YELLOW PASSION FRUIT PLANT NUTRITIONAL DIAGNOSIS AT DIFFERENT PHENOLOGICAL STAGES BY THE DIAGNOSIS AND RECOMMENDATION INTEGRATED SYSTEM METHOD

This work was performed in the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, with the objective to evaluate the nutritional status of yellow passion fruit plants along different phenological stages, using the DRIS method. Fifty-four passion fruit cultivated areas with an annual yield productivity ranging from 6.95 to 33.8 t ha^?1 year^?1 and average productivity of 16.9 t ha^?1 year^?1 were selected in the region. The contents of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and boron (B) were evaluated. The reference standards were established (mean and variation coefficient) for the values of the nutrient concentration ratios, two by two, on samples from high yield productivity plantations and analyzed by the DRIS index of nutrients for the medium and low yield productivity areas. The established standards differed according with the phenological stage of the culture. In a general way, the mean content of the evaluated nutrients did not differed between the two productivity levels into each phonological stage. There was a difference for the Nutritional Limitation Order between different phenological stages of yellow passion fruit plants. The most negative DRIS indexes and the highest absolute values for the Average Nutritional Balance on yellow passion fruit plants in the region, were found for potassium in May, phosphorus in October and iron in January.     

Impact of Biofertilizers on Mineral Status and Fruit Quality of Yellow Passion Fruit in Brazil

Biofertilizers, liquid cattle manure obtained from anaerobic processes, have emerged as an important component of the integrated nutrient supply system. Thus, an experiment was carried out from May 2002 to February 2004 to evaluate the fruit quality and macronutrient foliar contents of biofertilized yellow passion plants in Brazil. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with treatments distributed in a factorial arrangement (2?×?5) referring to two biofertilizers [one simple and another enriched with macro- and micronutrients] and five doses of each biofertilizer (0.0, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, and 2.4 L plant^?1). Fruit quality and nutritional status of yellow passion fruit are affected by biofertilizer doses applied. Fruit length, width, pulp percentage, skin diameter, mass, soluble solids, and titratable acidity were improved with biofertilizer application. Simple biofertilizer promotes optimum supplies of potassium, calcium, and sulfur, while enriched biofertilizer promotes optimum supplies of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium.     

Nitrogen concentrations and proportions of ammonium and nitrate in the nutrition and growth of yellow passion fruit seedlings

Abstract

Despite the importance of nitrogen (N) supply to plants, there are still doubts concerning the optimal relations of ammonium and nitrate in the nutrition of yellow passion fruit seedlings. This study aims to evaluate the interaction between nitrogen concentrations and ammonium and nitrate proportions in the nutrition, growth, and dry matter production of passion fruit seedlings grown in a substrate with a nutrient solution. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in randomized complete block design with three replications in a 4 × 5 factorial design, consisting of four N concentrations (2.5, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0?mmol L^?1) and five ammonium proportions (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% in relation to the total N supply). At 60?days after transplanting, green color index; accumulation of N, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in roots and shoots; stem diameter; leaf area; root length; nitrogen use efficiency (NUE); and dry matter of roots and shoots were evaluated. For the formation of seedlings of yellow passion fruit, the nutrient solution should have 13?mmol L^?1 of N, with 40% of this nutrient in the form of ammonium. The passion fruit is a plant tolerant to ammonium. However, a critical concentration above 5.7?mmol L^?1 of NH₄⁺ in the nutrient solution decreases absorption of cations, NUE, and production of dry matter.     

Nutrient Concentrations and Leaf Chlorophyll of Yellow Passion Fruit Seedlings as a Function of Substrate Composition and Boron

This study evaluated nutrient accumulation of yellow passion fruit seedlings produced in substrates containing proportions of decomposed buriti (Mauritia vinifera Mart.) stem (DBS) and the boron in this process. Four experiments were conducted in Federal University of Piauí in Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized in factorial scheme 6 × 2 + 1, referring to the substrates [DBS (100%), soil and sand 1:1 (20%) + DBS (80%), soil and sand 1:1 (40%) + DBS (60%), soil and sand 1:1 (60%) + DBS (40%), soil and sand 1:1 (80%) + DBS (20%), commercial substrate (additional treatment without boron) and soil, sand and manure 1:1:2] with (0.5 mg B.dm^?3) and without boron. The following variables were recorded: total nitrogen, total phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, boron, absorption efficiency index and chlorophyll. No influence concerning the substrate composition was noticed on nutritional status, but boron influenced on K and Mg of yellow passion fruit seedlings.     

CHLORINE NUTRITION OF HIGHER PLANTS: PROGRESS AND PERSPECTIVES

Chlorine (Cl) occurs predominantly as Cl^- in soil and plant. It is an essential micronutrient of higher plants and participates in several physiological metabolism processes. Its functions in plant growth and development include osmotic and stomatal regulation, evolution of oxygen in photosynthesis, and disease resistance and tolerance. At adequate levels of supply, Cl improves the yields and quality of many crops such as onions and cotton if the soils are deficient in this nutrient. When excessive, Cl can be as a major component of salinity stress and toxic to plants. This paper provides a brief review of current progresses on Cl nutrition of higher plants.     

PHOSPHORUS EFFECTS IN THE NUTRITION AND GROWTH OF DEVELOPING MANGO PLANTS

The objective was to study the effects of phosphorous (P) fertilization on nutritional and developmental aspects of growing mango plants. The mango plants were evaluated by soil chemical analyses, leaf chemical analyses, biological examination of plant growth, and the starting point of fruit production. Having this in view, an experiment was set up on 2 January 2003, at Flora, a farm in Uberlandia, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The soil was a clayish Oxisol. The doses at planting were: D₀ = zero, D₁ = 40, D₂ = 100, D₃ = 200, and D₄ = 300 g of P₂O₅ plant^?1. These doses at the beginning of the second year were multiplied by 1.5 and at the beginning of the third year by 2.0 and applied to the plants. The fertilizer used in this experiment was triple superphosphate (44% of P₂O_5.). During August of 2004, 2005, and 2006, soil samples were taken at a depth of 20 cm in between the plant rows. Leaf samples were taken during August of 2004 and 2005 to determine macro- and micronutrient contents in the leaves. Plant stem diameter was measured during January of 2004 and 2005. Plant height and crown radius were measured during January of 2005 and fruit production in 2005 and 2006. Fertilizer applications increased the level of P in the soil but significantly influenced plant performance only after the second year. The effects of phosphorus on mango plants take place slowly leading to increments in plant stem diameter only at the third year. Fruit set was not influenced by phosphorous fertilization.     

硫肥对棉花蕾铃脱落及产量的影响

本文就硫素与棉花蕾铃脱落和产量的关系进行了研究。试验结果表明,在传统施肥量330kg N/hm2,60kg P/hm2情况下,棉花蕾铃脱落率达70.3%;在增加氮磷肥施用量并补施硫酸钾情况下,棉花蕾铃脱落率为68.5%,说明硫酸钾有效降低了棉花的蕾铃脱落率。在传统施肥量基础上施用硫磺30.0kg/hm2对棉花的蕾铃脱落没有影响,但是增加了棉花单株结铃数、提高了产量。与不施硫相比,施硫使棉花单株结铃数增加14.7%,产量增加了15.7%。上述结果说明,在新疆高产棉田中使用单质硫肥能够进一步增加棉花产量。     

不同供硼水平对番茄产量及风味品质的影响?

以番茄品种“中杂101号”为试验材料,研究了不同供硼水平对番茄产量和果实风味品质相关指标的影响。结果表明,无论缺硼还是多硼处理,番茄叶片叶绿素含量、POD和SOD活性都显著低于正常硼处理;而MDA含量高于正常处理,产量下降。品质方面,缺硼和多硼处理果实的酸度增加,甜度和Vc含量降低;果实中的活性物质番茄红素、总酚和总黄酮含量下降,果实的芳香物质种类也发生了变化。说明适宜浓度的硼是番茄高产、高质的必要条件。     

EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF UREA,MOLYBDENUM, BENZYLADENINE,SUCROSE AND SALICYLIC ACID ON YIELD,NITROGEN METABOLISM OF RADISH PLANTS AND QUALITY OF EDIBLE ROOTS

In 2006–2007 small radish was cultivated in a pot experiment. Foliar applications were applied twice with solutions of the following compounds: 1) control (water); 2) urea; 3) urea+molybdenum (Mo), 4) urea+Mo+benzyladenine (BA); 5) urea+Mo+BA+sucrose; 6) urea+Mo+BA+sucrose+salicylic acid (SA), 7) BA; 8) SA; and 9) sucrose. The above solutions contained following concentrations of compounds: urea 20 g dm^?3, sucrose 10 g dm^?3, Mo 1 mg dm^?3, BA 5 mg dm^?3 and SA 10 mg dm^?3. In comparison with the control, spraying plants with the solution of urea+Mo+BA+sucrose and SA only caused an increase in leaf mass of one plant. Foliar applications did not have any effect on the yield of edible roots. When compared with the control, the use of sucrose resulted in a decreased content of nitrate (V) in leaves, while the application of urea+Mo+BA+sucrose led to elevated content of nitrate (V) in roots. In case of spraying plants with solutions containing urea (combinations no. 2–6) there was a tendency to increase ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) and nitrogen (N)-total content in leaves and roots, and increase in N uptake by leaves and by the whole plant but not by the radish roots. In combinations 7–9 we noted a decline in the level of ascorbic acid, and in combinations 2–6 there was a decrease in the content of soluble sugars in roots. In comparison with the control, an increase was observed in combinations 2 and 3, while in combinations 7–9 a decrease in the content of free amino acids in roots was observed. None of the combinations with foliar application caused any significant changes in the content of assimilative pigments in radish leaves and concentration of nitrate (III), dry matter in leaves and roots, the content of phenolic compounds, content of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) extracted with 2% acetic acid in roots as well as free radical activity of radish roots.     

GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSES OF PLANTAIN GENOTYPES AS INFLUENCED BY ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FERTILIZERS

A field experiment was conducted for two cropping cycles to evaluate the growth and yield responses of four plantain genotypes (29525, 30456-3, PITA 14 and Agbagba) to fertilizer source (inorganic, organic fertilizer and no fertilizer) in a 4 × 3 factorial in a complete randomized block design. Genotype 29525 flowered and matured earliest, produced heaviest bunches and highest number of hands and fruits per bunch. Agbagba produced the tallest plants, longest, widest and heaviest fruits. Bunch weight was heavier with the application of inorganic or organic fertilizers. There were genotype and fertilizer interactions for bunch and fruit weights and length in the plant crop with genotype 29525 having the heaviest bunches whereas the heaviest and longest fruits were produced by Agbagba when no fertilizer was applied. Bunch yield per hectare increased with organic fertilizer application.     

施用氮肥对温州蜜柑产量和品质的影响

红壤丘岗坡地桔园,在施用有机肥和磷钾肥的基础上,施用不同量的氮肥后,土壤ｐＨ值随着施氮量的增加而下降,呈线性负相关。不同施氮量对柑桔产量的影响具有极显著的差异。施氮后,土壤速效氮,磷,钾和叶片氮,磷,钾含量与产量呈显著或极显著线性相关。     

沙棘结实规律及其应用的研究

沙棘能源林不仅生产薪材,而且还要利用它的果实生产医用沙棘油和食用果汁,以取得综合效益。作者引用单位生物量的产果量即经济系数作为研究沙棘结实规律的依据,发现同一年龄阶段不同立地条件下的经济系数是接近的,从而使其结实规律的研究在不考虑立地条件的情况下进行。研究表明中国沙棘的结实规律是:Ⅰ龄级为营养生长期,Ⅱ龄级为初果期,Ⅲ—Ⅷ龄级为盛果期,经济系数稳定在20%左右,Ⅸ龄级进入衰果期;沙棘果实中的维生素C的含量有随树龄的增加而增加的趋势,但到盛果期后趋于一致。试验结果为沙棘能源林栽培技术和轮伐期的确定、为不同林     

硅处理对镉锌胁迫下水稻产量及植株生理特性的影响

以郑稻18为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)污染胁迫和硅(Si)处理对水稻产量、不同生育时期植株生理特性的影响,从而揭示硅缓解Cd、Zn胁迫的生理机制。结果表明,水稻植株受到Cd、Zn毒害时,不同生育期植株生物量、产量、叶片叶绿素含量及可溶性蛋白质含量均显著下降,而叶片质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性糖含量和过氧化物(POD)活性显著增加。施硅处理显著提高水稻植株对重金属的抗性,主要反映在植株生物量显著增加,叶片叶绿素含量及可溶性蛋白质含量显著上升,而叶片质膜透性、MDA含量、POD活性和可溶性糖含量显著降低,产量显著增加,说明硅缓解植株体内重金属毒害的代谢机制与其对抗氧化酶系统的调控作用及作物抗性的提高有关。     

RESPONSE OF ALFALFA SEED YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS TO PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZING SYSTEMS AND SEEDING RATE AT SEMI-SALINE SOIL CONDITIONS

To study the effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer (cow manure, phosphorus solublizing bacteria) and sowing density on seed production of alfalfa, an experiment was laid out in a three-replicated split-split plot design with four phosphorus fertilizer rates (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg ha^?1) in main plots, three phosphorus-solublizing bacteria (9, 41strains, and no bacteria) in sub-plots and three sowing densities (2, 6 and 10 kg ha^?1) in sub-sub plots. The highest seed yield resulted from 60 and 90 kg P ha^?1. Application of bacteria strain 41 was more efficient than bacteria strain 9 in seed yield and 1000-seed weight. Seed yield at 6 seed kg ha^?1 treatment was higher than 10 kg ha^?1, although there was no significant difference between them. Based on the results of this experiment the triple application of P60, B41 and SD6 could be recommended as the best treatment for seed production of alfalfa (Cultivar ‘Nikshahri’) under the semi-saline condition.     

MYCORRHIZAL INFLUENCE ON FRUIT YIELD AND MINERAL CONTENT OF TOMATO GROWN UNDER SALT STRESS

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yields are known to decrease for plants grown in saline soils. This study was conducted to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on fruit yield and mineral content of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive tomato cultivars grown with varied levels of salt. NaCl and CaCl₂were added to soil in the irrigation water in equal molar ratios to give EC_e values of 1.4 (nonstressed) and 4.9 dS m^?1 (salt stressed). Plants were grown in a greenhouse using unsterilized, low phosphorus (P) (silty clay) soil-sand mix. Mycorrhizal root colonization occurred whether cultivars were salt stressed or nonstressed, but the extent of AMF root colonization was higher in AMF inoculated than uninoculated plants. The salt tolerant cultivar ‘Pello’ generally had higher AMF root colonization than the salt sensitive cultivar ‘Marriha’. Shoot dry matter (DM) yield, fruit fresh yield, and AMF colonization were higher for plants grown under nonstressed than for plants grown under salt stressed conditions. Shoot DM and fruit fresh yields were higher in AMF inoculated than uninoculated plants grown with or without salt stress. Pello generally had higher fruit fresh yield per plant and fruit weight than Marriha, but these differences were only significant for fruit weight in unioculated plants grown under salt stressed conditions. The enhancement in fruit fresh yield due to AMF inoculation was 26 and 23% under nonstressed and 28 and 46% under salt stressed treatments for Pello and Marriha, respectively. For both cultivars, fruit contents of P, potassium (K), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) were higher in AMF inoculated compared with uninoculated plants grown under nonstressed and salt stressed conditions. Fruit Na concentrations were lower in AMF inoculated than uninoculated plants grown under salt stressed conditions. The enhancement in P, K, Zn, Cu, and Fe acquisition due to AMF inoculation was more pronounced in Marriha than in Pello cultivar under salt stressed conditions. The results of this study indicated that AMF inoculated plants had greater tolerance to salt stress than unioculated plants.     

矮壮素对马铃薯磷素营养动态变化和产量的影响

通过对生育前期的马铃薯品种"中薯3号"喷施浓度为0、1.5、2.0和2.5g/L矮壮素(chlorocholine chloride,CCC)后,应用32P示踪技术研究其对磷素营养及其平均每穴产量的影响。结果表明:在各出苗后天数,CCC增加了植株对磷素的吸收,植株中的磷素主要分配到地上茎和叶中,按其相对含磷量依次为地上茎>叶>根>地下茎;植株吸磷量随其生长而增加,但在生育后期总株的吸磷量减少;在各出苗后天数,2.0g/L处理对中薯3号的总株吸磷量增加最大;1.5、2.0、2.5g/LCCC处理使中薯3号平均每穴产量分别增加6.83%、10.10%和3.08%,各处理平均每穴产量与其出苗后36d的叶片含磷量成极显著性正相关。     

圆褐固氮菌对春小麦产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

利用盆栽和田间试验,探讨了圆褐固氮菌Azotobacter chroococcum beijerinckN45及用其研制的生物氮肥对春小麦产量和氮肥利用效率的影响,旨在为生物氮肥的研制及其与化学氮肥的最佳配比用量提供理论依据。结果表明,盆栽试验中供试菌株N45具有对春小麦的增产作用和对氮肥利用效率的促进作用。将其研制为生物氮肥后,其效果在田间得到了很好的再现,盆栽与田间试验均是与半量化学氮肥配施效果最佳,相比同量化肥处理分别提高春小麦秸秆产量12.70%和16.34%;籽粒产量15.31%和11.77%;氮素收获指数0.68%和0.13%;氮肥农学利用率30.37%和59.39%;氮素吸收利用率26.53%和88.66%;氮肥偏生产力15.27%和11.77%;氮肥生理利用率12.24%和35.24%,同时还能够提高秸秆和籽粒中全氮、全磷和全钾的累积量。     

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON NICKEL ACCUMULATION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COFFEE PLANTS DURING FRUIT DEVELOPMENT

Nutritional and physiological significance of micronutrients in coffee plants, especially with regard to nickel (Ni) is still unknown. The dynamics of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and Ni accumulation in coffee fruits, as well as their relationships with total soluble protein, amino acids, reducing sugars, and starch content during coffee fruit development (green, ripe, and dry fruits), were investigated. Coffee trees received three N fertilizer rates (0, 150, and 300 kg of N ha^?1) as ammonium sulfate split into three applications per year. Nitrogen fertilization increased reducing sugars and starch concentrations in ripe fruits. In contrast, green fruits showed the highest amino acid and Ni concentrations. Fruit Ni concentration decreased in both green and ripe fruits as N rates increased; thus, indicating the possibility of either a N-associated dilution effect on Ni concentration or that Ni uptake by roots and/or transport to developing fruit was limiting. Plant nutritional status and fruit development stage influenced the coffee grain chemical composition. Furthermore, the variation in reducing sugars and starch content was more closely linked to the stage of fruit development than to N supply. A supposed relationship among the decreased of caffeine, starch, amino acids, and proteins with Ni content during green fruit development suggests a fundamental role for Ni in coffee fruit ripening. The interaction between N and Ni metabolism during fruit ripening might influence the chemical parameters involved in the coffee grain quality. This is the first report documenting changes in Ni concentrations of coffee fruit as a function of N fertilization rates and the development stage, but further research is needed to better understand the significance of N-Ni interaction in developing coffee fruit.     

紧实胁迫对土壤呼吸强度及黄瓜生长和品质的影响

用容重为1.2和1.5 g cm-3的土壤进行盆栽试验,研究了紧实胁迫对土壤剖面各层中呼吸强度及CO2浓度的影响,调查了黄瓜植株及果实品质对土壤紧实胁迫的反应。结果表明:紧实土壤(高容重)土面下CO2浓度及呼吸强度均大于疏松土壤(低容重)。紧实土壤中黄瓜根系伸长生长受到抑制,根系重量显著减小,根冠比(地下部干重/地上部干重)降低;地上部的鲜重及干重也减小,但干物质含量却有一定程度增加;展开的叶片数减小,黄叶数增加,植株衰老提早。果实增大速度受到抑制,糖/酸比大幅度下降,风味变差。