氮肥管理对 15N标记水稻秸秆氮吸收利用的影响

利用15N同位素示踪技术,通过盆栽模拟试验揭示氮肥管理方式对水稻秸秆氮吸收利用的影响,设置基肥氮素在插秧前施入和基肥氮素与秸秆同时施入(调节C/N)两个处理,试验结果表明,秸秆中的氮素可以作为下茬作物生长的有效氮源;基肥氮素与秸秆同时施入(调节C/N)处理秸秆氮的利用率显著高于基肥氮素在插秧前施入,水稻从~(15)N秸秆标记物中摄取氮的比例(Ndf_S)明显低于土壤肥料中氮(Ndf_(S+F));水稻地上植株对秸秆氮的综合利用率为6.51%～7.99%,其中,茎叶秸秆氮利用率为1.40%～1.75%,穗利用率为5.11%～5.25%。在秸秆还田的条件下,基肥氮素与秸秆同时施入,可以显著提高水稻对秸秆氮素的吸收能力。     

Volatile composition of four southern highbush blueberry cultivars and effect of growing location and harvest date

The volatile composition of four southern highbush blueberry cultivars ('Primadonna', 'Jewel', 'Snowchaser', and 'FL02-40') grown in two locations (Gainesville and Haines City, FL) and harvested multiple times was investigated. A total of 42 volatiles were identified, including 8 esters, 12 terpenoids, 11 aldehydes, 7 alcohols, and 4 ketones. Twelve of these volatiles are reported for the first time in highbush blueberries, with 10 being positively identified: (Z)-3-hexenal, (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, (E,E)-2,4-nonedienal, methyl 2-methylbutanoate, butyl acetate, 2-methylbutyl acetate, and geranyl acetate. The dominant volatiles were aldehydes followed by terpenoids and esters, with distinct varietal profiles. 'Primadonna' was characterized by a large amount of esters and C-6 aldehydes. In contrast, fewer than 4 esters were found in 'FL02-40' and 'Snowchaser', respectively, but they produced more terpenoids than 'Primadonna' and 'Jewel'. Location and/or harvest date affected the production of volatiles in 'Primadonna', but not so much in the other cultivars.     

Effect of nitrogen fertilizers on leaf and soil nitrogen levels in highbush blueberries

Abstract

Leaf N and soil nitrate and ammonium levels were monitored in 1986 and 1987 following N fertilization of 8–9 year old highbush blueberries. Urea was applied at 76 kg N/ha in a single application at bud break or in two applications (split) at bud break and petal fall. Controlled release fertilizers (CRF), of two different residual effects (Osmocote 3 mo., Osmocote 8 mo.) were applied at 38 kg N/ha or 76 kg N/ha at bud break. Compared to controls, N applications increased soil ammonium and nitrate levels early in the season and leaf N levels throughout the season. Urea provided a greater increase in leaf N and soil ammonium levels than CRF. Split urea applications increase leaf levels slightly over single urea treatments. Fertilizers increased soil ammonium and nitrate levels below the root zone, indicating that some leaching losses occurred.     

肥料袋控缓释对桃氮素利用率及生长和结果的影响

根据果树个体较大的特点,改变一般缓释肥颗粒包膜的设计思路,用控释袋包装肥料,调节控释袋的微孔数目,达到控制养分释放的目的。对微孔数与氮素释放速率的关系进行研究,结果表明:袋控缓释肥料氮素释放可以用二次曲线模拟,相关系数达0.965以上,7排孔设计优于3排孔与5排孔设计,其养分释放较符合桃树对氮素养分需求特性。袋控缓释处理土壤无机氮（铵态氮＋硝态氮,Nmin）稳定,解决了肥料散施造成的短期内土壤有效氮水平过高的问题;袋控缓释处理肥料袋附近细根显著增多,有利于养分吸收利用,明显提高肥料氮素利用率,是一次散施、二次散施利用率的2.5倍、2倍;袋控缓释肥料使桃树新梢适时停止生长,产量显著提高。     

Rabbiteye blueberry plant response to nitrogen and phosphorus

Acid, sandy soils selected for blueberry production are usually deficient in plant available phosphorus. Fertilizer addition at planting has not been a recommended practice. This research was designed to evaluate potted blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) plant growth response to P applied at establishment and interacted with N applied during the growing season. Four liter containerized ‘Tifblue’ rabbiteye blueberry plants were transplanted into 4.4 kg of 1:1 v/v loamy sand:peat mixture in an 8‐liter container. Preplant P was incorporated into the mixture at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg/ha rates. Nitrogen was split‐applied post‐plant four times at 60‐day intervals beginning 30 days after blueberry bushes were transplanted. Total N rates were equivalent to 0, 112, 224, or 336 kg/ha. Plants were harvested 270 days after transplanting. Phosphorus at the 60 and 80 kg/ha rates increased plant growth 40 and 31%, respectively. Plant growth responded linearly to increasing N rate. Leaf and stem weight increases contributed to this linear response while root weight was not affected by fertilizer N. Total plant dry weight was increased by N rates at the 60 and 80 kg/ha P levels. Phosphorus applications increased leaf P levels, but did not increase soil test P. Leaf redness, caused by cool temperatures, was reduced by high N rates. The optimum P rate for fertilization of the soilrpeat mixture in the planting hole under conditions of this experiment was the equivalent of 60 kg/ha.     

氮磷钾减量配施硅肥对玉米养分吸收、利用及产量的影响

为研究氮、磷和钾减量条件下,增施硅肥对玉米氮、磷和钾养分吸收、利用及产量的影响,采用2因素裂区设计,主区为3种氮、磷和钾肥用量组合(F_(100)—常规用量,F_(80)—等比例减少20%和F(60)—等比例减少40%),副区为2种硅肥用量(SiO_2施用量分别为37.5和75 kg/hm~2,记为S_3和S_7。),测定玉米植株拔节期和成熟期的干物质积累量,氮、磷和钾的积累量,产量及产量构成。结果表明:与常规用量F100相比,F80和F60植株拔节期和成熟期的干物质、氮、磷和钾积累量显著降低,植株成熟期干物质、氮、钾、硅素在籽粒中的分配比例显著下降,穗粒数、行粒数和穗长均显著下降,秃尖长度增加20.96%~25.33%,减产10.77%~17.77%。F_(100)和F_(80)中,与S_3相比,S_7能显著提高植株拔节期、成熟期干物质积累,增加拔节期和成熟期植株氮、磷、钾和硅素积累量,提高磷素干物质生产效率、磷素籽粒生产效率及磷肥偏生产力以及籽粒产量。在处理F_(100)中,与S_3相比,S_7能提高成熟期籽粒中氮和钾的分配比例,显著降低成熟期茎秆中氮和钾的分配比例;在处理F_(80)中,与S_3相比,S_7能提高成熟期茎秆中磷和硅素的分配比例,降低成熟期籽粒中磷素的分配比例;在处理F_(60)中,与S_3相比,S_7能显著降低成熟期茎秆和籽粒中硅的分配比例。F_(100)和F_(80)中,与S_3相比,S_7能显著提高氮、磷和钾肥偏生产力。综上所述,氮、磷和钾肥减量会降低玉米植株关键生育阶段干物质积累量,以及氮、磷和钾素营养积累量,最终降低籽粒产量;氮、磷和钾常规用量或减施比例≤20%条件下,增施75 kg/hm~2硅肥能促进植株对氮、磷和钾素的吸收,增加干物质生产能力,优化成熟期干物质分配比例,增加籽粒产量,同步提高氮、磷和钾肥利用率。     

施氮量和栽培密度对超级早稻不同器官氮素积累与转运及其吸收利用率的影响

以超级杂交早稻中嘉早17为材料,采用田间试验在施氮量为0、120、165、210 kg/hm24个水平和种植密度为22.5×104穴/hm2(D1)和30×104穴/hm2(D2)2个水平下研究施氮量和种植密度对其氮素利用、积累和转运特性的影响.结果表明,氮素积累总量随施氮量和种植密度的增加而增加,但氮素积累量的增幅随供氮水平的提高而降低,施氮量由120 kg/hm2(N1)上升到165 kg/hm2(N2)的增加幅度,明显大于施氮量由165 kg/hm2(N2)上升到210 kg/hm2(N3)时的增加幅度.叶片氮素转运量也随施氮量和栽培密度的增加而增加,转运率没有明显规律.农学利用率、氮肥偏生产力、收获时氮素生理效率和施肥量间存在负相关.同时发现低密度种植时,氮素农学利用率和收获期氮素生理效率均高于高密度种植.     

Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and phenolic and anthocyanin concentrations in fruit and leaf tissues of highbush blueberry

Antioxidant capacity, as measured by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and total phenolic and total anthocyanin contents were evaluated in fruit tissues of 87 highbush blueberry (Vacciniumcorymbosum L.) and species-introgressed highbush blueberry cultivars. ORAC and phenolic levels were evaluated in leaf tissues of the same materials. Average values for ORAC, phenolics, and anthocyanins in fruit were 15.9 ORAC units, 1.79 mg/g (gallic acid equivalents), and 0.95 mg/g (cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents), respectively. Cv. Rubel had the highest ORAC per gram of fresh weight values, at 31.1 units, and cv. Elliott had the highest values on the basis of ORAC per square centimeter of surface area. In leaf tissue, values for both ORAC and phenolics were significantly higher than in fruit tissue, with mean values of 490 ORAC units and 44.80 mg/g (gallic acid equivalents), respectively. Leaf ORAC had a low, but significant, correlation with fruit phenolics and anthocyanins, but not with fruit ORAC. An analysis of ORAC values versus calculated midparent values in 11 plants from the 87-cultivar group in which all parents were tested suggested that, across cultivars, ORAC inheritance is additive. An investigation of ORAC values in a family of 44 cv. Rubel x Duke seedlings showed negative epistasis for ORAC values, suggesting Rubel may have gene combinations contributing to ORAC that are broken up during hybridization.     

植物对氨基酸态氮吸收和利用的研究进展

传统的观点一直认为植物只能吸收无机态氮,不能直接吸收有机态氮,有机态氮必须分解为无机态氮后,植物才能吸收.然而,近年来越来越多的研究表明植物可以直接吸收有机态氮,特别是氨基酸态氮.重点围绕植物如何吸收和利用氨基酸态氮的过程与机理,综述了植物对氨基酸态氮吸收和利用的研究进展,并提出了进一步研究的方向.     

Response of nitrogen use efficient sorghums to nitrogen fertilizer

Little information is available on the response of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] genotypes differing in nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) (g DM g N^‐1) to added N fertilizer. Such knowledge is important for reducing the reliance upon fertilizer N. A dryland field experiment was conducted in 1993 and 1994 at Mead, NE evaluating the agronomic responsiveness of 13 sorghum genotypes differing in NUE to three N rates (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha^‐1) and also to determine physiological factors that contribute to improved NUE. The experiment was conducted on a fine montmorillonitic, mesic, Typic Argiudoll soil. Total N at maturity, dry matter, and grain yield were used to calculate NUE terms. Genotype differences were found for all measured variables both years, but no N rate by genotype effects were significant. Nitrogen fertilizer enhanced plant N contents and grain yield, but decreased NUE for total biomass and grain production. An early freeze in 1993 markedly reduced the later maturing genotype grain yields which, in turn, influenced NUE group comparisons. All genotypes in the study attained their full yield potential in 1994. The linear response to N rate of the N non‐responsive group was significantly less than the moderately responsive or N responsive group. High NUE sorghums had greater yields than low NUE types averaged over N levels only in 1994 since Naga White, a high NUE type, did not reach maturity in 1993. There was no difference in the linear response to N between these two groups. A linear increase in grain yield with increasing N rate was significantly greater for hybrids than lines. The results suggest that specific selection for high NUE sorghums will not diminish responsiveness to applied N.     

Mineralization of soil organic nitrogen solubilized by aqua ammonia fertilizer

Organic N solubilized by NH_3(aq) was extracted from ¹⁵N-labelled or unlabelled soil, concentrated and added to non-extracted soil, which was incubated under aerobic conditions at 27±1°C. Gross N mineralization, gross N immobilization, and nitrification in soils with or without addition of unlabelled soluble organic N were estimated by models based on the dilution of the NH ₄ ⁺ or NO _inf3 ^sup- pools, which were labelled with ¹⁵N at the beginning of incubation. Mineralization of labelled organic N was measured by the appearance of label in the mineral N pool. Although gross N mineralization and gross N immobilization were increased in two soils between day 0 and day 7 following addition of unlabelled organic N solubilized by NH_3(aq), there was no increase in net N mineralization. Solubilization of ¹⁵N-labelled organic N increased and the ¹⁵N enrichment of the soluble organic N decereased as the concentration of NH_3(aq) added increased. A constant proportion of approximately one-quarter of the labelled organic N added at different rates to non-extracted soil was recovered in the mineral N pool after an incubation period of 14 days, and the availability ratios calculated from net N mineralization data were 1.1:1 and 2.1:1 for 111 and 186 mg added organic-N kg^-1 soil, respectively, indicating that the mineralization of organic N was increased by solubilization.     

复混缓释专用肥不同用量对玉米生长发育及肥料利用效率的影响

为筛选出玉米覆膜栽培条件最佳缓释专用肥用量,促进轻简化高效施肥技术推广,试验设缓释专用肥不同用量900 kg·hm-2(ZF900)、1 200 kg·hm-2(ZF1200)和1 500 kg·hm-2(ZF1500)、测土配方推荐组合(OPT)和不施肥处理(CK)5个处理,通过大田试验研究了玉米复混缓释专用肥料不同...     

The application timing of nitrogen fertilizer

This paper is concerned with factors affecting a farmer's decision concerning the timing of nitrogen ferilizer application. These factors include the expected nitrogen loss associated with different application times, the expected seasonal fluctuations in nitrogen fertilizer prices and operating costs, and the perceived risk of not being able to apply nitrogen fertilizer during the growing season. This paper shows that a split application of nitrogen fertilizer is an optimal strategy for both risk-neutral and risk-averse cotton farmers in the United States if there is a possibility that they may be unable to apply nitrogen fertilizer after planting. Furthermore, a risk-averse cotton farmer relative to a risk neutral farmer will apply more nitrogen fertilizer prior to planting.The authors are with the Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the policies of the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the views of other U.S. Department of Agriculture staff members. They would like to thank the anonymous referees for useful suggestions. Senior authorship is not assigned.     

Steam-blanched highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) juice: phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity in relation to cultivar selection

High-quality standards in blueberry juice can be obtained only taking into account fruit compositional variability and its preservation along the processing chain. In this work, five highbush blueberry cultivars from the same environmental growing conditions were individually processed into juice after an initial blanching step and the influence was studied of the cultivar on juice phenolic content, distribution and relative antioxidant activity, measured as scavenging capacity on the artificial free-radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*). A chromatographic protocol was developed to separate all main phenolic compounds in berries. A total of 15 glycosylated anthocyanins, catechin, galactoside, glucoside, and rhamnoside quercetin 3-derivatives, and main benzoic and cinnamic acids were identified. The total content and relative distribution in anthocyanins, chlorogenic acid, and quercetin of each juice were dependent upon cultivar, and the total content was highly correlated (rxy=0.97) to the antioxidant capacity. A selective protective effect of berry blanching in juice processing can be observed on more labile anthocyanin compounds.     

施锌对玉米氮磷钾肥料利用率、产量及籽粒品质的影响

施用ZnO 4.2kg/hm~2对玉米N、K元素的吸收利用存在极显著协和作用,可分别提高N、K肥料利用率35.84％和141.07％,增产7.63％,籽粒蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉和全糖含量分别增加5.63％、5.37％、2.69％和2.29％。Zn对P的吸收利用是拮抗作用,施Zn肥显著降低P肥利用率。     

Quantitative effects of soil depth and soil and fertilizer nitrogen on nitrogen uptake by tall fescue and switchgrass

Abstract

In semi‐arid regions, soil depth influences soil N uptake, but not ferilizer N uptake. How soil depth interacts with soil and fertilzer N to influence N uptake in humid regions is not known. The objective was to determine the relative importance of soil depth and soil and fertilizer N uptake, by forage grasses. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) were grown on soils of varying depths. Nitrogen rates are 0, 90, and 180 kgN/ha of ¹⁵N depleted (NH₄)SO₄ applied in a split application on fescue and in one aplication to switchgrass. Total N and fertilizer N uptake, were regressed against fertilizer N, variables related to soil depth (waterholding capacity (WC), water use (WU), water loss (WL), and total soil N (SN). Soil variables explained 28% of the accoutable variation in total N uptake by first cut fescue but only 10% by second cut fescue. Soil variables explained 11% of the accountable variation in fertilizer N uptake by first cut fescue and none by the seoond. Soil variables explained 40% of the accountable variation in the total N uptake, by switchgrass, but only 10% of the variation in the fertilizer N uptake. Only where soil depth was less than 90 cm did it have a significant effect on the fertilizer N uptake by first cut fescue. Soil depth had no significant effect on the uptake, of fertilizer N by second cut fescue or switchgrass.     

氮肥运筹对晚稻产量和氮素利用率的影响

用杂交水稻中优679为试验材料,研究氮肥运筹对晚稻产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,在目标产量7 500 kg/hm2,总施氮量150 kg/hm2条件下氮肥运筹不同处理中,以基蘖肥∶穗肥=6∶4且基肥采用碳铵深施方式,其实际产量、齐穗后干物质生产量、成熟期干物质积累量、氮素利用率等均为最高。     

控释肥对夏玉米碳、氮代谢的影响

以夏玉米杂交种豫单998为材料,研究3种控释肥对夏玉米碳、氮代谢的影响。结果表明,在等养分量条件下,与常规施肥技术相比,3种控释肥均能有效协调吐丝期至成熟期植株体碳、氮代谢,叶片可溶性蛋白的含量增加2.20%1~0.39%,硝酸还原酶(NR)活性提高3.22%3~2.10%,植株叶片和茎鞘可溶性总糖分别增加6.78%4~6.71%和1.26%3~5.99%,全氮含量分别增加0.50%1~0.69%和1.09%4~1.92%;而可溶性总糖和氮素转运率均小于常规施肥。说明控释肥能较好满足夏玉米在吐丝期至成熟期生长需要,协调其碳、氮代谢,其中以硫加树脂包膜控释肥效果较好。     

Quantifying soil nitrogen mineralization to improve fertilizer nitrogen management of sugarcane

Intensive use of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers for sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) production presents environmental challenges for water and air quality as well as impacts profitability for producers. Central to these concerns is a widespread reliance on yield-based recommendations that invoke generic models of crop N response but lack any means to account for variations in soil N-supplying power, a critical determinant of fertilizer N need for cereal, fiber, and tuber crops. The work reported herein was designed to ascertain the impact of soil N mineralization on sugarcane response to N fertilization and was carried out in conjunction with eight N-response trials conducted between 2006 and 2010 at field sites in the largest sugarcane-cultivated area in Brazil. Soil samples were utilized in categorizing the sites as highly responsive, moderately responsive, or nonresponsive to fertilizer N, based on two chemical indices of soil N availability, the Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test (ISNT) and direct steam distillation (DSD), and assessments of (1) net mineralization during aerobic incubation for 12 weeks and (2) incubation-induced changes in soil N fractions obtained by acid (total hydrolyzable N, hydrolyzable NH₄ ⁺-N, amino sugar N, and amino acid N) or alkaline (ISNT-N) hydrolysis. Sugarcane varied widely in response to N fertilization, indicating that yield-based recommendations would often under- or overestimate N requirement and thus adversely impact sustainability of sugarcane-based ethanol production. In studies to evaluate feasibility of soil N testing to improve fertilizer N recommendations, mineral N production upon aerobic incubation was accompanied by significant decreases in hydrolyzable NH₄ ⁺-N and ISNT-N, indicating that both fractions were liberating mineralizable forms of soil N. Test values by the ISNT and DSD were highly correlated, and both showed promise for differentiating soil responsiveness to fertilizer N.     

添加生物黑炭对玉米产量、品质、肥料利用率及氮磷径流损失的影响

为了寻找一种既能使作物高产、优质又环境友好的施肥模式,在天然降雨条件下,通过田间小区试验,研究了5种不同施肥模式(不施肥、纯施化肥、生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭)对玉米产量、品质、肥料利用率及氮磷径流损失的影响。结果表明:与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施和有机无机肥配施对玉米产量无明显影响,有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭可使玉米产量显著提高21.14%;与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭均可提高粗蛋白含量和氮、磷肥利用率,其中对粗蛋白含量提高幅度为12.14%~19.64%,并以有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭对其提高幅度最大;与纯施化肥相比,生物黑炭与化肥共施、有机无机肥配施、有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭均可显著减少氮、磷径流损失量,降幅分别为30.47%~59.69%和12.08%~31.22%,其中,有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭的氮素径流损失降幅最大,生物黑炭与化肥共施的磷素径流损失降幅最大。因此,从提高玉米产量、品质,氮、磷肥利用率以及减少土壤氮、磷径流损失的角度综合考虑,在旱地作物种植施肥模式中推荐有机无机肥配施添加生物黑炭施肥模式。