Effects of fertilizer type and rate on summer maize grain yield and ammonia volatilization loss in northern China

Purpose

In this study, we analyzed the effects of different maize varieties with nitrogen utilization efficiency, fertilizer type, and rate on the ammonia volatilization emission of farmland. Aimed to seek the best matching method to improve grain yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency of summer maize simultaneously.

Materials and methods

In field experiments, we choose two maize varieties with different nitrogen utilization efficiency (Zhengdan958, Z and Lainong14, L) as material. Set four different fertilizer treatments (200 kg N hm^?2 inorganic fertilizer (U1), 100 kg N hm^?2 inorganic fertilizer (U2), 200 kg N hm^?2 organic fertilizer (M1), and 100 kg N hm^?2 organic fertilizer (M2) to study their effect on NH₃ emission and loss, maize grain yield, and nitrogen accumulation.

Results and discussion

Ammonia volatilization accounted for 8.61–21.68% of applied N. Under the same variety, ammonia volatilization accumulation after fertilization was as follows: U1 > U2 > M1 > M2. Ammonia volatilization rates increased first and then gradually decreased after the fertilization. The ammonia volatilization loss and cumulative loss increased due to increased nitrogen fertilizer application rate. The average nitrogen accumulation and harvest index of 200 kg N hm^?2 N treatments were higher than 100 kg N hm^?2 N treatments, and the difference between the inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer was not significant. In 2016 and 2017, the average yield of Zhengdan958 was 11,758.79 kg hm^?2, which was 15.78% higher than that of Lainong14, and the difference between the two fertilizer types was not significant. The average yield of 200 kg N hm^?2 N treatment was 11,959.42 kg hm^?2, which was 20.13% higher than those of 100 kg N hm^?2 N treatment.

Conclusions

By changing the type of fertilizer, replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizer can reduce the loss of ammonia volatilization and promote the synergistic improvement to yield and resource utilization efficiency. Among them, using nitrogen-efficient varieties and using organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer was beneficial to reduce the loss of ammonia volatilization, increase the accumulation of nitrogen, and promote the growth of maize to obtain high yield.

     

不同钾肥施用量对玉米抗倒性能及产量的影响

以先玉335和郑单958为试验材料,针对不同钾肥施用量(0、50、100、150、200kg/hm~2)对玉米茎秆形态特征、干物质积累特性及产量的影响进行系统研究。结果表明:随着钾肥用量的增加,两品种穗位高系数均呈"V"型曲线,在K2处理(100kg/hm~2)时最低。与郑单958相比,先玉335第3~6节的节间长/节间直径对钾肥施用量的变化更敏感,呈现增加-降低-增加的变化规律。同一钾肥处理同一节位,郑单958节间长和节间长/节间直径均小于先玉335。钾肥用量对节间直径无显著影响。两个品种节间干物质比、单位节间干重和茎秆强度均随钾肥用量的增加先升高后降低。相关分析表明:玉米茎秆强度与单位节间干重呈极显著正相关。适宜的钾肥施用量对产量有一定的正效应,本试验5个处理中,钾肥施用量为100kg/hm~2时两玉米品种产量最高。     

氮素形态、用量及施用时期对小青菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响

采用田间试验研究了氮素形态、用量及施用时期对小青菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明,等氮量施肥下,产量最高的是硝酸钙,尿素+微量元素处理;尿素,有机无机复混肥和碳酸氢铵处理间无显著差异,DMPP处理产量最低;追施微量元素能提高小青菜的产量。硝酸盐含量随着收获时期的延后而降低,有机无机复混肥处理则略有升高,但未达到显著水平;收获期取样时,不同氮肥对硝酸盐的积累是:硝酸钙＞DMPP＞尿素＞有机无机复混肥＞尿素+微量元素＞碳酸氢铵。配施微量元素及氮磷钾的协同吸收均能降低硝酸盐含量。综合考虑产量和品质指标,以有机无机复混肥处理效果较好。小青菜产量和Vc含量随着施氮量的提高而提高,但硝酸盐含量也随之提高;小青菜产量和Vc含量随着施氮时期的延后而降低,硝酸盐含量高峰出现在追肥后20d左右。     

Effects of fertilizer rate,application timing and plant spacing on yield and nutrient content of bell pepper

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var annuum L.), cv Pip, transplants were established at 31 and 46 cm in‐rows on bare soil and drip irrigated on a twice weekly schedule. A base rate of fertilizer was applied either in one preplant application or in two (preplant and first flower set) or three (preplant, first flower set, after the midseason harvest) split applications. Additional fertilizer was applied in excess of the base rate on a predetermined schedule or after significant yield decline ('as needed'). Concentrations of 12 elements in leaf and fruit tissues were determined throughout the growing season. The three‐split application of the base rate of fertilizer increased total yield. Plants spaced at 46 cm had increased total and marketable yield in one year. Interactions of fertilizer treatment and plant spacing did not affect total yield. In one year when additional fertilizer was applied ‘as needed’, plants spaced at 31 cm produced more marketable yield than plants spaced at 46 cm. Nutrients in leaves and fruit did not respond to fertilizer treatment or spacing. In leaves and fruit, concentrations of elements increased, decreased/or stayed the same in both years. For leaves, exceptions were Cu, Mn, and N. For fruit, exceptions were Al, Fe, K, and N. A base level application of fertilizer applied preplant was sufficient to support marketable fruit production.     

播种量和施肥水平对春播甜荞光合特性及产量的影响

【目的】甜荞起源于中国,具有很高的营养、 药用及保健品质,已成为21世纪人类的绿色食品之一。目前,甜荞从国内市场到外贸出口都比较紧缺,且产量较低。因此,本试验研究播种量和施肥水平对春播西大花荞净光合速率、 叶绿素含量及产量的影响,确定甜荞的最佳栽培措施。【方法】以西大花荞为材料,采用四因素五水平的二次通用旋转组合设计,研究播种量和施肥水平对春播甜荞净光合速率、 叶绿素含量及产量的影响。试验因素为播种量、 氮肥、 磷肥、 钾肥,于2012年3月6月和2013年3月6月在西南大学歇马科研基地进行田间试验。小区面积10 m2（2 m 5 m）,重复3次,随机区组排列,行距33 cm,种植6行,试验地四周播种3行保护行。于盛花期一晴天的9: 3011: 30之间在各小区的中间条带随机选择3株植株,用LI-6400 XT光合仪和SPAD 502叶绿素仪测定其倒数第3片功能叶的净光合速率和叶绿素含量（SPAD值）,待籽粒70%~80%成熟后对每个小区进行单独收获,脱粒风干后称重、 计产。采用Microsoft Excel 2003和SPSS 19统计软件进行统计分析,用Surfer 8软件作两因子互作效应的等值线图。【结果】产量与净光合速率和叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关; 播种量和钾肥对产量有显著影响,随播种量和施钾量的增加,产量表现为先升后降的趋势; 播种量、 氮肥、 钾肥对净光合速率和叶绿素含量均有显著影响,净光合速率和叶绿素含量随播种量、 施氮量、 施钾量的增加均表现为先升后降的趋势。在研究的4个因素中,施氮水平、 施钾水平以及与播种量之间的交互作用对产量有显著影响; 播种量与施氮水平之间的交互作用对净光合速率有显著影响; 播种量与施氮水平之间、 施氮水平与施磷水平之间的交互作用对叶绿素含量有显著影响。4个因素与净光合速率、 叶绿素含量及产量间的回归关系极显著,拟合程度较高,可用于实际生产预测。使西大花荞产量、 净光合速率和叶绿素含量最大的农艺方案为播种量37.5 kg/hm2、 施N 17.25 kg/hm2、 施P2O5 46.8 kg/hm2、 施K2O 52.5 kg/hm2,预期产量为1656.16 kg/hm2,净光合速率为16.46 mol/(m2s),叶绿素含量（SPAD值）为55.34。【结论】播种量、 氮、 磷、 钾及其相互作用对西大花荞产量、 净光合速率、 叶绿素含量有一定影响。产量与净光合速率和叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关; 在本试验条件下,推荐西大花荞的最佳农艺方案为播种量37.5 kg/hm2、 施N 17.25 kg/hm2、 施P2O5 46.8 kg/hm2、 施K2O 52.50 kg/hm2,预期产量为1656.16 kg/hm2,净光合速率为16.46 mol/(m2s),叶绿素含量（SPAD值）为55.34。     

灌水频率和施肥量对滴灌马铃薯生长、产量和养分吸收的影响

【目的】针对陕北榆林风沙土马铃薯灌水施肥不合理及水肥利用效率低的问题,通过研究滴灌施肥条件下不同的灌水频率和施肥量对马铃薯生长、产量及养分吸收利用的影响,以期科学地对马铃薯进行水肥调控,为实际生产提供参考依据。【方法】试验于2016年5—10月在陕西省榆林市农业科技示范园区内进行,试验设置了3个灌水频率D1 (4 d)、D2 (8 d)、D3 (10 d)和3个施肥量(N、P_2O_5、K_2O)水平,即F1 (100、40、150kg/hm^2)、F2 (150、60、225 kg/hm^2)、F3 (200、80、300 kg/hm^2)组合,共9个处理。在生育期对马铃薯生长指标进行观测,收获时统计产量及产量构成因素。【结果】1)同一灌水频率下,F3处理的株高、茎粗、叶面积和产量显著高于F1和F2处理,肥料偏生产力在F1处理下最高,而水分利用效率受施肥量的影响不显著,养分利用效率随着施肥量的增加而减小。F3处理的产量达41518 kg/hm^2,比F1和F2处理分别提高11.75%和8.52%,F1处理下肥料偏生产力为128.12 kg/kg,比F2和F3处理的高出45.67%和78.99%。2)在同一施肥量下,马铃薯的生长指标、产量和肥料偏生产力均在D2处理达到最大值,D2处理下的产量和肥料偏生产力分别为42932kg/hm^2和105.88 kg/kg,而D1处理下水肥利用效率最高,但D1和D2之间水分利用效率差异不显著。从水肥交互作用来看,D2F3的产量和水分利用效率最高,分别为44870 kg/hm^2,107.39 kg/(mm·hm^2),D2F1的肥料偏生产力最高,为142.02 kg/kg。【结论】合理的灌水频率与施肥量不仅能维持马铃薯较好的生长特性,而且能获得较大的经济效益。综合产量与节水节肥因素,D2F3处理(8 d,N 200 kg/hm^2、P_2O_5 80 kg/hm^2、K_2O 300kg/hm^2)可作为基于本试验条件下较适宜的灌水施肥组合。     

氮肥品种和用量对水稻产量和镉吸收的影响研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了Cd污染土壤上,不同氮肥品种和用量对水稻产量和Cd吸收的影响。结果表明,与磷钾配施的4个氮肥处理中,施用尿素处理水稻产量最高,其次为施(NH4)2SO4和NH4Cl处理,施NH4NO3处理水稻产量最低。与施(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3和尿素处理相比,施NH4Cl处理可显著增加水稻对Cd的吸收,并促进Cd由秸秆向籽粒的转移;而其他3种氮肥对水稻秸秆和籽粒中Cd含量的影响效应相当。适量尿素[0.2g(N)·kg-1]处理能显著降低水稻籽粒Cd含量,而不施尿素和高量尿素处理都显著提高了水稻籽粒中的Cd含量。研究表明,在Cd污染的水稻土上,采用抗Cd污染的水稻品种和优化肥、水管理措施,可使稻米中Cd含量低于国家无公害大米的限量指标。     

秸秆还田下氮肥用量对水稻产量及养分吸收的影响

通过田间试验研究了秸秆全部还田条件下不同N肥用量对水稻产量和养分吸收的影响.结果表明,在秸秆还田条件下,施用N肥可以明显提高产量,但并不是越多越好,当N肥用量超过240 kg/hm~2时,水稻产量不再随N肥用量而增加;随着N肥用量的增加,秸秆和籽粒中的N、P含量均与对照处理不同,籽粒中N、P含量分别是秸秆的1.7～2.6倍和1.6～3.5倍,这一比例随N肥用量的增加而减小.秸秆还田下,太湖地区高产水稻田的最佳N肥用量控制在180～240 kg/hm~2,可以获得较高的产量和N肥利用率.     

保水型有机肥对旱坡地香蕉的施用效应

试验结果表明，保水型有机职通过改良土壤结构，提高土壤的持水能力，在旱坡地形成适宜香蕉生长的良好的水分和养分供应环境，有利于肥料养分吸收和水分利用，从而促进香蕉的健壮生长，减轻水分胁迫的影响，并可节约灌溉水，与香蕉专用肥比较，增产13．9％，增收4425元／hm^2，节水25％。试验结果预示着保水型肥料在旱坡地香蕉生产中应用是一项有效的增产增收措施。     

Effects of liming on yield,forage cation composition,and tetany potential of wheat in Kansas

Abstract

We studied the effects of liming on dry matter production, nutrient composition, and grain yields of wheat in field experiments conducted on two soil types at three locations during the 1976–77 and 1977–78 growing seasons. Lime sources were commercial agricultural lime, finely divided stack dust, and dolomitic limestone (which contained 10.6% Mg). Lime applied at 2,800 kg/ha in the 1976–77 and 10,750 kg/ha in the 1977–78 experiments provided Mg from the dolomite at rates of 300 and 1,140 kg/ha, respectively.

Soil pH was significantly increased by liming, but Mg saturation percentages were significantly greater only at the 1,140 kg/ha rate. Forage dry matter and grain yields were not increased by lime applied at the lower rate, but significant increases were found in dry‐matter production in the late fall and spring samplings of the 1977–78 experiment. Those increases in plant growth and dry matter production were probably due to reductions in the soluble Mn and Al concentrations in the soil. Forage N and P concentrations were generally not influenced by liming. Potassium concentrations in forage from the limed plots were usually equal to or greater than those in forage from unlimed plots. Calcitic limestone sources generally increased forage Ca concentrations, but liming with dolomite more often than not depressed Ca concentrations below levels found in the check plots. Dolomite, when applied at the 1,140 kg/ha rate, effectively increased the forage Mg concentration, although the concentration exceeded 0.2% only during the early growth stages. Liming generally showed no significant reduction in the tetany potential of the wheat forage as predicted by the equivalent ratio K/(Ca + Mg).     

滴灌条件下减量施钾对香蕉产量及土壤钾素平衡的影响

[目的]香蕉生长快,需要及时充足的水肥供应,特别是钾素的供应.研究滴灌条件下减量施钾对香蕉产量品质、钾肥利用率、钾素平衡及经济效益等的影响,为制定适合香蕉生产的水肥一体化施肥方案提供依据.[方法]2016-2018年,在福建漳州进行了为期3年的田间定位试验.在施用等量氮磷肥的基础上,以不施钾肥(K0)和常规灌溉施钾14...     

不同灌溉施肥方式对香蕉生长和产量的影响

通过田间试验,研究比较了几种不同灌溉施肥方式对香蕉生长和产量的影响。5灌溉方式,即:传统浇灌（CK）、喷水带、滴灌带、微喷灌、滴灌的研究结果表明,与浇灌相比,滴灌在香蕉周年生长中的灌水量仅为浇灌处理的27%,产量增加15.6%;微喷灌灌水量为浇灌处理的31.6％,产量增加5.6％。     

Effects of nitrogen fertilization method and tillage system on squash growth,nutrient uptake and fruit yield

Abstract

Squash, cv Dixie, grown on a Lakeland sand was subjected to factorial combinations of 3 tillage systems and 2 N application methods during 1979 and 1980. Fruit yield was greatest with a combination of moldboard plow tillage and application of 22 kg N/ha preplant and 18 kg/ha increments of N by fertigation 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks after planting. Plant growth and nutrient uptake were greatest and N available for potential contamination of the ground‐water was least with subsoil‐bed tillage and N application by fertigation. Disc harrow tillage with 67 kg N/ha preplant and 45 kg N/ha 4 weeks after planting resulted in 42% less yield, 61% less plant growth, 29 to 64% less nutrient uptake and more than 5 times as much N available for potential contamination of the groundwater as the best practices.     

施肥对玉米养分吸收利用、产量及肥料效益的影响

分别于2006年和2007年,通过田间小区试验,研究了施肥对玉米养分吸收利用及产量的影响.结果表明,2006年测土推荐施肥处理(NPK)植株的N、P2O5、K2O吸收量分别比不施肥处理提高54.94%、41.87%、67.72%,每形成100 kg子粒的养分吸收量N 3.15 kg、P2O5 0.71 kg、K2O 3.90 kg.施肥对玉米增产效果显著,NPK处理的增产率达到28.90%,氮、磷、钾肥对玉米产量的贡献率分别是6.18%、20.69%、12.42%,每千克N、P2O5、K2O对玉米的增产效益分别是2.83、27.45、36.15 kg.两年的试验都表明磷素是供试土壤的第一养分限制因子,氮素的增收效益较小,因此要重视磷、钾肥的施用,减少氮肥的用量,均衡土壤养分比例来提高化肥施用的效益.     

微肥对玉米生长发育、养分吸收及产量的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了覆膜滴灌条件下施用铁、锰、锌等微肥对玉米生长发育、养分吸收及产量的影响。结果表明:玉米干物质累积最快的时期是在播种后62～99 d,NPK+Fe、NPK+Mn和NPK+Zn处理的玉米单株干物质的积累量分别比NPK处理增加8.84、4.74、15.69 g。NPK+Zn处理的玉米吸N量比NPK处理提高了3.07%,达到了显著差异,而NPK+Fe和NPK+Mn处理的玉米吸N量与NPK处理没有显著差异。NPK+Fe、NPK+Mn和NPK+Zn处理的玉米吸P量和吸K量与NPK处理相比均没有显著差异。施用铁、锌肥可以显著提高玉米的产量,增加玉米的百粒重,增产率分别为6.61%和4.46%,但施用锰肥效果不显著。     

盐碱地条件下施氮量和栽插密度对水稻产量和品质的影响

在盐碱地条件下,以南粳9108为材料,设置6个施氮水平和2个移栽密度,研究施氮量和移栽密度对盐碱地条件下水稻产量和品质的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,产量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,低氮处理下,密度大的产量高,高氮处理则相反。施氮量的增加提高了单位面积穗数和每穗粒数并降低了结实率和千粒重,密度的提高增加了单位面积穗数。施氮量的增加在提升稻米碾磨品质的同时降低了外观品质和蒸煮食味品质,移栽密度对稻米品质影响不大。在每公顷施氮300 kg,移栽密度为12 cm×25 cm时,可以获得相对优质的最高产量。     

不同钾肥对甘蓝产量、品质和营养元素形态的影响

选择重庆地区适宜栽培的甘蓝品种,采用田间小区试验,研究不同种类和用量钾肥对甘蓝产量、品质和营养元素形态的影响,为无公害甘蓝生产确定合理的施钾技术提供科学依据。结果表明,不同施钾处理甘蓝生物产量和商品产量均显著提高(增量为4.3%~20.2%),两种钾肥均以中量水平(K2)增产最显著,但相同用量下钾肥种类间增产效果无显著差异,从肥料成本看以氯化钾更优。各处理均提高甘蓝氨基酸含量,以低量硫酸钾最优,增幅达56.9%;除中量氯化钾提高甘蓝维生素C含量6.8%外,其余处理均降低维生素C含量;各处理对甘蓝硝酸盐含量以降低为主,以高量硫酸钾降幅最大达12.3%;钾肥对甘蓝还原糖含量表现为提高,且以低量氯化钾最优。各处理均在一定程度上提高甘蓝矿质元素含量(Zn除外)。甘蓝各营养元素形态中,均以非蛋白态为主。不同钾肥处理蛋白氮含量与氨基酸含量呈极显著负相关(相关系数r=-0.820),蛋白磷与氨基酸含量呈显著正相关,而非蛋白磷含量与维生素C含量呈显著正相关;与氮、磷素形态相比,不同钾素形态与甘蓝品质间关系更为密切,其中全钾、蛋白钾含量与维生素C含量均呈显著正相关。综合各指标效应看,甘蓝适宜钾肥种类为氯化钾,且以中量施钾水平最优。     

香蕉施用镁肥的增产效果

根据我站2001年调查漳州主产区香蕉园土壤和叶片分析结果,根据专家提出的香蕉镁元素诊断指标,叶片Mg≥0 3%,土壤交换性镁≥0 41cmol/kg,选择存在缺镁问题的地块进行试验。1　材料与方法1 1　试验地点与土壤条件　试验设在南靖县龙山镇涌北村,试验地土壤为灰黄泥沙田,土壤有     

不同覆盖类型下减量施肥对油菜产量及水肥利用效率影响

为了探讨覆盖与缓释肥(节水节肥)技术对西南旱地油菜生长及水肥利用效率的影响,设置了由3种栽培模式(传统平作栽培、秸秆覆盖和沟垄集雨节水栽培)和3种施肥模式(习惯施肥、减施缓释肥、不施肥)组成的双因素大田定位试验,比较分析2a不同降水年型下覆盖与缓释肥技术对油菜生长的调控效应。结果表明,2016-2017年苗期降水异常偏多,2017-2018年偏少。苗期降水异常偏多对油菜生长的影响大于季节性干旱,2017-2018年苗期根冠比2016-2017平均增加83.55%。多雨年型(2016-2017)下产量及其构成值均低于季节性干旱年型(2017-2018)。单一的节水技术在季节性干旱发生时无显著的增产效应。季节性干旱和降水异常偏多均会影响油菜品质,且多雨会进一步降低了含油量及某些脂肪酸含量;干旱对脂肪酸构成影响更大。2 a节水节肥处理总耗水量均较习惯栽培加传统施肥显著减少,节水节肥处理水分利用效率较习惯栽培加传统施肥高8%～40%,并显著增加肥料利用效率。综上,单一的节水或节肥技术难以满足西南旱地油菜生产面临的复杂环境,通过秸秆覆盖和沟垄集雨与缓释肥集成的双节技术,能适宜不同降水年型下的油菜生产并兼顾环境效应,缓解生育期降水异常对作物生长的影响,实现节本增效的目标。     

碱性肥料对香蕉枯萎病发生及土壤微生物群落的影响

【目的】针对我国香蕉主产区蕉园土壤酸化、 微生物环境恶化,香蕉枯萎病严重泛滥和肆虐,严重威胁产业等问题,通过施用碱性肥料改善蕉园土壤酸性及微生物环境,从而降低香蕉枯萎病发病率,促进香蕉健康生长。【方法】以重病区蕉园土壤为对象,采用盆栽试验,研究碱性肥料对土壤微生物及香蕉枯萎病发生情况的影响。试验设碱性肥料(AF)和常规肥料(CCF)2种肥料处理,每种肥料设低量(L1)、 中量(L2)和高量(L3)3个施肥量,同一施肥量处理的氮、 磷、 钾总用量相等。于2013年3月6日移栽香蕉苗到营养钵, 130 d后待各处理香蕉发病明显时采集土壤及植株样品进行各项指标测定。【结果】 1)施碱性肥料能显著降低香蕉枯萎病的发病率,常规肥料处理的香蕉发病率为78%,而碱性肥料处理的仅为33%。2)碱性肥料对土壤微生物群落有明显的影响,土壤中的真菌数量AF处理明显少于CCF处理,而细菌、 放线菌数量则显著高于CCF处理,因此AF处理土壤的香蕉尖孢镰刀菌明显减少。3)试验期间碱性肥料能显著提高土壤pH值,较常规肥料处理提高了0.75个pH单位,而土壤EC值比常规肥料处理低47.76 μS/cm。4)土壤pH值与土壤中古巴专化型尖孢镰刀菌(FOC)的数量及香蕉发病率呈显著负相关; 细菌数量与FOC数量、 香蕉枯萎病发病率、 病情指数之间呈显著的负相关; 土壤中FOC和真菌数量与香蕉发病率呈显著正相关。5)香蕉生物量随着碱性肥料和常规肥料用量的增大而增加,但碱性肥料的效果更加明显。【结论】应用碱性肥料不仅可以为香蕉提供氮、 磷、 钾养分,而且能改良蕉园土壤酸性从而改善土壤微生物群落结构及环境,有效防控香蕉枯萎病的发生。