On the chemical composition and nutritional value of pleurotus taxa growing on umbelliferous plants (apiaceae)

Unpublished data on the chemical composition and nutritional value of Pleurotus mushrooms, growing on Umbelliferous plants (Apiaceae), are here reported. Cultivated basidiomata of four different Pleurotus taxa were analyzed in order to evaluate the composition in lipids, sugars, nitrogen, water, vitamins, ashes, and energetic values. The results showed that Pleurotus mushrooms are suitable in every type of diet thanks to their low caloric content, gastronomic value, vitamins, and mineral salt contents. The presence of a high content of vitamin B(12) and riboflavin in Pleurotus nebrodensis is noteworthy.     

Influence of chemical composition of soils on the galanthamine content in Levcojum aestivum

The elemental composition of seven soils of the main geographical regions in Bulgaria for the growth of Leucojum aestivum L. was determined. It was found that a relationship exists between the galanthamine content of the plant and the chemical composition of the soil. These results indicate that galanthamine bio‐ synthesis could be controlled by the soil fertility level.     

Effect of cadmium on the chemical composition of xylem exudate from oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus L.)

Abstract

Phytoremediation is a good technique for removing cadmium (Cd) from farmland soils. To remove Cd from these soils effectively, it is necessary for Cd ions to be transported to the shoot organs for later harvest. However, the mechanism of Cd translocation to shoot organs via xylem vessels has not yet been elucidated. We selected oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus L.) and established a method to collect xylem exudates from these plants. After 3 days of Cd treatment (10 µmol L^?1 and 30 µmol L^?1) the Cd concentrations in the xylem exudates were approximately 6.5 µmol L^?1 and 16 µmol L^?1, respectively. The detection of Cd in the xylem exudate indicated that Cd was moving to shoot organs via xylem vessels. The effect of these Cd treatments on the amino acid, organic acid and protein composition of xylem exudates from oilseed rape plants was investigated. The level of amino acids and organic acids detected was enough to bind Cd transported via the xylem. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that proteins with molecular weights of 36 kDa and 45 kDa clearly increased in the exudates with Cd treatment. The possibility that these compounds are binding Cd in the xylem exudates was discussed.     

The effect of soil-climate conditions on yielding parameters,chemical composition and baking quality of ancient wheat species Triticum monococcum L., Triticum dicoccum Schrank and Triticum spelt L. in comparison with modern Triticum aestivum L.

Triticum monococcum L., Triticum dicoccum Schrank and Triticum spelt L. nowadays offer an alternative to Triticum aestivum L. We analyzed grain and straw yield, yielding parameters, chemical composition and bakery quality of these species and compared them with modern T. aestivum at three sites with different soil-climate conditions. The average grain yield varied from 0.41 t ha^?1 (T. monococcum) to 5.17 t ha^?1 (T. aestivum), straw yield varied from 1.50 t ha^?1 (T. dicoccum) to 5.83 t ha^?1 (T. aestivum). The yielding parameters and chemical composition of the grain were significantly influenced by soil-climate conditions and wheat species. The highest average crude protein content was recorded in T. spelta (20.55%), while the lowest in T. aestivum (11.20%). The Zeleny’s sedimentation test ranged from 9.0 ml (T. monococcum) to 34.5 ml (T. aestivum) and the value of the Gluten index varied from 7.45 (T. dicoccum) to 89.75 (T. aestivum). According to the results, ancient wheat species provides lower grain and straw yields, higher protein content and mineral concentrations. Concentration of proteins and grain’s baking quality strongly depends on wheat species and soil-climate conditions.     

Effect of natural and controlled fermentation on chemical composition and nutrient dialyzability from beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

The effect of natural and controlled fermentation with an inoculum of Lactobacillus plantarum and additional thermal treatment (dry heat at 120 degrees C for 20 min) on the availability of N, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg from Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. carrilla was estimated using an in vitro method based on equilibrium dialysis. Natural and controlled fermentations caused significant reductions in the pH and phytate content (36%) of the bean flours, with a concomitant increase in the titratable acidity and free phosphorus content, and had no effect on the other nutrients studied. The percentage of dialyzable N, P, Cu, and Mg was significantly improved by both types of fermentation, whereas Zn dialyzability was significantly reduced. The greatest reduction was observed for the bean flour fermented with an inoculum of L. plantarum. The percentage of dialyzable Fe improved significantly as a result of natural fermentation but was not affected by controlled fermentation. The application of dry heat at 120 degrees C for 20 min caused a significant increase in Fe dialyzability and a further reduction in the percentage of dialyzable Zn in fermented bean flours but did not affect the dialyzability of the other nutrients studied.     

Stimulatory effect on pea of Typha Angustifolia L. extracts and their chemical composition

In this study, the influence of aqueous and organic extracts of different plant parts (flowers, leaves, and stems) of Typha angustifolia on the germination and early seedling growth of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) was evaluated. Chemical composition of extracts of different plant parts of Typha was also determined. Aqueous (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 g L^?1) and organic extracts (at 0.5, 1, and 2 mg mL^?1) were applied to the seeds of two pea cultivars, Douce de Provence and Lincoln, placed in Petri dishes. Application of extracts had a beneficial effect on germination and early seedling growth of both pea cultivars. However, aqueous extract of leaves showed the most beneficial effect at 60 and 40 g L^?1 for the cultivars Douce de Provence and Lincoln, respectively. The effect could be attributed to the allelochemicals present in the aqueous extracts. Petroleum ether and chloroform extracts of leaves had the most stimulating effect on the germination and early seedling growth of pea. Analysis of Typha extracts indicated the presence of vitamin E in leaves, which could be responsible forthis stimulation. Moreover, Typha leaves also had substantial amount of flavonoids. In conclusion, the allelopathic activity of of Typha was dependent on the plant part, the solvent nature, the concentration of the extracts tested, and on the pea cultivar. Application of leaf extract was the most effective in improving the germination rate and early seedling growth of pea.     

Effects of solution pH on the growth and chemical composition of rice plants

Rice plants were grown in solution culture for a period of five weeks at pH's ranging from 3.5 to 8.5. Maximum dry matter was obtained at pH 5.5, but substantial reductions in the growth of tops and roots were observed at pH's of 3.5 and 8.5. At pH 3.5, both leaves and roots were short and unhealthy. The roots were thickened with lateral root growth severely inhibited. At pH 8.5, the youngest leaves developed chlorotic symptoms with roots being coarse and discoloured.

Plant concentrations of essential elements were adequate for normal plant growth at pH 5.5. Iron concentration in plant tops substantially decreased with increase in solution pH, but a reverse trend was observed for roots. The concentrations of other elements progressively increased in plant tops and roots with increasing pH.     

Effects of genotype and weed control on the nutrient composition of winter spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L.) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare)

The renaissance of spelt is associated with the development of alternative farming and a trend to maintain biodiversity. The present study carried out a comparison between two methods of weeding (mechanical and chemical) as well as a cereal cultivar influence on chemical composition of spelt and wheat. The research material was taken from field experiments carried out during three years. In order to assess the chemical composition, the following cereal cultivars were used: lines of winter spelt – STH 8 and STH 11 and a winter common wheat cv. Tonacja. In all cases, the overall protein content in spelt was significantly higher than in common wheat. Spelt grain is also richer in fats than common wheat. A visible tendency to higher concentration of raw fibre was observed when mechanical weeding was applied. Also, mechanical weeding as well as the variety significantly influenced β-glucan content. The study of the impact of a weeding method and a variety does not clearly show the direction of the amino acid content changes. The research indicates that there are ample opportunities to shape the level of nutrients, which decide about spelt grain application in the food industry through agronomic factors (methods of weeding and cultivar).     

基于波段增强的DeepLabv3+多光谱影像葡萄种植区识别

精准获取葡萄种植区分布信息对其精细化管理和优质基地建设具有重要意义,通常大区域种植区识别主要基于遥感影像完成,但葡萄种植区空间位置的分散性和背景环境的复杂性,使得种植区识别的精度不高。该研究基于DeepLabv3+网络,改进网络输入通道数使其能够接受更多的光谱信息,同时构建波段信息增强模块（Band Information Enhancement,BIE）,利用各波段特征图之间的相关性生成综合特征,提出了波段信息增强的葡萄种植区识别方法（BIE-DeepLabv3+）。在2016和2019年高分二号影像葡萄种植区数据集上训练网络,在2020年影像上测试其性能,结果表明,改进模型输出结果的平均像素精度和平均交并比分别为98.58%和90.27%,识别效果好于机器学习SVM算法,在深度学习DeepLabv3+模型的基础上分别提高了0.38和2.01个百分点,比SegNet分别提高了0.71和4.65个百分点。BIE-DeepLabv3+模型拥有更大的感受野和捕获多尺度信息特征的同时放大了地物间的差异,能够解决影像中葡萄种植区存在类间纹理相似性、背景和环境复杂等问题,在减少模型参数的同时预测出的葡萄种植区更加完整,且边缘识别效果良好,为较大区域内背景复杂的遥感图像葡萄种植区识别提供了有效方法。     

Chemical analysis of Teucrium species (Lamiaceae) growing on serpentine soils in Bulgaria

Trace elemental concentrations (Fe, Ni, Mn, Cr, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and As) in aerial biomass (stems, leaves, and flowers) of the medicinal plants Teucrium chamaedrys, T. montanum, and T. polium growing on serpentine soils in Bulgaria were examined in relation to the total element contents in their respective rhizospheric soils. The objectives of the study were to evaluate: (1) elemental concentrations in plant tissues and associated soil samples together with the plants ability to tolerate/accumulate metal concentrations; (2) correlations between total metal concentrations in plants and their rhizospheric soils. Metal concentrations varied across species and sites. Their levels in plant tissues from nonserpentine sites were always lower compared to those from serpentine ones. The highest concentrations for Fe, Ni, Mn, Cr, As, Cu, and Pb were found in T. polium. Positive correlation coefficients were established between Ni, Cr, Fe, Co, and Cu in plants and Ca in the soil. None of the species tested hyperaccumulated metals although the metal concentration in some of them exceeded the range naturally found in plants. The Teucrium species can be considered as “excluders”, containing relatively low metal concentrations in their aerial parts (stems, leaves, and flowers) even in cases of high elemental concentrations in the rhizospheric soil. In all three medicinal plants, metal concentrations for toxic elements were above the permissible limits for pharmaceutical purposes. Therefore, plants found on serpentine bedrock are not recommended to be collected for pharmaceutical purposes.     

Utilization of some organic wastes as growing media for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants

Abstract

The environmental impact of crop wastes and the high cost of peat moss (PM) force scientists to find alternative growing media. In a pot experiment, peanut shell (PS) and corn wastes (CWs) were evaluated as growing media in comparison with PM in three different mixing ratios with washed sand. The mixing ratio were M₁?=?1:1 raw material to sand, M₂?=?1:2 raw material to sand, and M₃?=?1:3 raw material to sand. The tested plant was lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The obtained results showed that PS medium contained available nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) higher by 121% and 38% above the PM medium. Availability of potassium (K) in CW medium was higher by 167% than PM. The EC, pH, OC, and C/N ratio of PM were higher by 227%, 4%, 128%, and 99% above the CW and by 1,473%, 9%, 74%, and193% above the PS, respectively. The highest significant values of growth parameters were recorded in PM medium. The highest total cost and lowest net profit were recorded with the use of PMM₁, whereas the lowest cost and the highest net profit were obtained with PSM₂. Physiochemical characteristics of peanut shell suggested that it can be economical alternative growing media for PM.     

Risk assessment of Arbutus unedo L. fruits from plants growing on contaminated soils in the Panasqueira mine area,Portugal

Purpose

In the Panasqueira mine area, Arbutus unedo L. (arbutus tree) grows on soils developed on waste materials and on soils impacted by mining activity. The arbutus berry brandy is considered a product with economic value. The aims of this study were to evaluate the biogeochemical impact of the mining activity on soils and arbutus trees, to assess the possible risks associated with human consumption of the fruits and the derived brandy, and to evaluate the potential of the arbutus tree in phytostabilization.

Materials and methods

Soil samples (10–15 cm deep) developed on waste materials, on schists affected by seepage water or treatment plant effluents and on colluvium-alluvium materials were characterized (fraction <2 mm) for pH, particle size distribution, organic carbon (C_org), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and NPK by classical methodologies. Plant (A. unedo) samples (roots, leaves and twigs, and fruits) were collected at the same sites as the sampled soils, washed with tap and distilled water and dried at 40 °C. The elements’ concentrations in soils (total fraction—four-acid digestion and available fraction—diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid extraction), plants (ashing followed by acid digestion) and brandy samples produced with fruits collected on contaminated and non-contaminated sites were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy.

Results and discussion

The soils are mainly acid, silty loam, with variable values for C_org, CEC and NPK. They are contaminated with As (158–7,790 mg/kg), Cd (0.6–79 mg/kg), Cu (51–4,080 mg/kg), W (19–1,450 mg/kg) and Zn (142–12,300 mg/kg). The available fraction of the soils is quite variable between <0.04 and 76 % of the total, depending on the element. Trace elements’ concentrations, in leaves and twigs, are within the normal range for plants, except for Cd and Zn that, in some samples, are above the normal values, but without phytotoxic symptoms. Trace elements’ concentrations in fruits are low. The calculated hazard quotient for all trace elements in arbutus berry was <0.1. In the brandy, elemental concentrations are within the legal standards, except for Pb, whose higher concentrations may result from distillery equipment.

Conclusions

According to the EC 466/2001 legislation and with a hazard quotient of <1, the arbutus berry consumption does not constitute health risks for humans. The fruits can be used to produce local brandy. The concentration of copper in brandy is within the range established by the Portuguese legislation. Arbutus unedo can be used in the phytostabilization programs in the Panasqueira area, for it is a pioneer species and a non-accumulator of trace elements.     

Synthesis and quantitative structure-activity relationships of oxanilates as chemical hybridizing agents for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Chemical hybridizing agents (CHAs) can facilitate two-line breeding in heterosis programs of crops. Twenty-seven oxanilates having different aromatic substitutions were synthesized and screened as CHAs on two genotypes of wheat, PBW 343 and HD 2733, during two Rabi (winter) seasons, 2000-01 and 2001-02. The oxanilates prepared by thermal condensation of anilines with diethyl oxalate or by acylation with ethoxycarbonyl methanoyl chloride were sprayed at 1000 and 1500 ppm at the premeiotic stage of wheat, when the length of the emerging spike of the first node was 7-8 mm. Pollen sterility and spikelet sterility were measured in each treatment. Ethyl oxanilates 5, 6, and 25,containing 4-F, 4-Br, and 4-CF(3) aromatic substituents, respectively, induced greater than 98% spikelet sterility, the desired level, at 1500 ppm. Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis revealed a direct relationship between F(p) and molecular mass but an inverse relationship between MR, E(S), and R in influencing the bioactivity. Several F(1) hybrids were developed using 5, and at least one showed heterosis.     

Influence of nitrogen fertilization on yield and phenolic compounds in wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum)

Nitrogen (N) is an important plant nutrient and is crucial for the plant growth and grain yield formation of field crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum). However, little is known about the influence of N on secondary metabolites in wheat grains which are supposed to be beneficial for human health due to their antioxidant potentials. Therefore, we investigated the influence of N fertilization on plant growth and yield performance of winter wheat, as well as on total phenolic concentration, antioxidant capacity, and the accumulation of (in)soluble phenolic acids in wheat grains during the grain‐filling phase. It was found that ferulic acid was the predominant phenolic acid in wheat grains. As expected, higher amounts of N fertilizer led to increasing grain yields, whereas the concentration of soluble ferulic acid decreased. In contrast, insoluble bound ferulic acid, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity were not affected by the N treatment. Insoluble phenolic compounds seemed to be less susceptible to variations in N supply.     

宁夏枸杞主产区土壤化学肥力现状及评价

枸杞是著名的中药材,也是宁夏的优势特色作物,为探明宁夏枸杞主产区土壤质量现状,于2021年对宁夏枸杞主产区中宁县7个乡镇的枸杞园土壤进行了多点调查及土壤养分测定,依据我国北方果园养分划分标准及其他产区枸杞园养分状况对宁夏枸杞主产区养分现状进行评价。研究结果表明：（1）在枸杞返青前0～100 cm剖面土壤含水量平均约14.5%;耕层（0～40 cm）pH、EC均值分别为8.02、817.4μS/cm,有机质含量均值为8.59g/kg,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均值分别为62.2、104.1、273.1 mg/kg。（2）0～100 cm剖面含水量变化较大,其中70～80 cm含水量相对较低;从表层10 cm至下层100 cm土壤盐分含量呈递减趋势,表层EC值达1045.4μS/cm,较下层100 cm处高47.8%;碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量从20 cm至100 cm均呈递减趋势,碱解氮含量在40 cm处变化幅度较大,有效磷和速效钾含量在60 cm处变化幅度较大。（3）依据果园养分质量评价标准,耕层0～40 cm土壤质量总体偏碱性,表层0～10 cm轻度盐渍化,20 cm以下虽未达到盐渍...     

Effects of aluminum on the growth and element composition of 20 winter cultivars of Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) grown in solution culture

Seedlings of twenty cultivars of Triticum aestivum L. differing in tolerance to aluminum (Al) were grown with Al (74 uM, 2.0 mg L^‐1 ) and without Al at pH 4.5 to examine the effect of Al on the element composition of leaf and root tissues of juvenile plants. Treatment with Al reduced concentrations of Mg and Mn and increased concentrations of Al, P, Ca, and Fe in roots. Treatment with Al reduced concentrations of P, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn in leaves. Concentrations of Mg, Fe, and Mn in leaves were in the range considered to be deficient.

Cultivars differed in the effect of Al on element composition. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn in leaves of the 20 cultlvars grown with Al were positively correlated with cultivar tolerance to Al as measured by relative root yield. The variance, however, was relatively high. Leaf P concentrations of seedlings grown with Al were not significantly correlated with tolerance to Al. Differences among cultivars in the effect of Al on element, composition were not likely a primary cause of differential tolerance to Al, but Al‐induced element deficiencies may have a secondary effect on the yield of cultivars grown on sub‐lethal, Al‐toxic substrates.     

Synthesis and characterization of N-acylaniline derivatives as potential chemical hybridizing agents (CHAs) for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Induction of male sterility by deployment of chemical hybridizing agents (CHAs) are important in heterosis breeding of self-pollinated crops like wheat, wherein the male and female organs are in the same flower. Taking a lead from the earlier work on rice, a total of 25 N-acylanilines comprising of malonanilates, acetoacetanilides, and acetanilides (including halogenated acetanilides) were synthesized and screened as CHAs on three genotypes of wheat, viz., PBW 343, HD 2046, and HD 2733 at 1500 ppm in the winter of 2001-2002. The N-acylanilines containing variations at the acyl and aromatic domain were synthesized by condensation of substituted anilines with appropriate diesters, acid chlorides, or monoesters. The test compounds with highly electronegative groups such as F/Br at the para position of the aryl ring were identified as the most potent CHAs, causing higher induction of male sterility. A variation of N-substitution at the side chain generally furnished analogues like 4'-fluoroacetoacetanilide (7) and ethyl 4'-fluoromalonanilate (1), which induced 89.12 and 84.66% male sterility, respectively, in PBW 343. Among halogenated acetanilides, the increasing number of chlorine atoms in the side chain led to an increase in the activity of 4'-fluoro (23) and 4'-bromo (24) derivatives of trichoroacetanilides, which induced >87% male sterility. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models indicated the positive contributions of the field effect exemplified by the Swain-Lupton constant (Fp) and negative contributions of the Swain-Lupton resonance constant (R) for the aromatic substitution. The positive influences of parachor (P) for the acyl domain have been underlined. These leads will be significant in explaining the CHA fit in the macromolecular receptor site. The CHAs appeared to act by causing an imbalance in the acid-base equilibrium in pollen mother cells resulting in dissolution of the callose wall by premature callase secretion.