运用同位素~(15)N研究冬小麦不同时期追施尿素的效果及氮肥的利用率

本文运用同位素15N,对冬小麦不同追肥时期的效果 ,氮肥的利用率 ,氮素在秸杆、籽粒中的分配、土壤残留、挥发损失进行了研究。结果表明 :拔节期追肥一次 ,再加上追施穗肥一次效果最好 ;前期追肥 ,秸杆对 N的利用率高 ,籽粒对 N的利用率低 ;后期追肥 ,籽粒对 N的利用率高 ,秸杆对 N的利用率低 ;前后期结合追肥比一次追肥土壤氮素残留量高 ,损失较少。     

Timing and Method of 15Nitrogen-Labeled Fertilizer Application on Grain Protein and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Spring Wheat

ABSTRACT

Grain protein content is one of the most important quality constraints for bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in eastern Canada. A field experiment was conducted for two years (1999 and 2000) on the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, to study whether split application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer improved grain protein content and nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE). Two cultivars (‘Celtic,’ as N-responsive and ‘Grandin’, as N-non-responsive) were grown using three different N doses and application methods: (1) 100 kg N ha^?1 as NH₄NO₃, soil-applied at seeding with ¹⁵N₂-labeled NH₄NO₃ to microplots, (2) 60 kg N ha^?1 soil-applied at seeding plus 40 kg N ha^?1 foliar-applied at the boot stage with ¹⁵N₂-labeled urea to microplots, and (3) 90 kg N ha^?1 as soil-applied at seeding plus 10 kg N ha^?1 foliar-applied at the boot stage with ¹⁵N₂-labeled urea to microplots. Plants were sampled at heading and maturity. While dry-matter production and grain yields were not affected by the treatments in either year, N application methods influenced tissue N concentration and NUE. In 1999, extended drought stress led to significant yield reduction; in 2000, foliar application of 10 kg N ha^?1 at the boot stage significantly increased grain N concentration when grain protein was under the limit for bread quality, suggesting that later-applied N can contribute to grain protein content. At maturity, the average NUE was 22.3% in 1999 and 34.5% in 2000, but was always greater when all N was applied at seeding (42.5%) than when N was foliar-applied at the boot stage (18.5% to 24.5%). We conclude that application of a small amount of fertilizer N at the boot stage can improve the bread-making quality of spring wheat by increasing grain protein concentration.     

施氮水平对强筋小麦氮素同化及籽粒蛋白质组分积累的影响

在高产条件下研究了施氮水平对强筋小麦济麦20氮素同化及籽粒蛋白质组分积累和品质的影响,结果表明,在0~195 kg/hm2施氮量范围内,增施氮肥显著提高旗叶硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性,提高各器官氮素含量和积累量,促进籽粒单体蛋白、可溶性和不溶性谷蛋白积累,提高籽粒蛋白质含量及可溶性和不溶性谷蛋白占总蛋白的比例,改善籽粒品质;285 kg/hm2施氮量处理与195 kg/hm2施氮量处理相比,旗叶硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性及籽粒蛋白质含量均无显著变化,但单体蛋白含量及占总蛋白质的比例升高,可溶性和不溶性谷蛋白含量及占总蛋白质的比例降低,籽粒品质下降,兼顾高产和优质的适宜施氮量为105~195 kg/hm2。     

In-Season Prediction of Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Grain Protein in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

In a 3-year study, grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and grain protein (GP) were evaluated as a function of rate and timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application. Linear models that included preplant N, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), cumulative rainfall, and average air temperature from planting to sensing (T-avg) were evaluated to predict NUE and GP in winter wheat. GreenSeeker readings were collected at Feekes (F) 3, 4, 5, and 7 growth stages. Combined with rainfall and/or T-avg, NDVI alone was not correlated with NUE. However, NDVI and rainfall explained 45% (r² = 0.45) of the variability in GP at F7 growth stage. Preplant N, NDVI, rainfall and growing degree days (GDD) combined explained 76% (r² = 0.76) of the variability in GP at F3. Mid-season climatic data improved the prediction of GP and should therefore be considered for refining fertilizer recommendations when GP levels are expected to be low.     

Effect of Nitrogen Topdressing at Anthesis and the Association of Flag-Leaf Nitrogen with Grain Protein Concentration in Irrigated Spring Wheat

ABSTRACT

Grain protein is an important component affecting the market value of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum). In high-yielding irrigated environments, consistently attaining desired protein levels is a chronic problem. Nitrogen (N) management has a strong effect on protein concentration. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the robustness of using flag-leaf N concentration as a tool for guiding in-season N application in order to obtain high-protein wheat. Three on-farm trials were conducted (each location using a cultivar of the farmer's choice) where N rates were varied. Nitrogen rates evaluated were 0, 79, 157, 236, and 314 kg ha^?1. To evaluate the benefit of topdressing, all N was applied basally, or 45 kg ha^?1 N was reserved from the basal dose for application at heading. Yield and protein response to applied N were variable across the three sites. This study postulated that this response was a function of initial soil-N availability. Where there was a yield response to N, it appeared that reserving a portion of N for topdressing increased protein but tended to decrease yield. At levels of N where yield was not limited, reserving a portion of N for topdressing did not appear to affect yield or protein. Although a linear relationship between grain protein and flag-leaf N was obtained by pooling data across sites, there was enough variation in this relationship to limit its utility as a tool for guiding in-season N application.     

施氮对滴灌冬小麦花后光合生理、灌浆特性及产量品质的影响

为阐明黄淮海平原滴灌条件下施氮对不同高产冬小麦品种的调控机理,明确高产高效优质的施氮方式,以高产品种济麦22和烟农1212为试材,于2018—2020年2年间在大田滴灌条件下设置0,150,210,270 kg/hm² 4个施氮水平(济麦22用J0、J1、J2、J3;烟农1212用Y0、Y1、Y2、Y3),研究不同施氮量对滴灌冬小麦光合生理特性、籽粒灌浆特性、产量和品质的影响。结果表明：施氮可显著提高冬小麦上三叶的SPAD值,适量施氮显著提高了灌浆中后期的SPAD值和旗叶净光合速率(P_n),小麦旗叶SOD活性呈现单峰曲线的变化规律,各施氮处理的SOD活性均在花后14天达到最大值,N0处理的SOD活性在花后7天达到最大值,N2施氮水平下,2品种灌浆中后期旗叶SOD活性均最高。适量施氮能降低生育后期叶片膜脂过氧化程度,降低叶片MDA含量,使叶片功能期延长,从而提高生育后期的光合性能。随着施氮量的提高,2个品种的籽粒灌浆速率和最大理论千粒重均先增高后降低,不施氮处理下的T_m较各个施氮处理相对提前,济麦22的最大灌浆速率、最大理...     

水氮互作对冬小麦氮素吸收分配及土壤硝态氮积累的影响

试验采用完全随机裂区设计,研究不同灌水和施氮处理对田间冬小麦氮素吸收转运分配以及成熟期土壤剖面硝态氮分布积累的影响.结果表明:冬小麦氮素吸收速率在拔节-开花期达到最大;阶段氮素吸收量、籽粒氮素积累量和氮收获指数均随灌水量的增加而增加,表现为W1500＞W1200＞W900＞W0;施氮量超过150 kg/hm2时,籽粒氮素积累量、氮收获指数,拔节-成熟期的氮素吸收量不再显著增加;灌水和施氮均能增加冬小麦营养器官氮素转移量,氮素转运率随施氮量增加而增加,氮素转运贡献率随灌水量的增加而降低;冬小麦成熟期表层(0-20 cm)土壤硝态氮含量随着灌水量增加而降低,表现为W0＞W900＞W1200＞W1500;相同灌水处理下,各土层硝态氮含量随施氮量的增加而增加,施氮处理能显著增加0-120 cm土层硝态氮含量,当施氮量超过150 kg/hm2时,随灌水量增加,土壤剖面中的硝态氮由上层向下层移动.     

耕作方式和氮肥水平对旱地冬小麦籽粒品质的影响

为研究不同耕作方式和氮肥水平对旱地冬小麦籽粒品质的影响,选择常规耕作(CT)、秸秆还田(CTI)、全膜覆土穴播(PM)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)4种耕作方式和75(N1)、150(N2)、225(N3)、300 kg·hm~(-2)(N4)4个氮肥水平,在典型的西北旱作雨养农业区甘肃省农业科学院小麦研究所清水试验站设计大田试验。结果表明,耕作方式和氮肥水平对小麦蛋白质及其组分含量、湿面筋、面团稳定时间、籽粒产量均有显著或极显著影响。与CT相比,PM显著提高了谷蛋白含量和谷醇比,延长了面团稳定时间,有利于加工品质的改善;而NTS的蛋白质总量、湿面筋、球蛋白、麦谷蛋白、谷醇比均显著低于CT。施氮显著提高了籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、蛋白质各组分含量,增加了面团延伸性和吸水率。与N1相比,N4冬小麦的醇溶蛋白、麦谷蛋白、球蛋白、清蛋白分别增加了56.38%、27.60%、20.87%、17.03%;在4种蛋白组分中,施氮更有利于醇溶蛋白的累积,因此过量的氮肥应用显著降低了谷醇比、缩短了面团稳定时间和最大拉伸比值。同一氮肥水平下,不同耕作方式处理的小麦籽粒平均产量依次为PMCTICTNTS,PM下的平均产量为6 259.63 kg·hm~(-2),比CTI、CT、NTS分别高6.24%、10.54%和20.95%。同一耕作方式下,不同氮肥水平处理的小麦籽粒平均产量依次为N2N3N4N1,其中N2下小麦籽粒平均产量达到6 184.64 kg·hm~(-2),比N3、N4、N1分别高5.78%、7.31%、19.06%。综上可知,在甘肃半干旱雨养农业区实施全膜覆土穴播栽培模式,并增施150 kg·hm~(-2)氮肥,既能大幅度增加小麦籽粒产量,也有利于加工品质的改善,是该地区小麦生产实现高产和优产的最佳耕作和供氮模式。本研究结果为甘肃旱作雨养农业区冬小麦的高产、优质栽培提供了理论参考。     

Effects of Irrigation Water Quality and Nitrogen Rate on the Recovery of 15N Fertilizer by Sorghum in Field Study

The effects of ¹⁵N-labeled ammonium nitrate on yield, uptake of nitrogen (N) by sorghum (Sorghum sudanense, Piper), and on N remaining in the soil were studied in a field experiment with different N rates (0, 50, and 100 kg N ha^?1) and with two irrigation water qualities, well water (WW) and treated wastewater (TWW). Treated wastewater irrigation increased dry matter and N yield compared to WW. At equal N rates, recovery of ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer by plants increased with TWW irrigation compared to WW (36% versus 23%). Neither fertilizer rate nor water quality had an effect on the ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer remaining in the 0- to 60-cm layer of soil. On average 41% in the TWW treatment (49–33%) and 38% in WW treatment was mostly present in the surface 20-cm layer. Losses of ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer were unaffected by irrigation water quality (35%) and increased with N application rate in TWW (4% versus 31%).     

水氮互作对冬小麦光合生理特性和产量的影响

针对黄淮海地区农业生产中存在的水资源供应短缺,肥料利用率低等问题,设计试验研究水氮互作对冬小麦光合生理特性和产量的影响,为黄淮海地区高效利用水氮资源提供理论依据。2015-2017年以石麦15(SM15)为材料,利用水肥渗漏研究池,设计2个供水量水平(500,250 mm);2个施氮量水平(90,180kg/hm~2);2个氮肥类型(无机肥尿素,有机肥牛粪)。结果表明:2年试验内冬小麦旗叶光合生理特性变化规律相似,各处理的冬小麦旗叶光合速率,蒸腾速率,单叶水分利用效率在生育期内均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。水氮互作对小麦旗叶光合速率影响显著,W1(供水量500mm)处理的旗叶光合速率明显高于W2(供水量250mm)处理,施氮肥180kg/hm~2处理的旗叶光合速率明显高于施氮肥90kg/hm~2的处理,与施用无机肥相比,施用有机肥可保证冬小麦生育后期维持较高的旗叶光合速率。2年试验干物质积累量最多、产量最高的处理为W1M1(供水量500mm,施有机氮肥180kg/hm~2)。综合冬小麦光合生理特性,籽粒产量,本试验条件下有机肥增产效果优于无机肥,冬小麦生育期供水量500mm,施有机氮肥180kg/hm~2时冬小麦旗叶光合生理特性较优,获得较高产量。     

氮肥运筹对稻茬小麦土壤硝态氮含量、根系生长及氮素利用的影响

以宁麦9号为材料,研究施氮量及氮肥基追比例对稻茬小麦土壤硝态氮含量、根系生长、植株氮素积累量、产量和氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,拔节前0-60cm土层硝态氮含量随基施氮量的增加而显著增加,随生育进程的推进各处理硝态氮显著向下层土壤淋洗;拔节期追施氮肥显著提高了孕穗期0-40cm土层硝态氮含量,且随追施氮量的增加而显著增加,N300和N3/7处理硝态氮显著向40-60cm土层淋洗。根系主要生长于0-20cm土层,拔节前各土层根长密度均随基施氮量的增加而增加,拔节后则随施氮量增加和适当的追肥比例而增加。各施氮处理均以拔节至开花期为小麦氮素积累高峰期。适宜增加施氮量并适当提高追肥比例,有利于提高产量、植株氮素积累量和氮素利用效率。因此,在小麦生产中,适当降低施氮量并提高拔节期追肥比例有利于促进小麦根系生长和植株氮素积累,进而提高小麦产量并减少硝态氮淋洗损失。     

Estimation of Optimum Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates in Winter Wheat in Humid Mediterranean Conditions,II: Economically Optimal Dose of Nitrogen

Cereal grain and nitrogen (N) fertilizer prices have varied greatly in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum dose of N fertilizer needed to maximize revenues of soft red winter wheat in Alava (northern Spain). Economically optimum rates of N application (N_yield) ranged from 142 to 174 kg N ha^?1 depending on the price of both N fertilizer and wheat. Growers received an extra income of 0.006 [euro] kg^?1 if the grain protein content was greater than 12.5%, with the minimum required N dose to obtain this value (N_prot) being 176 kg ha^?1. The extra amount of N fertilizer required over N_yield to reach N_prot ranged from 2 to 34 kg N ha^?1, and the extra benefits associated varied from 24 to 36 [euro] ha^?1.     

拔节后水分调控对矮抗58氮素吸收利用特性和蛋白质产量的影响

为探讨拔节后不同水分调控下冬小麦氮素利用特性和蛋白质产量的变化规律,2013-2015年,防雨棚下以矮抗58为材料,在保证足墒播种、安全越冬的基础上,研究了拔节至成熟期持续干旱(W1)、拔节至孕穗期供水适宜+开花至成熟期干旱(W2)和拔节至成熟期供水适宜(W3)3个水分处理下冬小麦氮素积累转运特性、利用效率、籽粒产量和蛋白质产量的差异。结果表明,拔节后水分调控显著影响矮抗58氮素积累、转运、利用特性和籽粒氮素的累积,且2个生长季规律相似。在平均值方面,拔节至孕穗期供水适宜能显著提高矮抗58成熟期地上部氮素积累量、花后氮素积累量及其对籽粒氮素的贡献率。W2花前贮藏氮素转运量及其转运率较W1和W3分别提高12.0%和21.9%、2.6%和21.6%,且提高了成熟期籽粒氮素积累量和氮素在籽粒中的分配比例。W2氮素吸收效率、籽粒产量和蛋白质产量分别比W1提高了19.2%、21.9%和16.9%;W2蛋白质产量较W3提高了3.1%。综合考虑蛋白质含量、籽粒产量和蛋白质产量,拔节至孕穗期土壤含水量为田间最大持水量的70%~80%,开花期至成熟期为45%~55%,是矮抗58兼顾节水、高产、高效、优质的最优水分管理模式。本研究结果为以提高小麦籽粒蛋白质产量为目标的水分管理优化提供了理论依据。     

轮耕秸秆还田促进冬小麦干物质积累提高水氮利用效率

通过田间定位试验,探究了不同耕作措施及秸秆还田对2015-2017年2个生长季冬小麦物质积累、氮素积累及水氮利用效率的影响。采用2因素裂区试验设计,主区为秸秆还田(S)和秸秆不还田(NS);副区分别为深耕(DT)、轮耕(RT)和免耕(NT)处理。结果表明:S处理较NS处理显著增加冬小麦旗叶SPAD和光合速率,提高成熟期植株生物量,但产量增加不显著。RT处理于2015-2016年和2016-2017年较DT处理分别显著增产4.88%和9.05%,2016-2017年较NT处理显著增产3.64%。秸秆还田和耕作方式交互作用显著影响冬小麦产量,S+RT处理2015-2016年和2016-2017年较NS+DT处理分别显著提高8.68%和16.98%。S处理显著增加植株氮素积累量和水分利用效率;RT处理显著提高冬小麦水分利用效率,增加冬小麦氮素积累量、籽粒氮素积累量、氮素转运及其利用效率。2015-2016年和2016-2017年RT处理水分利用效率较NT处理分别提高8.45%和8.92%,2015-2016年较DT处理提高5.24%;2016-2017年RT处理氮肥偏生产力较NT和DT处理分别显著提高3.68%和9.16%;氮素籽粒生产效率较NT和DT处理分别显著提高10.60%和4.78%。S+RT处理花后SPAD下降幅度最小,花期和成熟期均具有较高的光合速率,产量、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力与NS+DT和S+DT相比分别平均提高了12.58%,8.53%,7.95%和4.11%,19.79%,11.44%。因此,秸秆还田配合轮耕措施是黄淮海南部较为适宜的节水省肥型冬小麦耕作栽培措施。     

Evaluation of the 15Nitrogen Isotope Dilution Technique for Estimating Crop Nitrogen Uptake from Organic Residues

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to test the new approach for estimating crop nitrogen (N) uptake from organic inputs. The soil was prelabeled with ¹⁵N by applying ¹⁵N fertilizer to sunflower crop (Helianthus annuus L. var. Viki). The ¹⁴N plots, which received unlabelled fertilizer, were also set up. At harvest, ¹⁵N labeled residues were added to the unlabeled soils at a rate of 73 kg N ha^?1 (direct technique) and unlabeled residues were added to the ¹⁵N‐labeled soils at the same rate (indirect technique). Control plots without residues were also established. All plots were sown with the wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var merchouch)–fababean (Vicia faba L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var merchouch) cropping sequence.

In the cropping sequence, the first, second and third crop derived respectively 12.01, 2.4, and 1.93 kg N ha^?1 from crop residues estimated by the direct method and 14.77, 3.3, and 1.85 kg N ha^?1 estimated by the indirect method. The results showed no significant difference between the two techniques, which suggests that the new soil prelabeling technique compares well with the direct technique.     

Soil Organic Carbon,Total Nitrogen,and Soil pH,in a Long-Term Continuous Winter Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Experiment

Continuous use of organic and inorganic fertilizers influences soil physical and chemical properties. Stored samples from the last 24 years of the Magruder Plots were analyzed to document changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and soil pH. Since 1947, the same six treatments have been evaluated. Treatments included the use of cattle manure, inorganic nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and lime (L). Each year, a composite surface soil sample (0–15 cm) was taken in each plot, air-dried at ambient temperature, ground to pass a 2 mm sieve, and stored at room temperature, 25°C. Averaged over 24 years’ the manure plots resulted in the highest SOC and TN. Manure application maintained SOC at 0.92 and adequate soil pH (>6.0). The use of commercial fertilizers lowered soil pH over time but had higher yields compared to the manure plot.     

Nitrogen Application in Winter Wheat Grown in Mediterranean Conditions: Effects on Nitrogen Uptake,Utilization Efficiency,and Soil Nitrogen Deficit

ABSTRACT

Nitrogen (N) is one of the most growth restricting nutrients in cereal grain and represents one of the highest input costs in agricultural systems; therefore, environmental and economic considerations require the effective use of N fertilizer in plant production. This study was conducted for three years to better understand wheat plant response to optimize N fertilizer and how to reduce the risk of ground water pollution.

Two of the most important durum wheat cultivars in Southern Italy and four N fertilization levels (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha^{? 1}, indicated as N0, N60, N120, and N180, respectively) were compared in this experiment. During plant growth, fresh and dry matter, plant nutritional state (SPAD readings and stem nitrate content), and N uptake were determined. At harvest, plant N content, N uptake, grain yield, yield components and quality were determined, allowing the calculation of the pre- and postanthesis N uptake and the N utilization efficiency indices. Furthermore, at the beginning and at the end of each year, soil mineral N was measured to calculate mineral N deficit in the soil.

The results indicated that the treatment with 120 kg N ha^{? 1} of fertilizer ensures a good balance between yield and N utilization. In fact, N180 and N120 showed similar yield (3.01 and 3.07 t ha^{? 1}, respectively) and protein content (13.7 and 13.5 %). Meanwhile, throughout the three-year experiment, N180 presented the highest final mineral N content in the soil at the end of the cropping cycles, increasing the amount of N available for leaching. The N120 treatment showed the same values of N utilization indices as compared to N180, indicating that further doses of N fertilizer did not increase wheat N utilization. Plant N status shows that it is possible to modify the N fertilization to reach its optimum level during plant growth, in accordance with variable weather conditions, and consequently the plants requirements. The mean treatments of the preanthesis N uptake were about 67.5% of the total N uptake, and it was significantly and positively correlated with wheat yield. On the contrary, the postanthesis N uptake showed positive correlation with grain protein content, confirming the importance of late N supply in grains quality. The variation of weather conditions affected winter wheat yield, quality, N utilization and plant N status, but any difference throughout years was found between N180 and N120, confirming that higher N rate did not influence wheat growth, yield, and N uptake.     

施氮量对冬小麦—夏玉米土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响

通过河北清苑连续6年的田间定位试验,以冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系作为对象,设置不同的施氮处理(N_0、N_(100)、N_(180)、N_(255)、N_(330)),研究不同施氮量对冬小麦—夏玉米轮作体系的土壤氮素表观盈亏的影响。结果表明:6年土壤表观氮素累积盈亏量随施氮量的增加而增加,N_0和N_(100)处理的土壤氮素累积盈亏量为负值,N_(180)、N_(255)和N_(330)处理的土壤氮素累积盈亏量分别高达382,1 173,2 116kg/hm~2;各处理的氮素表观盈亏量年际间变异较大,而在2种作物上的氮素累积盈亏量差异不大;在冬小麦季和夏玉米季,土壤氮库达到平衡状态的施氮量分别为155,134kg/hm~2;土壤氮素表观盈亏量均与土壤无机氮变化量呈显著负相关,与施氮量呈显著正相关,且随降雨量的增加呈增加趋势;不同生育期的结果表明,在冬小麦—夏玉米生长前期均表现土壤氮素盈余,而后期土壤氮素亏缺。因此合理施用氮肥既要考虑土壤氮素盈亏,也要关注生育期的分配。     

Relationship between Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Response Index in Winter Wheat

Although nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of small grains is well documented at 33% worldwide, there has been little research relating NUE to yield factors. This study examined the relationship between NUE and the response index at harvest (RI_HARVEST) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Yield data from a long-term fertility study established at Lahoma, Oklahoma in 1971 was used to explore the relationship. In this report, six nitrogen (N) rates at non-limiting levels of P and K were evaluated. Regression analysis showed a positive relationship between NUE and RI_HARVEST for all years across all N rates (r² = 0.37). But this relationship was improved (r² = 0.45) when both RI_NDVI and RI_HARVEST were included in the model. The linear relationship between NUE and RI_HARVEST was significantly improved, when yield data and corresponding NUE were separated according to the annually applied fixed N rate. As the N rate increased the resulting slope of the relationship between NUE and RI was reduced. These analyses also demonstrate that temporal variability in NUE exists and that NUE can be predicted.     

施氮量和底追比例对小麦氮素利用和土壤硝态氮含量的影响

利用^15N同位素示踪技术研究了不同的施氮量和底追比例对小麦氮素利用和土壤硝态氮的影响。结果表明：底追比例均为5：5，处理2（纯氮施用量为168kg／hm^2）与处理1（纯氮施用量为240kg／hm^2）比较，处理2成熟期植株中土壤氮素的积累量，肥料氮的利用率均高于处理1的，但处理2的土壤硝态氮含量低；籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间处理间无显著差异。纯氮施用量均为168kg／hm^2，氮肥全部用于拔节期追施的处理3与处理2比较，处理3成熟期植株中土壤氮素的积累量，籽粒蛋白质含量、面团稳定时间和0～40cm土层土壤硝态氮的含量均高于处理2的；肥料氮的利用率和籽粒产量处理间无显著差异。成熟期不同处理0～60cm土层土壤硝态氮含量均低于播种前，在60～80cm土层形成累积峰并高于播种前，但80cm以下层次与播前相比无明显差异。