木醋液对Cd污染石灰性土壤理化性质及Cd形态转化的影响

为寻找可行的强化Cd污染土壤植物修复的方法,通过室内培养试验,设置7个不同稀释梯度木醋液添加处理,研究木醋液对石灰性重金属污染土壤的理化性质、酶活性和Cd形态的影响。结果表明:随木醋液浓度升高,土壤pH逐渐降低,EC(除原液外)无明显变化。土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量较CK分别增加0.35%~66.64%,9.74%~96.10%,31.71%~56.64%,8.34%~30.87%。稀释10~100倍土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性明显增加,而稀释5倍和木醋液原液处理土壤酶活性显著被抑制(P＜0.05)。土壤可交换态Cd含量除稀释5倍处理外较CK均[JP]显著升高(P＜0.05),增加24.69%~72.40%。各处理Cd的碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物态及有机物结合态含量较CK均升高,分别为6.67%~196.70%,16.24%~80.09%,31.51%~70.32%。Cd残渣态含量与CK相比均显著降低,降幅为45.88%~59.93%(P＜0.05)。综上所述,添加适宜浓度的木醋液可提高土壤养分含量和酶活性,促进残渣态Cd向其他形态转化。     

石灰组配土壤改良剂抑制污染农田水稻镉吸收

为达有效地调控污染稻田水稻糙米对Cd吸收,该研究选取湖南省长株潭地区的湘潭、醴陵和株洲3处不同Cd污染程度田块,研究石灰配施海泡石、钙镁磷肥、有机肥对水稻Cd吸收和累积的影响。结果表明,施用石灰及其组配改良剂均可明显提高土壤pH值,有效降低土壤中酸提取态Cd含量和水稻中Cd含量。与不施用改良剂相比,石灰配施海泡石或有机肥、配施海泡石和有机肥,Cd污染稻田土壤pH值平均升高1.08,0.96和0.93个单位,酸提取态Cd质量分数分别平均降低20.6%,15.6%和21.2%。石灰配施海泡石、有机肥或钙镁磷肥处理下在轻度Cd污染田块中糙米Cd含量较对照分别显著降低了48.3%,46.7%和34.2%,石灰配施有机肥、钙镁磷肥或钙镁磷肥和有机肥处理下在中度Cd污染田块中糙米Cd含量较对照分别显著降低了52.8%,47.8%和37.5%,石灰配施钙镁磷肥和有机肥、有机肥或海泡石处理下在重度Cd污染田块中糙米Cd含量较对照分别显著降低了51.2%,44.6%和42.5%,均低于食品安全国家标准中糙米限量值0.2 mg/kg(GB2762-2017)。相关分析表明,土壤中酸提取态Cd含量与水稻根、茎叶和糙米中Cd含量呈显著正相关关系(P0.05),说明土壤酸提取态Cd含量是影响糙米对Cd吸收的关键因素之一。上述结果说明,石灰配施海泡石、有机肥或钙镁磷肥+有机肥可有效调控污染稻田土壤中Cd进入水稻,实现水稻安全生产。     

施肥对石灰性土壤磷素形态的影响

用石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法,研究了施肥对土壤无机磷形态变化的影响。     

不同有机物料与石灰对小麦吸收镉的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了在镉污染土壤上不同有机物料、石灰及有机物料与石灰配合施用对小麦生长和吸收重金属镉的影响。结果表明,施用猪粪能显著增加小麦产量,小麦产量随猪粪用量的增加而增加;石灰用量超过一定数值后则显著降低小麦产量;而其他处理对小麦产量的增、减作用不显著。施用高量猪粪(Z4)或石灰+低量猪粪(Z2)能显著降低小麦对镉的吸收,使籽粒的镉浓度降至国家食品镉污染限量标准(GB2762-2005)以下。所有石灰+机物料处理都比对照处理明显降低小麦籽粒和秸秆中的镉,但籽粒中的镉浓度都未达到国家食品镉污染限量标准。在受重金属Cd污染土壤上施用高量猪粪或猪粪配施石灰,表现为显著的负交互作用,对控制小麦对镉的吸收以及从秸秆向籽粒的转移,都有显著的效果。石灰与泥炭或活性炭配合施用表现为正的交互作用,会在一定程度上促进小麦对镉的吸收。     

石灰和磷酸盐结合稳定石灰性重金属污染土壤的研究

为了探讨磷酸盐和石灰对重金属污染土壤的稳定效果,采用铅冶炼污染石灰性土壤(镉、铜、铅和锌全量分别为4.12、81.0、455和115 mg·kg-1)、设置磷酸盐和3个不同石灰用量及磷酸盐和石灰同时施用及间隔15 d施用的处理,培养后测定土壤性质。结果表明,两种添加剂间隔15 d施用且石灰用量为250和500 mg·kg-1时,土壤pH和磷有效性均高于同时施用处理。两种添加剂间隔15 d施用时,土壤镉有效性显著低于二者同时施用时(P<0.05,低6.63%～11.82%)、土壤锌有效性显著高于同时加入的处理(P<0.05,高17.64%～28.39%)。两种添加剂的不同施用方式对土壤铅和铜的有效性影响较小。石灰用量为1000 mg·kg-1且两种添加剂间隔15 d施用时,土壤镉和铅有效性最低。以上说明,对于石灰性镉污染土壤,磷酸盐和石灰的施用方式对土壤镉的稳定效果存在重要影响。     

石灰和硅肥对非污染土壤Cd有效性和花生Cd含量的影响

本文研究了花生盆栽过程中,不同用量石灰及石灰、硅肥配施对非污染土壤有效态Cd和花生籽仁Cd含量的影响。结果表明：（1）在常规施肥条件下,施用石灰及石灰、硅肥配施均能显著提高土壤pH值,同时使得花生叶片细胞膜透性具有降低的趋势;石灰施用量为0.67g·kg-1土时的土壤有效态Cd含量降低了12.6%（显著低于CK）,而石灰、硅肥配施组合对降低土壤有效Cd含量的作用不显著,可能与硅肥中Cd含量较高有关。（2）不同石灰施用量均有降低花生籽仁中Cd含量的趋势,其中石灰施用量为0.67g·kg-1土时花生籽仁Cd含量比CK降低26.1%;但石灰、硅肥配施对降低花生籽仁Cd含量的作用不显著。（3）花生籽仁Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd含量达正相关显著水平,表明土壤Cd有效性是影响花生籽仁Cd含量的主要原因。     

MTBE和Cd复合作用对土壤酶活性和小麦吸收重金属的影响

采用盆栽试验研究不同浓度(0,5,10,50,100,200,300,400,500mg/kg)的MTBE和相同浓度系列MTBE与Cd(5 mg/kg)复合作用对土壤酶活性的影响以及复合作用对小麦吸收重金属的影响.结果表明:MTBE作用下土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性表现出先增高后降低的趋势,在MTBE浓度为50mg/kg时,3种土壤酶活性达到最高值,与对照相比分别提高了14.7％,4.2％,10.1％;复合作用下3种土壤酶活性表现出先降低然后升高再降低的趋势,在MTBE浓度为10mg/kg时与对照相比分别降低了17.2％,8.7％,14.0％;在MTBE浓度为50 mg/kg时,可以缓解重金属对3种土壤酶活性的抑制作用,但酶活性仍低于空白组;在MTBE浓度为200,300,400,500mg/kg时,2种物质的复合作用抑制了3种酶的活性;复合作用对土壤酶活性的抑制比MTBE作用要明显;复合作用下小麦中重金属含量表现出增高的趋势,这说明MTBE增加了Cd的可迁移性,从而使土壤中的Cd含量降低.     

磷锌配施对石灰性土壤磷锌有效性及小麦对其吸收分配的影响

针对磷锌在土壤-植物系统中复杂的交互作用,本文采用盆栽试验,研究了磷锌配施对石灰性土壤中磷锌有效性及小麦对其吸收分配的影响。结果表明,施锌明显增加了土壤中DTPA提取态锌含量,土壤中DTPA提取态锌含量随着施磷水平的提高逐渐增加;施磷明显增加了土壤中速效磷含量,在相同施磷水平下,土壤中速效磷含量随施锌量的增加而增加;施锌提高了小麦茎叶和籽粒锌含量,且在各施锌背景下随施磷量的增加明显地降低了小麦茎叶中锌含量,但提高了籽粒中锌含量。施磷提高了小麦茎叶和籽粒磷含量。在低磷水平(不施磷和施21.82 mg kg-1)时,施锌对茎叶中磷含量的提高作用明显,且随施锌浓度的提高而提高,但籽粒中磷含量逐渐降低;而在高磷水平(174.56 mg kg-1)下,施锌则降低了小麦植株茎叶中磷含量,而籽粒中磷含量却随施锌水平的提高而提高。因此,石灰性土壤中施磷肥提高了土壤中锌的有效性,而锌也提高了磷的有效性,同时发现施磷降低了小麦茎叶中锌含量,促进了锌元素从植株向籽粒的运输,增加了小麦籽粒中锌含量,但是在低磷条件下,施锌提高了茎叶磷含量,却降低了籽粒磷含量,而在高磷条件下,施锌降低了茎叶磷含量,提高了籽粒含量。     

三种肥料对镉污染土壤中小白菜吸收镉的影响

为了评价施用不同肥料对小白菜富集污染土壤镉的效果,通过盆栽试验研究普通复合肥、有机肥和缓释氮肥3种肥料及其不同用量对小白菜在镉污染土壤中吸收镉的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,施用肥料增强了小白菜对镉的吸收。施用普通复合肥的处理富集镉的效果最高,其次是施用缓释氮肥和有机肥的处理。根部镉含量分别提高了23.80%~26.53%、19.93%~21.48%和10.17%~15.88%。小白菜地上部Cd含量分别提高了11.79%~25.47%(普通复合肥)、9.49%~13.82%(缓释氮肥),而施有机肥降低了小白菜地上部Cd含量。在所有种植(包括施肥和未施肥的)的小白菜中,根部镉含量明显高于地上部分,是地上部分镉含量的2.28~2.74倍。同时,肥料施用增加了小白菜对镉的富集系数,根部的富集系数是茎叶的2倍左右。施用普通复合肥和缓释氮肥增加了土壤有效态镉含量,分别增加了12.16%~39.64%和1.35%~18.92%;施用有机肥降低了土壤有效态镉含量,分别降低了16.22%和7.66%。研究结果对小白菜修复镉污染的土壤具有重要的理论意义和借鉴价值。     

Effect of soil application of cadmium contaminated lime on soil cadmium distribution and cadmium concentration in strawberry leaves and fruit

Heavy metal environmental pollution which occurs as a result of lime contaminated with cadmium (Cd) poses a potential health hazard. This investigation was undertaken to study uptake of Cd by strawberry plants grown in soil amended with three different sources and two different rates of industry waste lime containing 3.4, 14.3, and 60.0 mg Cd/kg, respectively. The effects of Cd applied to the soil were investigated, including its distribution in the soil and effect on Cd concentration in strawberry cv. Senga Sengana (Fragaria anassa) leaves and fruit in response to soil organic matter content and lime rates. Cadmium accumulated mainly in the plough layer, increasing from 0.170 mg Cd/kg (background level) to a maximum of 1.2 mg Cd/kg. Fruit had very high, hazardous Cd concentrations regardless of its content in the soil. This indicates that Cd was easily taken up by strawberry plants and accumulated in upper plant parts, including the fruit. Soil Cd content had no effect on concentration of this element in strawberry fruit. However, plant Cd uptake and fruit concentration was increased in acid soils even when soil Cd concentration was low.     

稻壳和稻壳生物炭对镉污染土壤肥力及镉有效性的影响

在镉(Cd)污染土壤中添加等碳量的稻壳及稻壳生物炭,研究不同材料对Cd污染土壤理化性质、肥力、酶活性及重金属Cd有效态含量的影响。共设置4个处理组,未被Cd污染土壤(CK)、Cd污染土壤(CD)、添加2%生物炭的Cd污染土壤(BO)、添加等碳量的稻壳Cd污染土壤(DK)。试验结果表明,BO和DK组的土壤总有机碳含量较CD组分别提高10.05%和5.02%,DK组的可溶性有机碳含量在第60 d,比CD组高出43.90%,BO组培养第90 d时,比CD组高13.00%;BO组的碱解氮含量对比CD显著降低,DK组的碱解氮含量对比CD组显著升高。不同处理组对酶活性有不同影响,第45 d时,BO和DK组的脲酶活性较CD组显著提高,分别提高10.14%和8.61%;施加稻壳和稻壳生物炭均能显著提高土壤中的蔗糖酶活性,但BO组显著低于DK组。不同处理对土壤理化性质有不同的影响,DK和BO组均显著提升土壤的孔隙度、初始孔隙比和土壤中砂粒、黏粒的比例;土壤重金属有效态试验结果表明,DK组中Cd污染土壤中的酸可提取态Cd的含量显著降低。对比施入稻壳生物炭,施加稻壳能够短期提升土壤肥力;生物炭和稻壳均能提升土壤的孔隙度和比重,使土壤中的黏粒占比上升;稻壳生物炭及稻壳均能缓解Cd对酶活性的抑制作用;相比生物炭而言,稻壳更能显著降低土壤中酸提取态的Cd含量。     

水分管理和施用石灰对水稻镉吸收与运移的影响

通过田间试验,研究了间歇灌溉和全生育期淹水2种水分管理结合水稻分蘖期施用石灰对不同水稻生育期的土壤和水稻各组织中Cd分布与运移的影响。研究结果表明,全生育淹水和施用石灰均能升高土壤p H值,降低土壤中有效态Cd含量;施用石灰能降低土壤中酸可提取态Cd所占比例而残渣态所占比例增加。在全生育期淹水条件下施用石灰有利于改善土壤性状并提高土壤中Fe质量百分含量。与不施用石灰相比,在间歇灌溉条件下,施用石灰处理的糙米中Cd质量分数从0.86 mg/kg降低到0.56 mg/kg,而在全生育期淹水条件下,施用石灰处理的糙米中Cd质量分数从0.77 mg/kg降低到0.34 mg/kg;无论间歇灌溉还是全淹水处理条件下,施用石灰均增加了水稻总生物量。施用石灰后,在灌浆期,水稻茎叶中Cd的富集系数显著降低(P0.05);在成熟期,根和稻米中Cd的富集系数显著降低(P0.05);在全生育期淹水条件下,成熟期水稻根到茎叶转运系数和茎叶到米中转运系数均显著降低(P0.05)。水稻糙米中Cd含量与土壤中有效态Cd含量、水稻地上部Cd累积量呈显著正相关,与土壤p H值呈显著负相关。上述研究结果表明,施用石灰能够显著降低稻田土壤中Cd的生物有效性;采用全生育期淹水结合在分蘖期施用石灰是降低稻米中Cd含量有效措施且不会导致水稻减产。     

施用预处理稻秆的土壤供氮特征及对冬小麦氮吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了经过预处理的水稻秸秆(预处理稻秆)施入土壤后对土壤的供氮特征及小麦氮营养的影响。研究结果表明,稻秆经过预处理后,纤维素、半纤维素以及二氧化硅比原始稻秆都有所降低,而可溶性物质增加;施用时配施无机氮肥,小麦全生育期内土壤微生物量N和矿质态N平均分别比对照(纯土壤)提高232.3%和66.0%,小麦干物重和吸收总氮量分别比对照高56.3%和124.3%,并优于未经处理的原始秸秆及单施尿素处理。可见处理秸秆配施尿素能够显著改善土壤的供氮状况,促进小麦对氮素的吸收,增加小麦产量,提高化学肥料氮的利用率。     

Effect of soil cadmium concentration on three Chilean durum wheat cultivars in four environments

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) is a species that accumulates cadmium (Cd). Durum wheat cultivars differ in their absorption ability of Cd; therefore, identifying and selecting genetic material with low Cd accumulation reduces human exposure to this toxic element. In the present study, Cd concentration was evaluated in three Chilean durum wheat cultivars (Llareta-INIA, Corcolén-INIA, and Lleuque-INIA) grown in four Chilean locations with varying concentrations of Cd in soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of these durum wheat cultivars to different doses of cadmium in terms of grain yield; Cd concentration in different plant tissues (grain, straw, roots); soil Cd concentration was also evaluated. Results show that grain yield was not affected by soil Cd; differences in Cd concentration in plant tissues were generally associated with location, cultivar, and soil Cd concentration. Grain Cd concentration in all three cultivars was classified in the low accumulation category for this metal; ‘Lleuque-INIA’ noted as having a very low accumulation.     

不同发酵饼粕对土壤镉形态及烤烟镉含量的影响

为揭示发酵饼粕对植烟土壤镉形态及烤烟镉含量的影响,以烤烟品种云烟87为材料并采用欧共体标准局(BCR)方法,研究了4种发酵饼粕分别作基肥或追施,对改变土壤镉形态和消减烤烟镉含量的作用效果。结果表明,基肥中加入或追施发酵茶粕可使土壤中易被烟株吸收的弱酸提取态镉含量分别降低33.49%和42.08%,使土壤中不能被烟株吸收的残渣态及可还原态镉含量分别增加32.87%和38.19%;加入基肥或追施发酵菜粕使土壤弱酸提取态镉含量下降24.77%,可还原态与残渣态镉增加25.60%;发酵棉粕和芝麻粕固定土壤镉的效果较差。追施发酵菜粕可使初烤烟叶镉含量减少50.44%;在基肥中加入发酵菜粕和茶粕可分别减少初烤烟叶镉含量40.88%和38.36%,其降低初烤烟叶镉含量的效果明显好于发酵棉粕和芝麻粕。     

腐植酸改良铜污染土壤对小麦生长与吸收利用养分的影响

为了评价腐植酸对铜污染土壤的改良效果,以冬小麦为研究对象,设置施加铜和腐植酸双因素田间盆栽试验,研究成熟期小麦的干物质积累与分配以及对氮、磷、铜素的吸收与利用。结果表明:(1)铜污染土壤中小麦器官的生长受到抑制,总生物量显著降低28.7%～66.9%;小麦吸收氮、磷量分别显著降低18.4%～61.5%、9.6%～65.5%,氮、磷素收获指数显著下降;尽管铜污染使小麦对铜素的吸收量显著增加40.5%～115.2%,但茎向叶和穗的迁移系数下降,使得收获指数无变化。(2)施用腐植酸明显改善铜污染造成的小麦根、茎、穗生长受到的抑制,缓解小麦吸收氮、磷素减少的不利影响;相比铜污染处理,腐植酸低(20g/kg干土)和高(40g/kg干土)用量可使小麦生物量分别提高25.0%和115.6%,促进小麦对氮(22.6%～111.9%)、磷(28.3%～161.9%)的吸收并提高氮、磷素的收获指数。高腐植酸用量更有助于小麦抵抗铜污染危害胁迫。(3)增施腐植酸能使小麦铜素收获指数显著降低7.2%～9.0%,但会显著增加铜素由茎向叶(12.2%～30.7%)和由茎向穗(46.8%～71.9%)的迁移,导致铜在穗中的积累量增加。由此可见,施用腐植酸改良铜污染土壤的农用效果仍需要进一步研究。     

石灰、活性炭对镉污染土壤的修复效果研究

通过模拟铬(Cr,0～300 mg kg-1)污染土壤盆栽试验,研究石灰、活性炭及石灰+活性炭对铬胁迫下小白菜生长状况的影响及对铬污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明:受铬污染的土壤明显使小白菜受到毒害,但经石灰(L1、L2)、活性炭(C2、C3)及石灰+活性炭(L1C1、L2C2)处理均缓解了重金属的毒害症状,显著促进小白菜的生长,生物量较对照提高1～2倍(p<0.05)。3种改良剂相比,在相同Cr浓度处理下,活性炭对降低污染土壤中有效态铬的效果最好,与CK相比,有效态铬的含量降低至0.086 mg kg-1,降幅达77.36%。相关分析表明:小白菜叶部铬含量和根部铬含量与土壤有效态铬含量表现出显著的正相关(p<0.01),土壤pH与土壤有效态铬含量之间呈负相关(p<0.05),所以在铬污染的土壤中,可以提高土壤的pH,以减小土壤铬的植物有效性,使其向植物迁移的风险减小。     

Effects of soil amendments on antimony uptake by wheat

Purpose

Environmental chemistry of antimony (Sb) is still largely unknown. Many questions remain about its availability to plants and effects of fertilizers on mobility of Sb in the rhizosphere soil. In this work, we focused on the following problems: (1) uptake of Sb by wheat seedlings grown in soil enriched with this metalloid and (2) impact of soil amendments on the plant growth, Sb uptake from soil, and its transfer from roots to upper plant parts.

Materials and methods

To obtain further information on the possible transfer of Sb into plants, greenhouse pot experiments were carried out. Soil was spiked with 15 mg kg^?1 of Sb and amended with either chicken manure or natural growth stimulator Energen. Wheat Triticum aestivum L. seedlings were grown in the soil during 17 days. Plants together with rhizosphere soil were collected several times in the course of the experiment. The ICP-OES and ICP-MS techniques were applied to determine the concentrations of macro- and trace elements in the plant and soil material.

Results and discussion

Growth of wheat seedlings in Sb-spiked soil resulted in Sb accumulation in roots and leaves of the plants. Energen and especially chicken manure were capable of stimulating transfer of Sb to more mobile and, as a consequence, more available to the plants form, thus enhancing both uptake of Sb from soil and its transfer from roots to upper plant parts. The accumulation of Sb by plants led to a decrease of Sb concentration in the rhizosphere soil with time, and the most significant decrease was observed after amendment of soil with fertilizers.

Conclusions

Fertilizers may be used to increase phytoextraction of Sb and its removal from contaminated soils. However, such an amendment of soil should be done with caution in order to exclude or at least reduce the negative effects on plants.