PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF SPRING DURUM WHEAT GENOTYPES TO SALINITY

Soil salinity is a serious threat in many parts of Iran, which negatively affects plant production. In order to investigate response of durum wheat to salinity, two genotypes, ‘Turkey 506’ (salt tolerant) and ‘Egypt 557’ (salt sensitive), were grown in hydroponic conditions, exposed to various salt levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mmol NaCl) in a split split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications of each treatment. Salinity stress decreased relative water content (RWC), potassium content, potassium/sodium ratio, chlorophyll a (chla), chlorophyll b (chlb), and total chlorophyll contents, efficiency of photosystem II (F_v/F_m) and membrane stability index (MSI), and increased sodium, proline and soluble sugars concentrations and ratio of chla/chlb in both genotypes. The decrease in RWC, chla, chlb, F_v/F_m, and MSI were significantly higher in ‘Egypt 557’ than ‘Turkey 506’. ‘Turkey 506’ showed higher content of potassium, potassium/sodium ratio, proline, and soluble sugar concentrations as well as lower sodium content as compared with ‘Egypt 557’. The salinity tolerance of ‘Turkey 506’ is associated with higher RWC, potassium content, osmolyte concentrations, chlorophyll contents, F_v/F_m ratio, and maybe more vacuole sequestration of sodium.     

EFFECT OF MIXED-SALT SALINITY ON GROWTH AND ION RELATIONS OF A QUINOA AND A WHEAT VARIETY

ABSTRACT

Salinity is among the most widespread and prevalent problems in irrigated agriculture. Many members of the family Chenopodiaceae are classified as salt tolerant. One member of this family, which is of increasing interest, is quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) which is able to grow on poorer soils. Salinity sensitivity studies of quinoa were conducted in the greenhouse on the cultivar, “Andean Hybrid” to determine if quinoa had useful mechanisms for salt tolerant studies. For salt treatment we used a salinity composition that would occur in a typical soil in the San Joaquin Valley of California using drainage waters for irrigation. Salinity treatments (EC_i ) ranging from 3, 7, 11, to 19?dS?m^?1 were achieved by adding MgSO₄, Na₂SO₄, NaCl, and CaCl₂ to the base nutrient solution. These salts were added incrementally over a four-day period to avoid osmotic shock to the seedlings. The base nutrient solution without added salt served as the non-saline control solution (3?dS?m^?1). Solution pH was uncontrolled and ranged from 7.7 to 8.0. For comparative purposes, we also examined Yecora Rojo, a semi-dwarf wheat, Triticum aestivum L. With respect to salinity effects on growth in quinoa, we found no significant reduction in plant height or fresh weight until the electrical conductivity exceeded 11?dS?m^?1. The growth was characteristic of a halophyte with a significant increase in leaf area at 11?dS?m^?1 as compared with 3?dS?m^?1 controls. As to wheat, plant fresh and dry weight, canopy height, and leaf area did not differ between controls (3?dS?m^?1) and plants grown at 7?dS?m^?1. Beyond this threshold, however, plant growth declined. While both quinoa and wheat exhibited increasing Na⁺ accumulation with increasing salinity levels, the percentage increase was greater in wheat. Examination of ion ratios indicated that K⁺:Na⁺ ratio decreased with increasing salinity in both species. The decrease was more dramatic in wheat. A similar observation was also made with respect to the Ca²⁺:Na⁺ ratios. However, a difference between the two species was found with respect to changes in the level of K⁺ in the plant. In quinoa, leaf K⁺ levels measured at 19?dS?m^?1 had decreased by only 7% compared with controls. Stem K⁺ levels were not significantly affected. In wheat, shoot K⁺ levels had decreased by almost 40% at 19?dS?m^?1. Correlated with these findings, we measured no change in the K⁺:Na⁺ selectivity with increasing salinity in quinoa leaves and only a small increase in stems. In wheat however, K⁺:Na⁺ selectivity at 3?dS?m^?1 was much higher than in quinoa and decreased significantly across the four salinity levels tested. A similar situation was also noted with Ca²⁺:Na⁺ selectivity. We concluded that the greater salt tolerance found in quinoa relative to wheat may be due to a variety of mechanisms.     

EFFECTS OF PHYTOHORMONES ON PROLINE CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES OF VARIOUS WHEAT CULTIVARS UNDER SALINITY STRESS

Salinity stress is one of the important agricultural problems in the world. A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytohormones (gibberellic acid and abscisic acid) on the activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase), rubisco activity and content, and proline in three wheat cultivars (Gascogen, Zagros, and Kuhdasht) under control and salinity stress (3.5 and 7 dS m^?1). The results showed that salinity stress (3.5 and 7 dS m^?1) decreased the activity of catalase, rubisco, carboxylase, but increased peroxidase, superoxide dismutase activity and proline content. Gibberellic acid caused 58.03% increased in rubisco carboxylase activity in Zagros at 7 dS m^?1 in comparison with abscisic acid under salinity stress compared with the control plants in Kuhdasht. Activity of superoxide dismutase in Kuhdasht cultivar at 7 dS m^?1 salinity level showed 76.43% increased in Gascogen under salinity stress compared with the control plants with gibberellic acid application. The highest proline content as an osmolyte was found in Zagros at 7 dS m^?1 salinity level with abscisic acid (194 μmol g^?1 DM) application. Peroxidase activity increased 83.31% and catalase activity decreased 61.27% compared with the control plants in Zagros. Gibberellic acid application significantly prevented reduction in rubisco content under salinity stress. In conclusion, increased in peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity and proline content decreased the adverse effects of salinity stress on studied cultivars. Also, the foliage spray of gibberellic acid enhanced and improved the growth condition. In this experiment, Zagros cultivar showed more tolerance to salinity stress than the other two cultivars.     

种子引发对NaCl胁迫下小麦幼苗生理特性的影响

以耐盐性强的晋农207和耐盐性弱的运麦218两个冬小麦品种种子为试材,用20%的PEG及100mmol/L的KNO3水溶液对种子进行引发处理.研究模拟NaCl胁迫环境下引发处理对小麦种子发芽、幼苗耐盐性及幼苗生理特性的影响.结果表明:两种引发处理不同程度地提高了2个品种小麦的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数;使2个小...     

春小麦航天育种效果的研究

将小麦纯系种子用硼酸溶液和水浸泡后进行航天诱变处理。研究表明 ,航天处理对种子发芽、出苗和生长有明显的促进作用 ,第 2代农艺性状具有广泛变异 ,而且正向变异较多 ,为后代选择提供了更多机遇。选出了 5个高产、抗病、优质的小麦新品系 ,其中 97- 5 1 99已进入生产试验     

EFFECT OF SALINITY AND EXOGENOUSLY APPLIED POLYAMINES ON GROWTH AND ION RELATIONS IN SPINACH

ABSTRACT

It has been suggested that polyamines are involved in many growth and development processes in plants and may serve as growth regulators. These nitrogenous compounds have been shown to be involved in cell division, nucleic acid and proteins synthesis, and normal senescence. It is thought by some that polyamines may be involved in the plant's mechanistic response to stress. More importantly, some reports indicate that exogenously applied polyamines can overcome the growth reduction brought about by salinity stress. In this report, growth studies were performed on to examine the effect of exogenously applied putrescine, spermidine, and spermine on the alleviation of salinity stress. Spinacia oleracea, L. cv. Space was chosen since much of our understanding of the sugar metabolism needed for growth has been derived from this plant. Polyamines were applied in a manner used in earlier reports, i.e., foliar spray. The effect of salinity and polyamines on leaf number, leaf area, fresh and dry weight was observed. Our analysis showed that putrescine and spermine had no significant effect on plant growth throughout the range of salinities studied (2 to 11.7?dS?m^?1). Spermidine slightly decreased growth. Further studies on ion uptake indicated that none of the polyamines tested had a significant effect on plant ion content. While we failed to document any growth response to putrescine or spermine treatment, we did find a significant reduction of growth as salinity increased in the irrigation water. Further analysis of the ion data indicated that K⁺:Na⁺ selectivity significantly increased with increasing salinity. This preferential increased influx of K⁺ ions may be an important mechanism by which spinach maintains low Na⁺ tissue levels relative to external concentrations. Additionally, Ca²⁺:Na⁺ selectivity as measured by the Gapon constant, K _g , greatly increased. Conversely, Ca²⁺:Mg²⁺ selectivity decreased resulting in an increase in Mg²⁺ tissue concentrations. Our results are discussed in terms of possible salt tolerance mechanisms in spinach as they relate to the preferential uptake of specific nutrient ions from saline irrigation waters.     

施氮量对间作玉米土壤硝态氮累积量及氮肥利用率的影响

通过田间定位试验,监测了不施氮和不同施氮水平(分别为210、420和630kg.hm-2)下间作玉米各关键生育时期0～200cm土层硝态氮累积量的动态变化、玉米产量及其构成,计算分析了间作玉米的氮肥利用率。研究结果表明,间作玉米0～200cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量总体表现为0～60cm土层>60～200cm土层。0～60cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量呈"M"形变化,即玉米播种前和玉米大喇叭口期出现高峰,小麦播种前、玉米拔节期和玉米收获后出现低谷。60～120cm和120～200cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量呈倒"V"形变化,总体在玉米大喇叭口期前后出现高峰值,210～630kg.hm-2施氮处理下120～200cm土层的硝态氮累积量较不施氮处理分别高出149.1%、115.6%和126.3%。随着施氮量的增加,间作玉米穗长、穗粒数、穗重呈增大趋势,秃顶呈降低趋势,增产幅度依次减小,氮肥利用率依次降低。     

COURSE OF DRY MATTER AND NITROGEN ACCUMULATION OF SPRING WHEAT GENOTYPES KNOWN TO VARY IN PARAMETERS OF NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY

Field experiments were conducted for two years to compare and identify bread spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes which make the most efficient use of nitrogen (N). Such information is required for breeding strategies to reverse the negative relationship between yield and protein content. Three Swiss spring wheat cultivars (‘Albis’, ‘Toronit’, ‘Pizol’) and an experimental line (‘L94491’) were grown without (N0; 0 kg N ha^?1) and with high fertilizer N [(NH₄NO₃); (N1; 250 kg N ha^?1) supply on a clay loam soil with low organic matter content. Biomass and nitrogen accumulation in biomass as well as the leaf growth and senescence patterns (SPAD) were investigated in an attempt to explain the physiology of growth and N translocation of these genotypes. The pre-anthesis accumulation of biomass and N in the biomass depended on genotype only at N1 in 2000. In this year, conditions were less favorable for the pre-anthesis accumulation of biomass and N, which was, on average, 10 and 20% lower, respectively, of the total than in 1999. The contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to the grain yield (CPAY) was higher in 1999 for all genotypes (36.9%) compared to 2000 (13.5%) except ‘Toronit’. Between anthesis and maturity the climate influenced the genetic variability of some N use efficiency components: N translocation efficiency (NTE) and dry matter translocation efficiency (DMTE). NTE was higher in 1999 (68.1%) compared to 2000 (50.7%); 1999 was a year in which the post-anthesis period was drier and warmer than usual. ‘Toronit’ produced the highest biomass by maturity due mainly to greater and longer lasting green leaf area after anthesis. ‘Albis’ performed relatively well under low input conditions, with considerable amounts of N being re-translocated to the seeds at maturity (NHI), whereas ‘Pizol’ accumulated in grains N as high as for ‘L94491’. In a humid temperate climate breeding for greater N uptake and partitioning efficiency may be a promising way to minimize N losses and produce high phytomass and grain yields. Using high protein lines as selection material and combining them with high biomass genotypes may lead to high protein contents without decreasing yield.     

大麦盐害及耐盐机理的研究进展

大麦是禾谷作物中较为耐盐的粮食作物。然而在盐胁迫环境下,Na+能把膜系统中的其他离子置换下来,使细胞过多地吸收Na+和Cl-,从而导致细胞膜系统受损、DNA降解、植物营养亏缺、生理干旱以及细胞死亡等伤害。大麦自身在受到盐分胁迫下,耐盐机制有:离子的选择性吸收、拒盐排盐性、渗透调节物质的合成以及离子在植株体内的运输交换。进行大麦耐盐性选择时,萌发力、耐盐指数、Na+/K+和渗透调节物质的合成能力,都是比较重要的选择标准。基于大麦较好的耐盐性,可通过遗传育种改良、化学控制、耕作等措施和途径提高大麦的耐盐抗盐能力,减轻盐害,提高大麦产量和品质。     

日光温室土壤盐分积累及离子组成变化的研究

本文研究了当地日光温室(冬暖式大棚)土壤盐分积累、酸碱度及盐分离子组成的变化。揭示了石灰性土壤地区温室土壤盐分积累、离子组成及酸碱度变化规律。     

EFFECT OF POTASSIUM NUTRITION ON SOLUTE ACCUMULATION,ION COMPOSITION AND YIELD OF MAIZE HYBRIDS GROWN UNDER SALINE CONDITIONS

An experiment was conducted to study the response of two maize hybrids to external potassium (K) application under saline conditions. The data showed that there was an increase in the organic solute contents and sodium ion under salinity stress, though potassium, calcium, nitrogen and phosphorus were decreased. There was a non-significant effect of K application on glycinebetaine and total soluble sugar, however; the proline, protein and total free amino acids were increased with the application of external K. The enzymatic activity like nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase activity were severely reduced under salinity stress and improved by K application. The maize hybrids differed significantly for all the parameters discussed in the study except sugar, phosphorus and number of grain rows per cob. The increase in yield parameters was more pronounced under control than under saline conditions. The enhanced yield and yield components of these maize hybrids might be due to the quick response to external K application, resulting in high contents of leaf potassium, calcium, nitrogen and phosphorus. The results indicated that the maize hybrid ‘Pioneer32B33’ might perform better than ‘Dekalb979’ under saline conditions when sufficient potassium is applied in the rooting medium.     

EFFECTS OF SOIL SALINITY IN THE GROWTH OF AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA BIOTYPES COLLECTED FROM ROADSIDE AND AGRICULTURAL FIELD

Morphological differences were observed between roadside (R) and agricultural field (F) biotypes of Ambrosia artemisiifolia, in which R-type seedlings were shorter and produced larger and heavier seeds under greenhouse grown conditions. Previous findings indicated that A. artemisiifolia R-types exhibited greater salt tolerance with respect to germination. However, the impact of biotype and salt tolerance on morphological variation has not been investigated in A. artemisiifolia plants. After performing replicated greenhouse experiments with both biotypes, it was shown that salinity level was a critical factor influencing both seedling and mature plant size and this response was dependent upon biotype. The R-type exhibited slight but significant increases in growth at low/mild salinity levels (50–100 mM) compared with non-saline conditions, while the F-type exhibited significantly reduced growth at the low/mild salinity levels. The reductions in growth of F-type plants in low/mild salinity were similar to those reductions of R-types observed in non-saline conditions. As both biotypes produced seeds at low/mild salinity levels, we conclude that low/mild salinity affects A. artemisiifolia plant size and overall growth rate, and secondly, certain F-type plants may acclimate to the roadside environment over time by reducing their size while producing larger seed under saline conditions. It is possible that this species may exhibit changes in morphology after several generations of exposure to saline roadside conditions. Toxicity due to salt treatment at high salinity (400 mM) was observed in both biotypes, whereas the R-type was more tolerant to both low and high salinity levels with respect to seed germination. Differential A. artemisiifolia growth responses which occur from seed germination to plant maturity may be partially attributed to its ability to tolerate saline soil conditions both under greenhouse and field conditions. This ability to tolerate saline conditions may be especially important in early spring when roadside soils experience increased salinity, caused by de-icing salt treatments applied during the winter season.     

RESPONSES OF WHEAT PLANTS IN TERMS OF SOIL WATER CONTENT,BULK DENSITY,SALINITY, AND ROOT GROWTH UNDER DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEMS AND VARIOUS IRRIGATION FREQUENCIES

The effects of irrigation water rates and seed bed shapes on changes in soil water and salinity status, bulk density, root growth and dry matter (DM) weights of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated with a split plot design in a field trial in Zahak Agricultural Research Station in Sistan, Iran in 2005. Irrigation intervals after 80 and 160 mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan were used as main plot. Flat surface, single, triple, and six-row beds with a 20 cm row space were used as subplots. Each treatment was replicated four times. Volumetric soil water content and soil electrical conductivity (EC) were measured using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) at 0 —20, 20 —40 and 40 —60 cm depths at nine different times during the growing season. Soil water contents were also measured at 0 —10 and 10 —20 cm depths using standard sampling rings at four different times. The three and six-row beds increased the EC of the saturated paste extract with the more frequent irrigation intervals in this coarse textured soil. Soil water content, DM, and root density were always greater with the more frequent irrigations (shorter irrigation intervals). Root density was greatest in 0 —20 cm depth with the single row bed treatment. Grain yield and root density were greatest with single row bed treatment due to the bed shape at the root development stage (possibly due to a reduced mechanical resistance). A greater soil water content by the short irrigation interval increased grain yield and root density via reducing mechanical resistance. With the loamy sand, bulk density and mechanical resistance increased rapidly after cultivation. Bed shape at root development stage might have enhanced root growth and the crop yields. Apparently, mechanical resistance was the most limiting factor with these loamy sand soils than salinity.     

多效唑对小麦幼苗根系形成和活力的影响

50～200ppm MET处理,抑制小麦幼苗根系的垂直生长,促进根系发生,增加根冠比,增强根系活力,但不影响单株根系干重。进一步研究表明,MET降低过氧化物酶活性,促进同化物向根系运输,从而促进幼苗根系的形成。     

富镧稀土对春小麦吸收氮磷素和产量的影响

用盆栽方法进行富镧稀土拌种和叶面喷施春小麦试验。结果表明，富镧稀土对春小麦有促进生长发育的作用，增产幅度在６％～８％。同时促进春小麦对氮、磷素的吸收、利用，并减少土壤中氮素的损失。在施用方法上，叶面喷施比拌种的方法更好。     

EFFECT OF ZINC ON CADMIUM TOXICITY IN WINTER WHEAT

This nutrient solution experiment investigated the effects of zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) on winter wheat growth and enzymatic activity. Twelve nutrient solution treatments were prepared of four zinc levels (0, 0.5, 5 and 50 mg L^?1) and three cadmium levels (0, 5 and 50 mg L^?1). Cadmium concentrations ≥5 mg L^?1 decreased plant growth, superoxide dismutase activity, and leaf and stem zinc concentrations, but increased plant cadmium concentrations, proline content, and peroxidase and catalase activities. Root activity and zinc concentration were highest in the 5 mg L^?1 treatment and lowest in the 50 mg L^?1 treatment. Zinc concentrations ≥5 mg L^?1 inhibited plant growth, but increased proline content and cadmium concentration in stems and leaves. Low levels of zinc (0.5 mg L^?1) increased cadmium-induced toxicity in wheat plants but high levels of zinc (50 mg L^?1) reduced. In conclusion, these results indicated that the addition of zinc alleviated cadmium toxicity if the zinc/cadmium ratio was >10/1. Additional study needs to be done to quantify zinc content before zinc is supplied to alleviate cadmium toxicity.     

EFFECT OF REDUCED SEED AND APPLIED ZINC ON ZINC EFFICIENCY OF WHEAT GENOTYPES UNDER ZINC DEFICIENCY IN NUTRIENT SOLUTION CULTURE

Improving zinc efficiency of cereals especially wheat under zinc deficiency is a priority area of research to determine and manipulate the plant factors that govern zinc uptake and utilization. Experiments conducted to ascertain variability and also the contribution of seed zinc (complete seed and half seed) to zinc efficiency in diverse wheat genotypes raised on zinc sufficient and deficient nutrient solution, showed wide genetic variability and general deficiency response such as, increase in root to shoot ratio and decrease in leaf chlorophyll, superoxide dismutase activity, total plant zinc concentration, and uptake. Since difference in zinc deficiency response were more distinct at the initial growth stage, seed zinc could be crucial for determining plant establishment, vigor, and yield. A few exceptional genotypes, where cutting seed zinc supply infect triggered growth, root characteristics, zinc uptake and use efficiency were identified and their zinc uptake capacity on low zinc soil was measured. The difference in zinc efficiency was attributable to phytosiderophore release capacity of the genotypes.     

干旱胁迫对小麦叶片核糖核酸酶活力及合成的影响

干旱协迫下，抗旱（陕合６号）与干旱敏感（郑引１号）小麦品种叶片中的核糖核酸酶活性均有所增加，增加幅度与其相对含水量变化呈显著负相关。１４Ｃ－Ｌｅｕ掺入后，样品粗提液经ＰＡＧＥ分离并染色，发现干旱处理叶片的两个低分子女（１２ｋＤ、１７ｋＤ）具ＲＮａｓｅ活性的蛋白质的放射性掺入总量低于对照，但占总蛋白的放射性比例高子对照，证明干旱胁迫下存在ＲＮａｓｅ的从头合成（ｄｅｎｏｖｏｓｙｎｔｈｓｉｓ）。讨论了胁迫下ＲＮａｓｅ活性增加的原因。     

铅污染对高羊茅生长、无机离子分布和铅积累量的影响

在水培条件下,用浓度为0、500、1000和1500 mg/L 的Pb2+〔Pb(NO3)2〕处理高羊茅植株(Festuca arundinacea),研究铅污染对高羊茅植株生长的影响,NO3-、K+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+和Mn2+含量和Pb2+积累量的变化情况。结果表明,与对照相比,Pb2+胁迫下的高羊茅植株鲜重、干重、含水量和根系活力都下降,质膜透性呈上升趋势,MDA含量先略下降后升高;Pb2+胁迫下根和叶的NO3-、K+和Ca2+含量均低于对照,而根的Na+、Mg2+和Mn2+含量相比对照呈先上升后下降趋势,叶片的Na+、Mg2+和Mn2+含量则变化不大;与对照相比,根和叶的Pb2+含量、根Pb2+积累量急剧上升,叶和单株Pb2+积累量则先急剧上升后略下降;在浓度为1000 mg/L Pb2+处理下,Pb2+积累率为55.74%。因此,高羊茅经Pb2+处理后,Pb2+在植株体内积累,引起根系活力下降,导致植株失水,氮素营养不足,细胞膜脂质过氧化作用加剧,干扰无机离子稳态等一系列伤害,这些伤害作用使植株生长受抑制,且这种抑制作用随着铅处理浓度的增加而加重。从植物修复的观点来说,对Pb污染的土壤,高羊茅是一种具有较大修复潜力的草坪草。     

施氮对旱地不同抗旱性小麦叶片光合色素含量与荧光特性的影响

在田间试验条件下,研究了不同抗旱性小麦品种全生育期叶片光合色素含量和叶绿素荧光参数的关系及其氮素响应。结果表明,光合色素各组分含量随施氮量增加有明显的升高趋势,品种间差异又因生育时期而不同;施氮显著提高了拔节期实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)、扬花期和灌浆期的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),降低了全生育期非光化学猝灭系数(qN)。提高叶绿素a含量能显著提高叶片ФPSⅡ、Fv/Fm、qP和降低qN;叶绿素b含量的升高能显著增强热耗散,增加类胡萝卜素含量则促进水地品种叶片光能的光合碳同化作用和旱地品种的热耗散。拔节期对照处理的旱地品种的ФPSⅡ和qN显著高于水地品种,在该时期品种抗旱性差异表现较为明显,能够通过提高光合机构实际光化学效率和热耗散来增强光合机构对干旱的适应能力。