低盐再生水灌溉对亚热带红壤水力特性及微观结构的影响

低盐再生水是一种回用潜力巨大的替代性水源,为探究其灌溉亚热带红壤的适宜性,该研究以校园生活污水为再生水水源,设置再生水单一灌溉（WW）、再生水与蒸馏水交替灌溉（AWW）两种灌水模式,并以蒸馏水单一灌溉（CK）为对照。通过室外模拟土柱试验,研究了低盐再生水不同灌溉模式下红壤的盐碱度、微观结构及水力特性,并探讨了三者之间的相互作用关系。结果表明：1）低盐再生水灌溉降低了红壤的持水能力和导水能力;2）与CK处理相比,低盐再生水灌溉导致红壤田间持水率和凋萎系数降低,有效水在WW处理下增加6.33%,在AWW处理下减小27.85%;3） 两种低盐再生水灌溉模式下土壤大孔隙均增加,而有效孔隙、微小孔隙在WW处理下分别增加1.3%、5.0%,在AWW处理下分别减小4.3%、1.1%;4）与CK处理相比,低盐再生水灌溉使红壤电导率（Electrical Conductivity,EC）和Na+含量显著提高,而交换性阳离子总量（Cation Exchange Capacity,CEC）显著降低（P<0.05）。再生水两种灌溉模式中,AWW处理下土壤交换性钠百分比（Exchangeable Sodium Percentage,ESP）和钠吸附比（Sodium Adsorption Ratio,SAR）分别显著高于WW处理142.4%、120.3%（P<0.05）,从而引起更强烈的土壤黏粒分散;5）田间持水率、凋萎系数、有效水及有效孔隙和微小孔隙比例均与交换性Na+、ESP、SAR呈显著负相关,与CEC呈显著正相关。综上,低盐再生水灌溉亚热带红壤宜选择单一灌溉模式,且应定期监测土壤SAR和ESP等指标。研究结果可为再生水水质标准和灌溉制度制定提供参考。     

Nutritional Status,Yield, and Fruit Quality of “Encore” Mandarin Trees Grown in Two Sites of an Orchard with Different Soil Properties

Abstract

The nutrient status [annual fluctuation of leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)], yield and fruit quality [soluble solids concentration (SSC), titratable acids (TA), SSS/TA and juice content] of “Encore” mandarin trees cultivated in two sites of the same orchard were studied. The trees were grafted on Carrizo citrange rootstock and grown under identical conditions, apart from some soil properties. Soil B (site B of orchard) contained more K, Ca, Mg, and organic matter than soil A (site A of orchard). The patterns of annual variation of leaf nutrient concentrations were similar in both soils, although leaf concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe in soil A were significantly higher than those of soil boron (B), while leaf K concentrations were significantly lower. The mineral analyses of the leaves revealed some interesting antagonisms between K–Mg, K–Ca, and K–Mn. Manganese deficiency was especially limited in the trees grown in soil B. The average fruit yield per tree in soil A, on two-year basis, was significantly higher than this in soil B. The significantly higher water infiltration rate in soil B, in contrast to soil A, seemed to be the dominant factor responsible for the differences among the two sites in yielding and leaf mineral composition.     

生活污水灌溉小白菜的盆栽试验研究

污水水质及灌溉制度是影响污水灌溉安全性的主要因素.盆栽试验设置了两种水质(清水和污水)和4个灌水下限(60?,70?,80?,90?),共8个处理,研究了污灌条件下不同灌水下限对小白菜生长及品质的影响.试验结果表明:生活污水灌溉会造成小白菜轻度减产,植株的硝酸盐含量和叶片叶绿素含量增加,植株重金属累积增加;灌水下限对小白菜生长状况和品质均有较大影响,污水灌溉条件下各项指标随灌水下限变化的变化规律不同于清水灌溉条件,表明污水灌溉的灌水下限不能直接移用清水灌溉的控制指标.综合分析表明污水灌溉80? 灌水下限条件下小白菜有较高的产量、水分利用效率和叶绿素含量,较低的硝酸盐含量和重金属富集,因此选择土壤相对含水率80?以及与此相对应的叶片细胞液浓度9.3%作为污水灌溉的灌水下限指标.     

施用沼液对柑桔产量和品质以及土壤环境的影响

利用沼气发酵处理规模畜禽养殖场废水是综合治理畜牧业污染的主要途径之一,但大量沼液出路问题亟待解决。通过柑桔栽培过程中不同沼液灌溉量的多重复随机区组田间小区试验,对沼液不同灌溉量处理与常规施用化肥的对照处理进行了对比,结果表明,施用沼液可促进柑桔生长,对衡量土壤质量的几种重金属含量等基本无不利影响,且土壤中总氮、有机质等有所增加。用300000kg·hm-2沼液浇灌替代化肥,可使柑桔增加产量8.59%,还可增加柑桔果实可溶性固形物含量,沼液处理A的果实中总糖比化肥对照提高0.6个百分点,总酸降低0.262百分点,果实糖酸比明显提高,糖酸比与施用化肥的对照相比差异达显著水平（P〈0.05）,改善了柑桔的部分品质指标。合理施用沼液进行柑桔灌溉不仅可以减少作物化肥施用量,还能缓解规模养殖场污水处理的排放压力。     

北京市东南郊再生水灌区地下水多环芳烃污染风险评估

为研究污染物随再生水进入地下环境后其迁移衰减情况及对地下水的潜在危害性,以Multi-cell模型为基础,结合污染物质量守恒、在水土中吸附再分配、生物降解等机理,针对地下水污染风险评估构建了计算污染物随水在土壤剖面的垂向迁移衰减一维模型,并以北京通州大兴再生水灌区为研究区域,以再生水中持久性有机污染物多环芳烃萘和菲为研究对象,根据当地钻孔资料及灌溉水水质、地下水水质资料,应用该模型进行试算。结果表明,经过多年连续灌溉后,通州大兴大部分地区进入潜水含水层的萘、菲浓度较低,整体污染风险较低,仅在通州区潞城镇等个别地区萘、菲浓度较高,应引起重视;由于大兴区整体包气带较厚,其污染风险低于通州区。土壤粘土层是萘、菲积累的主要层位,其吸附容量远大于细砂等粗颗粒介质,在土壤表层低环多环芳烃迁移性更强。应用这一模型,能够较为宏观地掌握通州大兴再生水灌区不同区域地下水中多环芳烃萘和菲的污染风险差异。     

再生水灌溉对玉米和大豆品质影响的试验研究

为了合理利用城市污水处理后的再生水资源,研究再生水灌溉对作物品质的影响,该文采用北京高碑店污水处理厂的两种再生水(二级再生水、三级再生水),以清水为对照进行玉米和大豆盆栽种植试验。通过对籽粒常规养分、微量元素和重金属含量等项目的测定分析,对再生水灌溉情况下的作物品质进行研究。研究结果表明：再生水灌溉对玉米和大豆籽粒粗蛋白、粗淀粉含量无显著影响;在微量元素方面,对大豆籽粒的影响同对照差异不显著,而对玉米籽粒的影响同水质有关;玉米和大豆籽粒中的重金属铅、镉含量虽均低于国家卫生标准(GB 2715-1981)规定,但二级再生水灌溉的玉米镉含量相对对照增加显著。因此认为三级再生水相对二级再生水应用于作物灌溉更具安全性,对二级再生水中重金属镉含量应严格控制。     

Combined Application of Boron and Zinc Influence the Leaf Mineral Status,Growth, Productivity and Fruit Quality of ‘Kinnow’ Mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour × Citrus deliciosa Tenora)

The deficiency of mineral nutrients, particularly of boron (B) and zinc (Zn) in many citrus orchards of Pakistan affect yield and quality. Effect of foliar application of B and Zn on leaf mineral nutrients, growth, productivity, and quality of ‘Kinnow’ were studied. Trees were sprayed with 37 mM boric acid and 49 mM zinc sulfate either alone or in combination at fruit setting stage or fruit setting and pre-mature stages. Leaf phosphorus (P), potassium (K), B, and Zn were significantly increased with treatments. Lowest fruit drop and maximum fruit weight and number, highest level of ascorbic acid, and reducing sugars were recorded in the trees sprayed with combine application of B and Zn at fruit set stage. In conclusion, combined application of B and Zn at fruit setting stage can be used effectively to increase nutrient uptake, reduce fruit drop, and increase yield with better quality of ‘Kinnow’ mandarin fruit.     

再生水灌溉对园林植物叶片生理及根际土壤特性的影响

选用8种河北省常见园林植物（大叶黄杨、女贞、月季、丁香、紫荆、连翘、海棠和榆叶梅）进行再生水灌溉试验,浇灌周期为3年,以自来水灌溉作为对照,研究了再生水灌溉对园林植物生长特性及根际土壤和微生物数量的影响。结果表明:再生水中所含有的植物生长所需的元素大部分可被植物有效吸收,而植物对一些有毒元素的吸收受到抑制;再生水处理的植物叶片矿质元素含量总体上比对照增加,部分差异达到了显著水平,与对照自来水相比,8种园林植物出现了钠元素的积累,重金属也有逐渐升高趋势,但植物表观并未表现出异常现象。在土壤理化性状方面,再生水灌溉情况下,8种园林植物的土壤pH值与对照相比无显著差异;土壤全盐量、水溶性钠和氯离子含量均高于自来水灌溉,多种植物土壤中含量与自来水灌溉相比达到了显著差异或极显著差异;在土壤养分和酶活性方面,再生水灌溉不同程度促进了土壤养分和酶活性的提高,除了女贞、月季和紫荆以外,与对照相比,绝大部分土壤养分和酶活性差异均不显著;在土壤微生物方面,再生水灌溉不同程度促进了土壤微生物数量的增加,其中,以女贞、月季和紫荆增加幅度较大;8种园林植物土壤微生物均以细菌最多,占微生物总数的90%以上,其次是放线菌和真菌。综合分析可知,再生水灌溉能够短期内促进园林植物的生长和根际土壤养分、酶活性微生物数目的提高。     

利用离体umu/SOS测试与活体蚯蚓彗星试验评价再生水灌溉土壤的遗传毒性

污水和再生水灌溉在我国北方地区十分普遍,由于长期灌溉导致土壤中遗传毒性物质累积并因此而引发的生态安全问题值得研究。本研究利用离体umu/SOS测试与活体蚯蚓彗星试验评价北京市郊区再生水灌溉土壤中遗传毒性物质的积累。umu/SOS测试得到表征样品遗传毒性大小的β-半乳糖苷酶诱导活性（IU值）,以达到阳性时（诱导比率R=2）需要的土壤重量（G）来反映土壤样品的相对遗传毒性。活体蚯蚓彗星试验中,以尾矩（TM）表征土壤遗传毒性的大小。研究结果表明,再生水灌溉使得土壤的遗传毒性增大,随着再生水灌溉量的增加,土壤的G值减小,TM值增大,G值与TM值之间呈现明显相关关系,说明主要遗传毒性物质是有机污染物。离体umu/SOS测试和活体蚯蚓彗星试验的联合应用,可以快速有效地筛选出遗传毒性高风险土壤样品。     

再生水灌溉水分处理对草坪生理生化特性及质量的影响

为了缓解城市水资源紧张的趋势，扩大污水资源化力度，确保高质量的都市草坪，在永乐店试验站进行了不同水分处理再生水灌溉草坪的试验研究。该试验采用6种水分处理：清水适宜灌(K)、再生水充分灌(RFI)、再生水适宜灌(RPI)、再生水轻微干旱胁迫(LWS)、再生水中度干旱胁迫(MWS)、再生水重度干旱胁迫(SWS)，灌溉下限分别为70%fc、80%fc、70%fc、60%fc、50%fc、40%fc，灌水定额相同。试验结果表明：水分处理对草坪草分蘖消长及质地有重要影响，为获得密致的草坪，保持土壤水分含量在60%fc以上，然而土壤含水率不能低于50%fc，否则草坪草难以正常生长。草坪草叶片脯氨酸累积量是对干旱胁迫较最为敏感的生理生化指标，随水分胁迫的加重脯氨酸累积量迅速增加，脯氨酸累积量与土壤水分含量有明显的相关性。此外，随着生长季的延长，外界气温降低也会影响草坪草生长。     

Tree age influences nutritional,pectin, and anatomical changes in developing ‘Kinnow’ mandarin (Citrus nobilis Lour × Citrus deliciosa Tenora) fruit

An understanding of variation in fruit quality in relation to tree age can help understand the issue of poor fruit quality in young orchards; however, limited information is available on the citrus fruit. In this study, the endogenous nutritional status in rind, rag, and leaves; pectin status in rind and rag; and anatomical fruit growth parameter in rind tissues were studied in ‘Kinnow’ mandarins fruit during their development on trees from three age (6-, 18-, and 35-year-old) groups. In older (35-year-old) trees, rind, rag, and leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations were superior. In fruit from all tree age groups, total pectin and protopectin reduced; however water-soluble pectin (WSP) improved. In rind tissues harvested from young (6-year-old) trees, cell density was more while cell size was less. In all tree age groups, cell density in rind tissues correlated negatively with rind WSP.     

再生水灌溉冬小麦的铅和镉累积分布研究

再生水灌溉对作物重金属含量的影响,是再生水能否安全利用的重要基础问题。通过冬小麦的盆栽试验,研究了再生水灌溉对土壤和冬小麦植株铅、镉含量的影响。结果表明,再生水灌溉对土壤铅、镉含量没有明显的影响,而混灌和轮灌较再生水纯灌可以降低土壤铅含量,但对土壤镉含量没有明显的减低作用。再生水灌溉处理小麦各器官的镉含量分布是根〉叶〉茎〉籽粒,铅含量分布是叶〉根〉茎〉籽粒,叶片铅含量较其他器官高可能与大气铅污染有关。再生水灌溉后,小麦各器官镉含量较清水对照有一定的提高,但铅、镉含量和对照相比差异不显著。应用再生水灌溉,小麦籽粒中铅、镉含量均符合国家食用安全标准,但镉含量较清水灌溉有升高现象,在生产应用中要有所注意。     

再生水灌溉对土壤和葡萄品质的影响

2011—2013年,经过3年小区实验,分析了再生水灌溉对土壤和葡萄品质的影响。实验结果表明,再生水区的土壤总氮、总磷和有机质的含量呈现低于清水对照区的趋势,而硝态氮与碱解氮含量却高于清水对照区。再生水灌溉区土壤Cd含量高于清水对照区,而Pb、Cu的含量均低于清水对照区。土壤中重金属有一定的积累现象,但均未超出《土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618—1995)》中的重金属限量值,说明短期再生水灌溉未造成土壤重金属污染。再生水灌溉在一定程度上能提高葡萄的产量,但对葡萄的品质未产生有利的影响。3年实验中,再生水灌溉区葡萄的重金属含量低于清水灌溉区,说明短期再生水灌溉对葡萄重金属含量的影响不大。研究表明再生水可以用作灌溉用水,但再生水中重金属对环境的影响是长期的、积累的、复杂的,要确保再生水灌溉的安全还需进一步研究。     

调亏灌溉对温室梨枣树水分利用效率与枣品质的影响

以日光温室生长条件下的6年生矮化密植成龄梨枣树为试材，试验设置试验期间充分供水处理，即对照(T1)，开花—座果期轻度调亏处理(T2)，果实膨大期中度调亏处理(T3)和果实成熟期重度调亏处理(T4)，研究调亏灌溉对梨枣树水分利用效率与枣品质的影响。结果表明：温室内外的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET₀)变化趋势相同，温室内的ET₀值高于外部，二者呈极显著的线性关系，R²值达到0.9501；不同调亏处理均降低了相应调亏时期的土壤水分消耗速率，同时也降低了梨枣树的叶片蒸腾速率和光合速率，开花—座果期和果实成熟期调亏处理提高了叶片水分利用效率，而果实膨大期调亏处理降低了梨枣树的叶片水分利用效率；各调亏处理并未对枣品质的所有指标起到提高和改善作用，成熟期未灌水处理在对平均单果重、枣Vc含量和可溶性蛋白含量产生负面影响很小的情况下，提高了枣的有机酸含量和可溶性固形物含量，总体上改善了枣的品质；综合考虑不同调亏处理对梨枣树各项指标的影响，果实成熟期重度调亏处理在减产不显著条件下，改善了枣的品质，明显提高了水分利用效率，是实施调亏灌溉的最佳阶段。     

城市污水再生水灌溉对黑麦草生长及土壤磷素转化的影响

为了进一步明确城市污水再生水的农业利用价值,在温室条件下采用盆栽试验方法种植黑麦草,以自来水(clean water,CW)灌溉为对照,分别进行全再生水(reclaimed municipal wastewater,RW)和混合再生水(自来水+再生水,CW+RW,1∶1)灌溉处理,研究了再生水灌溉对黑麦草生长和土壤磷素的转化特征。结果表明,城市污水再生水灌溉显著增加了黑麦草地上部和根系的生物量,CW+RW处理黑麦草地上部和根系生物量在播种55 d后分别较对照(CW)增加18.92%和6.42%,RW处理分别增加26.79%和10.55%;黑麦草地上部磷含量分别显著增加8.48%和10.93%。再生水灌溉土壤全磷含量变化不大并有减少趋势,但土壤速效磷含量CW+RW和RW处理分别较对照(CW)增加29.15%和43.80%;CW+RW和RW处理显著增加了土壤有机磷组分中的活性有机磷和中活性有机磷,与对照CW相比,其中活性有机磷增幅分别为50.30%和81.57%,中活性有机磷增幅分别为7.66%和13.68%;也显著增加了无机磷组分中的Ca2-P和Ca8-P,CW+RW和RW处理Ca2-P含量由对照的12.90 mg·kg-1分别增加到16.42 mg·kg-1和15.49 mg·kg-1,与对照相比,增幅分别为27.29%和19.38%,Ca8-P增幅分别为19.94%和16.03%。再生水灌溉显著降低了土壤pH并显著增加了土壤有机质含量,这可能是增加土壤磷活性的原因之一。再生水灌溉对提高土壤磷素利用率有促进作用。     

SEASONAL CHANGES IN LEAF NITROGEN OF OLIVE TREES GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION REGIMES AND CROP LEVEL

An experiment was conducted over 12 months using field-grown olive trees (Olea europaea) to assess the combined effect of soil water availability and fruit number on seasonal changes in leaf nitrogen (N) concentration. Three irrigation regimes were established and three trees per irrigation treatment were thinned to reduce their yield to about half that of unthinned trees. The N concentration of fully-expanded leaves from either the current-year growth or one-year old part of fruiting shoots was determined every two months. Nitrogen concentration was higher in current-year leaves than in one-year old ones at most sampling dates. Maximum values of leaf N were measured in spring, minimum values in August. Leaf N concentrations were positively correlated with leaf water potential during fruit development. This relationship was weak at the onset of rapid oil accumulation in August and became more evident at harvest. There was no correlation between leaf N and crop level.     

Application of micronutrients to citrus trees through microirrigation systems

Using conventional soil and foliar spray applications to correct micronutrient deficiency in citrus has not been completely satisfactory. Therefore, this study was developed to test the effectiveness of micronutrient application through microirrigation (fertigation) at rates similar to those recommended for foliar spray application. Three field experiments were conducted on ‘Valencia’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] trees to study the absorption of Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu by periodically analyzing leaf samples. The effectiveness of fertigation with micronutriems was found to depend on the fertilizer source. Application of chelated Fe, Mn, and Zn through irrigation systems increased the concentrations of these micronutrients in the leaves. The nitrate forms of Fe, Mn, and Zn were ineffective, as was the sulfate form of Zn. The sulfate form of Mn was occasionally effective, but the sulfate form of Cu was very effective. The application of chelated micronutrients through fertigation shows promise in central Florida.     

生长期喷钙提高锦橙果实品质及延长贮藏期

探讨钙对柑橘果实贮藏品质及衰老的影响,为合理调控柑橘钙素营养、延长果实的贮藏保鲜期提供理论和技术支撑。通过在北碚447锦橙(Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv.Jincheng)生长的不同时期进行树体补钙,研究钙对果实贮藏品质及酶活性的影响。结果表明,在锦橙的生长期喷钙能提高果实钙含量,抑制果实贮藏过程中维生素C等物质的氧化分解,提高果实可溶性固形物含量和糖酸比,改善果实品质。不同时期喷钙均能提高果实中抗氧化酶(CAT、SOD)活性,降低细胞壁水解酶(PG、CX)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,减轻脂质过氧化程度,果胶的分解转化速度减慢,丙二醛、可溶性果胶的含量明显降低,从而维持果皮具有一定的强度,延缓了果实的衰老,降低烂果的发生率,延长了果实的贮藏保鲜期。其中以幼果期喷钙在提高果实钙含量、延长贮藏期等方面的效果较好,其次是果实膨大期喷钙,成熟期喷钙效果最差。在幼果期和果实膨大期喷钙是提高果实品质、延长采后果实贮藏保鲜期的重要措施。     

Irrigation effects on quality, phenolic composition, and selected volatiles of virgin olive oils cv. Leccino

Field-grown olive trees (Olea europaea L. cv. Leccino) were used over two growing seasons to determine the effect of deficit irrigation regimes on virgin olive oil (VOO) quality. Drip irrigation was managed to maintain a predawn leaf water potential (PLWP): (a) higher than -1.1 MPa (full irrigation: FI); (b) between -1.0 and -3.3 MPa (deficit irrigation: DI); (c) higher than -4.2 MPa (severe deficit irrigation: SI). The fruit yield and oil yield of DI trees were over 90% of those of FI treatments in both years, respectively, whereas yields of SI trees ranged from 61 to 76%. The irrigation regime had minor effects on the free acidity, peroxide value, and fatty acid composition of VOO. The concentrations of phenols and o-diphenols in VOO were negatively correlated with PLWP. The concentrations of the dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl elenolic acid linked to (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanol (3,4-DHPEA-EDA), the isomer of the oleuropein aglycon (3,4-DHPEA-EA), and the dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl elenolic acid linked to (p-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol (p-HPEA-EDA) were lower in FI than in SI treatments. The concentrations of lignans (+)-1-acetoxipinoresinol and (+)-1-pinoresinol were unaffected by the irrigation regime. The tree water status had a marked effect on the concentration of volatile compounds, such as the C(6)-saturated and unsaturated aldehydes, alcohols, and esters.     

涌泉根灌节水灌溉技术特点、应用及展望

涌泉根灌是一种可以直接将水肥输送到作物根区进行局部灌溉的地下微灌技术,由于克服了其他微灌技术灌水器易堵塞、毛管易老化、对果林树灌水效率低等缺点,是一种节水、省工且水肥利用效率高的灌溉技术,在中国果树节水灌溉领域具有广阔的发展前景。该研究从涌泉根灌技术在节水灌溉技术应用中的特色出发,介绍了涌泉灌溉技术结构特点、工作原理、灌溉方式、布置形式、水力性能以及投入成本与运行管理等方面的特点,分析了涌泉根灌与传统微灌相比表现出的优势,探讨了该技术在田间水分利用、土壤水氮运移以及对作物生长发育和产量影响等方面的应用效果和研究进展,在总结对比前期研究取得进展基础上,提出了涌泉根灌技术存在田间试验单一、研究周期不连续、施肥条件下相关研究不足以及灌水器性能需改善等方面的问题,同时针对涌泉根灌技术存在的问题,明确了涌泉根灌灌水技术在灌水器性能改进、典型果树灌溉制度优化、土壤水氮运移与利用以及信息化与自动化管理等方面需进一步研究的方向,对于进一步完善涌泉根灌节水灌溉技术利用具有一定借鉴意义。