（对照）对三月红荔枝（Litchi chinensis Sonn．cv．Sanyuehong）树冠进行叶面喷布，探讨三月红荔枝果皮着色的初步机理和上述3种矿质营养元素对其着色的影响。结果表明，果实在发育过程中，果皮的糖含量变化动态曲线呈“W”形，果皮的酸和叶绿素含量总体呈下降趋势，果皮的类胡萝卜素含量变化动态曲线呈“之”字形，果皮的花色素苷含量总体上呈上升趋势。不同施肥处理对类胡萝卜素含量动态变化和各时期的高低没有影响，而显著影响花色素苷、叶绿素、可溶性糖和酸含量的动态变化特征。三月红荔枝果皮着色由花色素苷含量上升，而光合色素含量下降引起；PK、Ca和PK＋Ca处理促进果皮着色。     

Yield,quality and K/(Ca+Mg) ratio of tall fescue breeding lines on amended and nonamended minesoil

Abstract

Surface mineable coal is abundant beneath many farmland areas in Missouri. Presently, 90% of the electricity generated in the state is by coal powered plants. Surface strip‐mining laws now require reclamation of these lands after drastic disturbance. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinancea Schreb) cultivars and breeding lines have been evaluated for yield, nutrient composition and quality on undisturbed lands, but not for these qualities and for adaptability to revegetate drastically disturbed lands.

Six breeding lines and 2 cultivars of tall fescue were evaluated for yield, nutrient composition, crude protein and IVDMD on limed and unlisted minesoils in west‐central Missouri. The experimental design was a randomized split‐block with lime treatment the split‐block, 3‐replications, with individual plots 1.21 × 3.05 m. Agriculture lime with ENM index of 291 at rate of 19 mt/ha was incorporated, fescue seeded and the experimental area mulched during August‐September, 1978. The 1979 harvest samples were composited for crude protein, nutrient and IVDMD analyses and the 1980 harvest samples were analyzed for individual plots.

The 1979 yield was not significantly different between genetic materials, but mean yield from limed minesoil was significantly higher than from unlimed minesoil. Yield data evaluation suggest Kenny, WG3B, HMR to yield highest on unlimed minesoil and WG2B, LMR and HMR highest on limed minesoil, with MO‐96 lowest in yield limed or unlimed. The calculated K/(Ca+Mg) ratio of HMR and Kenhy was interpreted to be borderline for potential occurrence of grass tetany under limed environment. Differential divalent cation accumulation capacities of the breeding lines LMR and HMR was expressed on both the limed and unlimed minesoil. Potassium was not judged to reach a sufficiently high or Mg sufficiently low level to suggest potential problem of hypomagnesaema.

Lime increased IVDMD, but not crude protein. Crude protein varied by year, but IVDMD remained nearly constant. The genetic materials MO‐96 and H‐I accumulated higher quantities of Mg upon liming, but had lower IVDMD. Differences in yield were not significantly related to cation accumulation or forage quality on this minesoil, limed or unlimed.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

A sensitivity analysis for assessing the relevance of fine‐root turnover for P and K uptake

Plant fine roots are subject to continual turnover, i.e., old roots die during the plant life cycle and are quickly replaced by new roots. New roots grow partly into undepleted soil areas and can take up nutrients at a higher rate than old roots. This is one possible advantage of root turnover. It has been shown that root turnover of several plant species increases when P and/or K supply is limited, indicating an efficiency mechanism. The objective of this study was to assess the maximum benefit for nutrient uptake by root turnover and to determine which soil or plant properties influence this process. Based on a data set of field‐grown faba beans, a sensitivity analysis with a transport and uptake model was performed, i.e., several input parameters were systematically varied to assess their importance for nutrient uptake of a root system with and without fine‐root turnover. The calculations were based on the assumptions that all new roots grow into undepleted soil areas and that no inter‐root competition occurs. Model calculations indicated that a root system with a high but realistic turnover rate can take up twice the amount of P or K compared to a stable root system without any turnover. This benefit on uptake is higher at low concentrations of these nutrients in soil solution, low soil water content, or high maximum inflow. However, measured uptake under poor conditions of nutrient supply is often higher than calculated uptake, even when root turnover is taken into account. This indicates that root turnover might be an efficiency mechanism, but not the only one.     

铁膜对水稻根表面电化学性质和氮磷钾短期吸收的影响

通过水培试验研究了水稻根表铁膜对根表电化学性质、根表对NH4+、K+和磷酸根吸附和吸收的影响。结果表明,铁膜降低根表阳离子交换量,使根表zeta电位绝对值减小,说明根表负电荷数量减少。与对照相比,铁膜抑制了水稻根表对NH4+和K+的吸附,但促进了其对磷酸根的吸附。6 h培养实验结果表明,铁膜使水稻对NH4+、K+、H2PO4-的吸收速率分别降低了21.1%、42.7%、59.1%。因此,作为物理、化学屏障或者临时储存库,铁膜抑制了水稻对大量营养元素的短期吸收。     

Growth,phosphorus uptake,and rhizosphere microbial‐community composition of a phosphorus‐efficient wheat cultivar in soils differing in pH

In a pot experiment, the P‐efficient wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Goldmark was grown in ten soils from South Australia covering a wide range of pH (four acidic, two neutral, and four alkaline soils) with low to moderate P availability. Phosphorus (100 mg P kg^–1) was supplied as FePO₄ to acidic soils, CaHPO₄ to alkaline, and 1:1 mixture of FePO₄ and CaHPO₄ to neutral soils. Phosphorus uptake was correlated with P availability measured by anion‐exchange resin and microbial biomass P in the rhizosphere. Growth and P uptake were best in the neutral soils, lower in the acidic, and poorest in the alkaline soils. The good growth in the neutral soils could be explained by a combination of extensive soil exploitation by the roots and high phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere, indicating microbial facilitation of organic‐P mineralization. The plant effect (soil exploitation by roots) appeared to dominate in the acidic soils. Alkaline phosphatase and diesterase activities in acidic soils were lower than in neutral soils, but strongly increased in the rhizosphere compared with the bulk soil, suggesting that microorganisms contribute to P uptake in these acidic soils. Shoot and root growth and P uptake per unit root length were lowest in the alkaline soils. Despite high alkaline phosphatase and diesterase activities in the alkaline soils, microbial biomass P was low, suggesting that the enzymes could not mineralize sufficient organic P to meet the demands of plants and microorganisms. Microbial‐community composition, assessed by fatty acid methylester (FAME) analysis, was strongly dependent on soil pH, whereas other soil properties (organic‐C or CaCO₃ content) were less important or not important at all (soil texture).