Growth,phosphorus uptake,and rhizosphere microbial‐community composition of a phosphorus‐efficient wheat cultivar in soils differing in pH

In a pot experiment, the P‐efficient wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Goldmark was grown in ten soils from South Australia covering a wide range of pH (four acidic, two neutral, and four alkaline soils) with low to moderate P availability. Phosphorus (100 mg P kg^–1) was supplied as FePO₄ to acidic soils, CaHPO₄ to alkaline, and 1:1 mixture of FePO₄ and CaHPO₄ to neutral soils. Phosphorus uptake was correlated with P availability measured by anion‐exchange resin and microbial biomass P in the rhizosphere. Growth and P uptake were best in the neutral soils, lower in the acidic, and poorest in the alkaline soils. The good growth in the neutral soils could be explained by a combination of extensive soil exploitation by the roots and high phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere, indicating microbial facilitation of organic‐P mineralization. The plant effect (soil exploitation by roots) appeared to dominate in the acidic soils. Alkaline phosphatase and diesterase activities in acidic soils were lower than in neutral soils, but strongly increased in the rhizosphere compared with the bulk soil, suggesting that microorganisms contribute to P uptake in these acidic soils. Shoot and root growth and P uptake per unit root length were lowest in the alkaline soils. Despite high alkaline phosphatase and diesterase activities in the alkaline soils, microbial biomass P was low, suggesting that the enzymes could not mineralize sufficient organic P to meet the demands of plants and microorganisms. Microbial‐community composition, assessed by fatty acid methylester (FAME) analysis, was strongly dependent on soil pH, whereas other soil properties (organic‐C or CaCO₃ content) were less important or not important at all (soil texture).     

Acid phosphatase activity and vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal infection associated with roots of four wheat cultivars

Acid phosphatase activity and vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection associated with four spring wheat genotype roots were investigated. Plants were grown in a typic low P volcanic soil with and without P‐fertilizer addition and harvested at 21, 42, 63, 84 and 96 days. Results show that phosphatase activity, expresed as ug p‐nitrophenol released per g dry root, decreased from 21 to 96 days in all cultivars. Conversely, trends of VAM infection were similar in all genotypes being higher in P added plants at 63 days after sown. This opposite effects may be viewed as alternative and/or complementary adaptations for P‐uptake by plants growing in low nutrient situations. It was concluded that one of the ways of P‐alleviation in wheat growing in our volcanic soils might be the search of genotypes having high biochemical and/or biological root activities.     

Low phosphorus effects on the metabolism of rice seedlings

Abstract

Phosphorus‐stress‐induced (Psi) changes in shoot and root phosphorus (P) content (SPC and RPC) and use efficiency (SPUE and RPUE) defined as dry biomass production per unit of absorbed P, root acid phosphatase activity (RAPA), and excreted acid phosphatase activity (EAPA), were investigated for 5 rice genotypes under P‐sufficient (10 ppm Pi) and P‐stressed (0.5 ppm Pi) solution culture conditions. Genotypic tolerance to P‐stress was assessed based on less decrease in shoots and roots P content and larger increase in shoots and roots P use efficiency with decreasing P concentration from 10 ppm to 0.5 ppm in the culture solution. Plants were harvested 2 and 4 weeks after growing, respectively, for the parameter measurements. Significant (#0.01) genotypic differences in SPC and RPC were observed under P‐sufficient and P‐stressed conditions with the differences decreasing with length of growing period. On the contrary, significant (#0.01) genotypic differences in SPUE and RPUE were only found under P‐stress condition, but not under P‐sufficient condition, suggesting that genotypic variation in tolerance to P‐stress in terms of PUE could be screened under P‐stress conditions. More than 2‐fold genotypic differences in Psi‐RAPA and Psi‐EAPA were obtained after 2 weeks, followed by a decrease in Psi‐EAPA, but not in Psi‐RAPA. After 2 weeks, Psi‐EAPA was highly correlated to decrease in SPC and decrease in RPC measured after 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Significant negative correlations were also found between decrease in SPC and increase in RPUE, and between decrease in SPC and decrease in RPC. The implications of these results in evaluating rice genotypic tolerance to P‐stress is discussed.     

Impact of sulfate nutrition on the utilization of atmospheric SO2 as sulfur source for Chinese cabbage

The ability of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) to utilize atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO₂) as sulfur (S) source for growth was investigated in relation to root sulfate (SO ) nutrition. If seedlings of Chinese cabbage were transferred to a sulfate‐deprived nutrient solution directly after germination, plants became rapidly S‐deficient. Plant‐biomass production was decreased and the shoot‐to‐root ratio decreased. Sulfate deprivation resulted in a substantial decrease in total S, sulfate, organic‐S, and water‐soluble nonprotein thiol contents and in an increase in amino‐acid content of both shoot and root. The sulfate‐uptake rate of the root was strongly increased, whereas nitrate‐uptake rate was decreased. Upon resupply of sulfate, the onset of S‐deficiency symptoms was prevented, and growth was restored, whereas sulfate and nitrate‐uptake rates were quite similar to those of the sulfate‐sufficient plants. A 6‐day exposure to 0.12 µL L^–1 SO₂ of sulfate‐sufficient plants did not affect plant‐biomass production, shoot‐to‐root ratio, S and nitrogen (N) compounds of shoot and root, or sulfate and nitrate uptake by the root. Exposure of sulfate‐deprived plants to SO₂ resulted in enhanced total S, organic‐S, and water‐soluble nonprotein thiol contents of the shoot. The contribution of SO₂ as S source for biomass production depended on the duration of the sulfate deprivation. If Chinese cabbage was transferred to a sulfate‐deprived nutrient solution and simultaneously exposed to SO₂, then plants benefited optimally from the foliarly absorbed S. The development of S‐deficiency symptoms was prevented, and shoot‐biomass production was quite similar to that of sulfate‐sufficient plants. However, upon SO₂ exposure root‐biomass production was even higher than that of sulfate‐sufficient plants, whereas sulfate uptake was still enhanced. Evidently, upon SO₂ exposure there was no strict and direct shoot‐to‐root signaling in tuning sulfate uptake by the root and its transport to the shoot to the need for growth, via down‐regulation of sulfate uptake and normalizing shoot–to–root biomass partitioning.     

The changes in physiological and biochemical traits of Tibetan wild and cultivated barley in response to low phosphorus stress

Low phosphorus (LP) limits crop growth and productivity in the majority of arable lands worldwide. Here, we investigated the changes in physiological and biochemical traits of Tibetan wild barleys (Hordeum vulgare L. ssp. spontaneum) XZ99 (LP tolerant), XZ100 (LP sensitive), and cultivated barley ZD9 (moderately LP tolerant) under two phosphorus (P) levels during vegetative stage. These genotypes showed considerable differences in the change of biomass accumulation, root/shoot dry weight ratio, root morphology, organic acid secretion, carbohydrate metabolism, ATPase (Adenosine triphosphatase) activity, P concentration and accumulation under LP in comparison with CK (control) condition. The higher LP tolerance of XZ99 is associated with more developed roots, enhanced sucrose biosynthesis and hydrolysis of carbohydrate metabolism pathway, higher APase (Acid phosphatase) and ATPase activity, and more secretion of citrate and succinate in roots when plants are exposed to LP stress. The results prove the potential of Tibetan wild barley in developing barley cultivars with high tolerance to LP stress and understanding the mechanisms of LP tolerance in plants.     

磷高效型野生大麦根系形态和根系分泌物对低水平植酸态有机磷的响应特征

【目的】 有机磷为土壤磷库的重要组成部分,研究不同磷效率作物对有机磷的利用能力的差异,有助于了解作物高效吸收磷的机理。 【方法】 以磷高效基因型大麦(IS-22-25、IS-22-30)和低效基因型大麦(IS-07-07)为试验材料,植酸钠为有机磷源进行水培试验。设置5个植酸钠浓度(0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 mmol/L),使用根系扫描仪分析其根长、根表面积、根体积等形态特征,并测定根系与根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶、植酸酶活性等生理特征。 【结果】 随有机磷浓度降低,磷高效基因型野生大麦总根长、总表面积和总体积呈增加趋势。低有机磷浓度下,磷高效基因型大麦总根长较正常有机磷浓度(0.4 mmol/L)下增加了139.7%~146.0%,直径D＜0.16 mm的根长提高了156.8%~161.5%,且磷高效基因型总根长较低效基因型高8.6%~60.4%。低有机磷浓度下,磷高效基因型根系各参数均显著高于低效基因型。随着有机磷浓度降低,磷高效基因型根总表面积提高了83.5%~117.5%,较低效基因型高14.0%~46.4%;根总体积提高了80.7%~119.3%,较低效基因型高19.6%~150.0%。随着有机磷浓度升高,磷高效基因型根系及其分泌酸性磷酸酶和植酸酶活性显著降低。低有机磷浓度下,磷高效基因型根系酸性磷酸酶和植酸酶活性增加了163.3%~172.2%和98.6%~121.2%,较低效基因型高14.4%~41.2%和23.1%~37.2%;磷高效基因型根系分泌酸性磷酸酶和植酸酶活性增加了157.8%~193.4%和172.4%~183.4%,较低效基因型高20.2%~45.7%和24.7%~51.4%。 【结论】 在低浓度有机磷胁迫下,磷高效基因型通过良好的根系形态,有效扩大了根系对水分和养分的接触空间,为磷高效基因型的快速生长和磷素吸收提供了条件;同时,低浓度有机磷胁迫增强了根系分泌酸性磷酸酶和植酸酶,提高了介质环境中磷素的生物有效性,对有机磷的吸收利用表现出明显优势。     

碳对微生物–根系介导的蔬菜作物磷吸收的影响

  【目的】  碳是微生物代谢活动的能量来源,解析碳驱动的微生物磷周转对根系/根际属性以及作物磷吸收的影响,对探索提高磷利用效率的根际调控措施具有重要的指导意义。  【方法】  以绿叶蔬菜上海青(Brassica chinensis L., Xiaqing 3)为供试作物进行盆栽试验,供试碳源为葡萄糖。设置添加葡萄糖(+G)和不添加葡萄糖(?G,对照)两个处理,在添加葡萄糖后第7天和第21天,测定土壤微生物量磷与Olsen-P含量、根际酸性磷酸酶活性以及柠檬酸和苹果酸含量、根系形态(生物量、根冠比、根长、根系直径、比根长和根系组织密度)与根际生理(酸性磷酸酶、柠檬酸和苹果酸)指标和作物磷吸收量。  【结果】  添加葡萄糖后第7天,土壤微生物量磷增加,Olsen-P含量降低;上海青根系生物量和根冠比显著高于对照,另外,与不加葡萄糖处理相比,添加葡萄糖导致上海青总根长降低33%,根系平均直径增加27%,比根长降低46%,根际柠檬酸含量增加106%。从第7天到第21天,添加葡萄糖处理土壤微生物量磷降低,Olsen-P含量增加,上海青根系生长速率显著提高。葡萄糖添加后第21天,添加葡萄糖处理土壤Olsen-P含量高于对照土壤;与不加葡萄糖的处理相比,根际酸性磷酸酶和柠檬酸的分泌降低,上海青根系总根长增加,其相对增加量为31%。添加葡萄糖对第7天和第21天上海青地上部磷吸收没有显著影响。  【结论】  添加葡萄糖提高了前期(添加葡萄糖后第7天)根际微生物量磷,降低了Olsen-P含量,促进根际柠檬酸的分泌满足作物生长对磷的需求。后期(添加葡萄糖后第21天),微生物量磷的降低促进土壤有效磷含量的增加,刺激根系快速伸长。微生物介导磷周转诱导作物调节根系形态和根际分泌物响应土壤磷环境的变化,维持地上部磷营养。     

Comparison of Rhizosphere Impacts of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes Differing in Phosphorus Efficiency on Acidic and Alkaline Soils

A glasshouse study was conducted to compare the rhizosphere characteristics of two wheat genotypes, Xiaoyan54 (XY54) and Jing411 (J411) on two soils. The results showed that supplying phosphorus (P) increased the biomass and P content of two wheat lines significantly on alkaline soil, but P fertilization altered their biomass and P content on acidic soil only slightly. XY54 decreased rhizosphere pH more significantly than J411 on Fluvo-aquic soil without P addition, but similar acidity ability was shown when P applied. On red soil, two wheat genotypes showed similar rhizosphere pH. Two wheat lines showed similar rhizoshphere phosphatase activity on alkaline soil, whereas XY54 demonstrated greater rhizoshphere phosphatase activity than J411 on acidic soil. Rhizoshphere phosphatase activities of two wheat lines on acidic soil were greater than alkaline soil. Therefore, stronger acidity on alkaline soil and greater phosphatase activity on acidic soil are principal rhizosphere mechanisms for XY54 to adapt to low-P soils.     

Variation of morpho-physiological traits in geographically diverse pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp] germplasm under different phosphorus conditions

Genotypic variation for morpho-physiological parameters, phosphorus (P) content and root acid phosphatase activity was studied in 52 pigeonpea genotypes. Data related to shoot (length, dry weight, number of leaves, and leaf area), root (volume, length, dry weight, area, perimeter, and number of root tips), acid phosphatase activity, and P content (root, stem, and leaf) were recorded at 60 days after sowing (DAS). The P use efficient genotypes showed high root length, root area, root perimeter, root dry weight, P content in leaves, and root to shoot dry weight ratio under the P not added condition. Significant variation was found among genotypes for root- and shoot-associated characteristics under both P treatments. The P use efficient genotypes with improved root morphological phenes have potential to acquire and utilize more P from immobile soil bound P sources may be of additional factor for increasing efficiency of acquisition and utilization of supplied P fertilizer.     

两种磷效率小麦在不同土壤上根际特征的差异

以磷高效型小麦小偃54和磷低效型小麦京411为研究对象设计三室根箱试验,通过测定生物量、吸磷量、pH和酸性磷酸酶,对比两种小麦在不同磷水平(P0 mg/kg土、100 mg/kg土)及两种不同土壤上(石灰性黑垆土、酸性红壤)根际特征的差异。试验结果表明,黑垆土上,增施磷肥使小偃54的总生物量增加了14.99%,京411增加了26.53%,总吸磷量二者分别增加了99.29%和83.70%;红壤的速效磷含量高,施肥仅提高了磷低效型小麦京411的生物量。黑垆土上磷胁迫并未造成小偃54与京411各部分生物量和吸磷量的显著性差异,但小偃54的根际pH降低值和酸性磷酸酶的活性却已显著高于京411;P0处理时,红壤上小偃54的地上部和总生物量显著高于京411,虽然红壤的速效磷含量高于黑垆土,但在P0处理时两种小麦在两种土壤上的生物量和吸磷量并无显著性差异。就根际分泌物而言,石灰性黑垆土上,小偃54的根系在低磷胁迫下通过降低pH和分泌酸性磷酸酶来活化土壤中难溶态的磷,而在红壤上小偃54的pH和酸性磷酸酶的活性保持稳定。酸性红壤中两种小麦酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于石灰性黑垆土。由此可见,两种磷效率小麦在两种不同性质土壤上活化机理存在差异。     

Acid phosphatase activity in bean and cowpea plants grown under phosphorus stress

The relationship between acid phosphatase activity (APA) and phosphorus (P) stress in two bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris var Tacarigua and var Manuare) and in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata var TUY) are reported in this paper. Sand culture experiments were performed in a highly ventilated greenhouse where plants were drip feed with nutrient solutions with either 1.0 or 0.02 mM P. Acid phosphatase activity was determined in extracts from roots, young (apical) and mature leaves, and in leaf discs and root sections using o‐carboxyphenyl phosphate as substrate. Differences in total dry matter were found to be significant (P = 0.01) only for cowpea. However, reduction in leaf area was significant in both species and varieties. Differences in the P concentration in the dry matter, were large enough to suspect that plants were suffering from a mild P stress. Acid phosphatase activity was above the values reported for these species under P stress, however, APA in these legumes appears not to be inducible by the low P‐concentration level used in this study. A higher APA was found in young as compared to mature leaves, and the expression of APA also showed intraspecific variation. Acid phosphatase activity was related to the age of the leaves and was easily measured in leaf discs, specially for bean. This and the ratio of P concentration between young and mature leaves may be an alternative to absolute P‐status determination in plants.     

Relative Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency,Growth Response,and Phosphorus Uptake Kinetics of Brassica Cultivars under a Phosphorus Stress Environment

Abstract

Plants grown in highly weathered or highly alkaline calcareous soils often experience phosphorus (P) stress but never a P‐free environment. Thus, applications of mineral P fertilizers are often required to achieve maximum yield, but recovery of applied P fertilizers is notoriously low. Phosphorus deprivation elicits a complex array of morphological, physiological, and biochemical adaptations among plant species and genotypes to enhance P acquisition and utilization efficiency. Ten Brassica cultivars were grown hydroponically to investigate their relative efficiency to utilize deficiently (20‐µM) and adequately (200‐µM) supplied P, using Johnson's modified solution. Cultivars differed significantly (P<0.001) in biomass accumulation. Orthophosphate concentration and uptake in shoot and root, absolute and relative growth rate, and P‐utilization efficiency (PUE) were also significantly different among various Brassica cultivars. Root‐shoot ratio and specific absorption rate were substantially increased in plants subjected to low P supply. Shoot and root dry‐matter yield as well as total biomass production correlated significantly (P<0.01) with their total P uptake and PUE. Cultivars, which were efficient in P utilization, were also efficient accumulators of biomass under adequate as well as deficient levels of P supply. As part of the study, kinetic parameters of P uptake were evaluated for six contrasting Brassica cultivars in PUE, grown in nutrient solution. The kinetic parameters related to P influx were maximal transport rate (Vmax), the Michaelis–Menten constant (Km), and the external concentration when net uptake is zero (Cmin). Lower Km and Cmin values were indicative of P‐uptake ability of the cultivars, evidencing their adaptability to P‐stress conditions. In another experiment, six cultivars were exposed to no P nutrition for 27 days after initial feeding on optimum nutrition for 14 days. All the cultivars retranslocated P from aboveground parts to their roots during growth in P‐free conditions, the magnitude of which was variable in different cultivars. Phosphorus concentration at 41 days after transplanting was higher in developing leaves than developed leaves. Translocation of absorbed P from metabolically inactive sites to active sites in plants growing under P‐stress conditions may have helped the tolerant cultivars to establish a better rooting system, which provided basis for tolerance against P‐deficiency stress and increased PUE.     

不同基因型小麦侧根生长对硝态氮的响应差异

以4个小麦品种石麦15、衡观35、H10和L14为供试作物,进行营养液培养试验,研究不同浓度硝态氮供应对小麦侧根发育的影响。结果表明:0.05~25.0 mmol/L硝态氮处理13 d,小麦生物量及侧根形态尚未受到明显影响;硝态氮处理22 d后,植株地上部生物量和氮含量明显增加,石麦15、H10和衡观35增加幅度较大,L14增幅较小;0.05 mmol/L低浓度硝态氮处理下,4个小麦品种的侧根平均长度较长。进一步研究发现,小麦侧根发育对不同浓度硝态氮供应的反应存在明显的基因型差异:0.05 mmol/L硝态氮处理下,石麦15的侧根长度和总根长增加,侧根密度无明显变化;H10的侧根总长度增加,侧根密度减少;衡观35的侧根密度减少,侧根总长度变化不大,而L14的侧根总长度和侧根密度均无明显改变。硝态氮处理浓度在2.5~20.0 mmol/L范围内,小麦侧根数量和长度均没有受到明显影响,在均匀供应硝态氮条件下,高浓度的硝态氮处理未影响小麦的侧根长度和数量。     

砂培条件下两种磷效率棉花根系形态及根际特征差异

为对比两种磷效率棉花在两种磷水平(0.1和5 mmol/L)的根系形态和根际特征的差异。以磷高效型棉花ZM42和磷低效型棉花XLZ13为研究对象设计砂培花盆分层试验,测定生物量、吸磷量、根系形态数据、分层Olsen－P、 pH值和酸性磷酸酶。结果表明：在砂培条件下两种磷效率棉花生物量和磷素积累量随施磷量的增加均有不同程度增加; ZM42在两种磷处理的根部生物量、吸磷量以及根冠比都优于XLZ13。在两种磷处理下, ZM42根系中根径(0~0.4 mm)的细根长度较XLZ13长,细根在总根长中的比例较高。总根长中细根越多有利于促进植株对磷的吸收。生长介质中磷含量降低时,棉花根际pH值也随之降低,高效品种ZM42的根际pH值降低幅度显著高于XLZ13;两种磷效率棉花在两个时期的根际土壤磷酸酶活性均随着施磷量的减少而增加,磷高效棉花ZM42分泌的土壤磷酸酶活性均高于磷低效棉花XLZ13。由此可见,两种磷效率棉花在相同生长介质中根际机理存在差异,且在低磷胁迫下磷高效棉花根系形态特征改变是根际磷活化主要机理之一。     

Distribution of exudates of lupin roots in the rhizosphere under phosphorus deficient conditions

Abstract

The distribution of secretory acid phosphatase and organic acids enhanced by phosphorus deficiency in lupin rhizosphere was investigated using a rhizobox system which separated the rhizosphere soil into 0.5 mm fractions. In the soil fraction closest to the root surface, the lupin exudates displayed an acid phosphatase activity of 0.73 u g^?1 dry soil and citrate concentration of 85.2 μmol g^?1 dry soil, respectively. The increase of the acid phosphatase activity-induced an appreciable depletion of organic P in the rhizosphere, indicating that lupin efficiently utilized the organic P from soil through the enzyme activitye The sterile treatments demonstrated that the acid phosphatase in the rhizosphere was mainly derived from lupin root secretions. The secretory organic acids enhanced considerably the solubility of the inorganic P in three types of soil and a sludge. However, the secretory acid phosphatase and organic acids from lupin roots were only detected in a considerable amount in 0-2.5 mm soil fractions from root surface.     

不同磷供应水平下小麦根系形态及根际过程的变化特征

以石麦15和衡观35两个品种小麦为试验材料,应用根袋栽培方式,研究了不同施磷量对小麦根系形态和根际特征的影响。结果表明,与施磷量P2O5 0.1 g/kg相比,高量供磷（P2O5 0.3 g/kg）条件下石麦15地上部生物量和磷累积量增加幅度大于衡观35;但不施磷处理衡观35地上部生物量降低幅度小于石麦15,磷含量和累积量高于石麦15,衡观35耐低磷能力较强。土壤供磷不足时,衡观35总根长中直径0.16 mm细根所占比例高于石麦15,根系平均直径较小;而高磷供应下,石麦15根系中直径0.16 mm细根长度较长,在总根长中所占比例较高。总根长和直径0.16 mm的细根长度与植株地上部磷累积量之间呈显著正相关关系。总根长越长尤其是细根越多,有利于促进植株对磷的吸收。与非根际土壤相比,高磷供应下根际土壤有机磷含量增加,微生物量磷含量降低;而供磷不足时根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性较高,有机磷含量较低。与施磷量P2O5 0.1 g/kg相比,高量供磷下根际土壤pH值升高、碱性磷酸酶活性下降,不施磷处理根际土壤pH值降低。本研究表明,供磷不足时,小麦根系形态和根际过程均发生适应性变化,而高量供磷条件下,小麦植株根系形态的改变因品种而异。     

玉米苗期根系生长与耐低磷的关系

在田间筛选试验的基础上,利用两个磷高效(181和186)、两个磷低效(153和197)玉米自交系,进一步研究了这些自交系苗期耐低磷能力差异及其与根系生长的关系。结果表明,在低磷胁迫(P.5.78.mg/kg)下,所有自交系玉米地上部重量、初生根重、次生根重及磷累积量降低,但磷高效自交系181和186受影响程度显著小于153和197。在试验所处的玉米生育时期(6叶龄),磷对所用自交系的初生根及次生根数量没有影响。比较181和197的根系形态,在低磷胁迫下,磷低效自交系197的初生根侧根长、轴根长均显著下降,磷高效自交系181则下降幅度很小。而且,低磷使181初生根的侧根/轴根比值、根长度/根重比值较高。说明低磷胁迫下,181自交系可以将根中的有限的养分及干物质作更合理的分配,促进细根的生长,从而获得较长的根系。     

Mobilization of phosphorus contributes to positive rotational effects of leguminous cover crops on maize grown on soils from northern Nigeria

Previous research has demonstrated a positive rotational effect of tropical leguminous cover crops on maize growth on a luvisol from Nigeria. This effect could not be explained by a better N supply. The objective of the present work was to further clarify whether improved P nutrition has been a contributing factor. Nine cover crops and maize were studied in nutrient solution‐culture with 1 and 20 μM P and with NO₃‐N as N source for root physiological parameters that may affect P mobilization. Zea mays, Lablab purpureus, and Centrosema pubescens responded to P deficiency by higher rates of proton excretion. Clitoria ternatea excreted OH^— with only small differences due to P nutrition. At low P supply, Chamaecrista rotundifolia, Clitoria, and Centrosema had the highest exudation rates of organic acid anions, especially citrate and malate. A major difference between plant species was found in root‐surface acid phosphatase activity. Cajanus cajan expressed the highest phosphatase activity. V_max of P uptake increased markedly under P deficiency, particularly for maize. Compared to the other plant species Cajanus, Chamaecrista, and Clitoria were characterized by a greater capability to absorb P at low external P concentrations. The nine cover crops and maize were also grown in pot experiments using two soils from northern Nigeria low in available P. The ultisol from Jos had a high P fixation capacity and was more acidic than the alfisol from Zaria. All plant species were precultured in the first season at 100 (Zaria) and 250 (Jos) mg P per pot. In the subsequent season, maize was uniformly seeded into all pots containing the remaining roots and the incorporated shoot dry mass (according to 15 mg P per pot) of the pre‐crop. No P and 250 (Zaria) or 500 (Jos) mg P per pot were freshly applied. Maize growth and P uptake were enhanced after legumes in Zaria soil. Cajanus showed the highest residual effect, and also Clitoria, Chamaecrista, and Lablab showed effects superior to the mean. In Jos soil, Clitoria, Cajanus, and Lablab enhanced maize growth above average. Also, a highly significant positive correlation between P uptake and biomass production was obtained. These results indicate that enhancement of maize growth after leguminous cover crops, at the low P supply of the soil used, mainly depends on P mobilization capacity of the cover crop.     

低磷环境下接种丛枝菌根真菌促进紫花苜蓿生长和磷素吸收的机理

[目的]磷极易被土壤吸附和固定,导致土壤中磷有效性较低.研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)和低磷处理两者交互对紫花苜蓿生长和磷吸收的影响,为提高碱性土壤中磷肥利用率提供理论依据.[方法]以黄绵土和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)为试验材料进行盆栽试验.在施...