黑土中乙草胺残留和微生物变化的时间特征研究

通过黑土室外盆栽试验,研究了种植玉米和未种植条件下乙草胺在玉米生长苗期的残留变化规律及土壤微生物量碳的动态特征。研究表明:乙草胺在土壤中半衰期较短,土壤微生物活性是影响其降解的主要因素。但是,由于施用化肥极大地刺激了微生物活性,因而,乙草胺施用对土壤微生物量碳影响并不显著。然而,玉米的种植对土壤微生物量和土壤乙草胺残留数量有着显著的影响。种植玉米条件下土壤微生物量碳显著增加,同时,土壤中乙草胺残留量降低,说明种植玉米有助于微生物活性的提高和乙草胺生物毒害性的降低。     

黑土环境中乙草胺的微生物降解特征研究

通过室内恒温(25℃)避光培养试验,研究了黑土环境中乙草胺的微生物降解特征。在适宜水分条件下,将土壤样品分别进行常规、灭菌、选择性抑菌剂加入等处理后培养并测定土壤乙草胺含量和土壤微生物量。结果显示:在灭菌土壤中乙草胺的残留量较未灭菌土壤显著增加,未灭菌土壤中乙草胺残留数量与微生物量变化密切相关,表明微生物活性是影响乙草胺降解的主要因素。适当的水分有益于土壤中微生物生长,从而促进了土壤中乙草胺的降解。加入青链霉素后乙草胺残留量远大于放线菌酮和常规培养,表明细菌比真菌具有更强的降解乙草胺的能力。随着乙草胺的施药量增加,初期微生物量显著降低,是导致乙草胺总降解率下降的主要原因。     

氮肥种类和淹水胁迫对砂姜黑土区玉米苗期生长和养分吸收的影响

采用盆栽土培方法,比较0~14 d持续淹水胁迫条件下,不同形态的氮肥以及施氮、磷和钾肥对砂姜黑土区富钾低肥土壤上种植玉米苗期植株的地上部生物量、氮、磷和钾含量与累积量的影响。结果表明,在玉米3叶1心期(淹水胁迫处理前),施硝酸钾处理地上部的生物量明显高于除施硝酸铵处理以外的其它处理(P0.05)。在3个缺素处理中,不施钾处理地上部的生物量明显低于不施磷处理(P0.05),但与不施氮处理差异不显著。在淹水胁迫过程中,施肥和淹水胁迫的交互作用影响不显著,在淹水胁迫处理7 d时,施不同形态的氮肥以及施氮、磷和钾肥显著影响玉米地上部的生物量和氮累积量(P0.05),并极显著影响磷累积量和钾累积量(P0.01);淹水胁迫也显著降低了此时玉米植株地上部的氮累积量,并极显著降低其钾累积量(P0.01),且当胁迫处理延长至14 d时,淹水胁迫还引起生物量和磷累积量的显著下降(P0.05)。延长淹水胁迫持续时间,对生物量、氮累积量和钾累积量的肥效差异与胁迫的抑制效应分别呈现加大和增强的趋势。比较F值大小可知,在淹水胁迫处理7 d时,氮肥种类是玉米地上部生物量、氮和磷累积量变化的主要诱因;而当胁迫处理延长至14d时,淹水胁迫则上升为主要决定因子。与此不同,胁迫处理开始后,淹水胁迫始终是钾累积量变化的主要决定因子。在淹水胁迫条件下,尿素可能是有利于提高富钾低肥土壤苗期玉米耐淹水胁迫性的氮肥种类。     

降雨对吉林省黑土区雨养春玉米农田氮磷淋溶的影响

吉林省黑土区是我国玉米生产的重要基地,农业集约化程度较高,农业面源污染风险较大。因此,掌握吉林省黑土区降雨与农田氮磷淋溶的关系,对区域生态农业可持续发展意义重大。本研究基于吉林省4个面源污染监测点,于2016-2019年春玉米季对降雨情况、淋溶量、淋溶液氮磷浓度及淋溶强度等进行了动态监测,系统分析了吉林省黑土区自然降雨与农田氮磷淋溶的关系。结果表明:1)吉林省黑土区降雨年际间和监测点间差异较大,年际间波动在424～554mm,春玉米全生育期平均降雨量为475mm;不同监测点降雨量大小依次为通化(593～785 mm)公主岭(512～699 mm)梨树(305～434 mm)农安(197～342 mm)。2)淋溶量和降雨强度呈极显著正相关关系,降雨强度每增加10 mm·(24h)-1,淋溶量增加1.81mm。全生育期(4-10月)降雨量与淋溶次数、淋溶概率分别呈极显著和显著正相关,降雨量每增加100mm,淋溶次数约增加3次,淋溶概率上升6%。当全生育期降雨量超过74mm时,淋溶概率增加,可能引起淋溶;而当全生育期降雨量达到217mm时,淋溶次数增加,可以发生淋溶。产生淋溶的降雨等级一般以中雨(10～24.9 mm)和大雨(25～49.9 mm)为主。3)淋溶量和淋溶液总氮浓度呈极显著正相关,与总磷浓度无明显相关关系。4)总氮淋溶强度与降雨强度呈极显著正相关,降雨强度每增加10 mm·(24h)-1,总氮淋溶强度增加0.73kg·hm~(-2),而总磷淋溶强度与降雨强度无明显相关性。由此可见,吉林省黑土区农田在春玉米雨养条件下以氮素淋溶为主,且与降雨密切相关,应因地制宜采取农艺措施在源头上阻控农业面源污染的发生,为农业生态可持续发展提供有效途径。     

黑土、黑钙土玉米苗期根际无机磷的形态变化

现在对植物利用土壤磷的研究不仅限于传统的"有效磷"观点.根际土壤磷被根系活化、耗竭的作用相当明显[1,2],并且植物不同基因型的这种作用也存在着差异.蒋柏藩、顾益初报道了石灰性土壤无机磷分级体系[3]和分级方法[4],并将Ca-P细分为Ca2-P、Ca8-P和Ca10-P,这一分级方法也适合于中性土壤.本文应用根盒培养技术,在黑土和黑钙土上研究玉米根际对各形态无机磷的活化以及肥料磷的利用.     

氮磷肥对黑土玉米农田生态系统土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响

通过田间氮磷肥配施试验研究了氮磷配施对黑土玉米农田生态系统玉米不同生育时期微生物量碳、氮的影响。微生物量随玉米不同生育期的动态变化表明,氮磷肥对微生物量碳和微生物量氮的动态影响并不同步,微生物量碳和微生物量氮变化最显著的时期均是授粉期,但此时微生物量碳是最低的谷值,而微生物量氮是最高的峰值。不同氮磷配比对微生物量碳影响的回归分析表明,氮肥是影响微生物量碳的主导因素,无论是适量施用还是过量施用都是氮肥对微生物量碳的影响较大。不同氮磷配比对微生物量氮影响的回归分析表明,过量氮肥的施用减少了土壤微生物量氮的含量。磷肥无论高量和低量均能增加微生物量氮的含量,但随着施用量的增加对微生物量氮的正效应减小。氮磷配合施用可增加土壤的微生物量氮,由此可见无论单施氮肥还是单施磷肥,过量施用对微生物量氮的增加都是不利的,只有氮磷配合施用才是增加土壤微生物量氮的有效途径。     

不同施肥措施对黑土区玉米氮效率及碳排放的影响

[目的]以东北黑土区玉米生产体系为研究对象,探究不同施肥措施对玉米籽粒产量、氮肥利用效率及碳排放的影响,以实现该地区粮食平稳增产的同时降低农业生产碳排放.[方法]在黑龙江典型黑土区进行了两年玉米田间试验,试验设5个处理:不施氮肥(CK);推荐施肥处理(RF);推荐施肥+有机氮替代20％化肥氮(MRF);推荐施肥+秸秆还...     

不同耕作方式对砂姜黑土物理性质和玉米生长的影响

砂姜黑土结构不良是影响其生产力的主要限制因子。为改良其土壤结构,基于安徽龙亢农场砂姜黑土耕作定位试验基地,设置免耕、旋耕、深松和深翻四种处理,研究不同耕作方式对砂姜黑土0～40 cm土层土壤物理结构、玉米根系发育及其产量的影响。结果表明:1)在玉米生育期内,免耕处理下0～40cm土壤平均容重和紧实度分别为1.52～1.57g·cm~(–3)和926～1 748 kPa,高于其他耕作处理;0～10 cm土层有效水分库容和饱和导水率低于其他耕作处理,分别仅为0.12 cm~3·cm~(–3)和3.5×10~(–5)mm·min~(–1);根系发育受到明显抑制,根长密度和根干物质的量密度较其他耕作方式分别降低42.5%～117%、35%～73.9%;2016—2017周年作物产量较深松和深翻降低8%～12%。2)与旋耕和深松相比,深翻处理下10～20cm土壤容重和10～30 cm土壤穿透阻力分别降低至1.39～1.51 g·cm~(–3)和725～1 575kPa,0～10 cm土壤饱和导水率显著提高至4.15×10~(–2) mm·min~(–1),0～20 cm土壤有效水分库容提高至17.9%～18.4%,促进了0～10 cm土层根系发育,具有较好的增产效果。3)相关分析表明根长密度与土壤容重(r=–0.74**,P 0.01)和穿透阻力(r=–0.73**,P 0.01)呈极显著负相关关系。综上所述,深翻改良砂姜黑土结构效果明显,有利于作物生长,为该区较适宜的耕作模式。     

水分胁迫下玉米细胞膜伤害及其保护酶活性的变化

以2个不同抗旱性玉米品种为材料,研究了水分胁迫下玉米细胞膜伤害及其保护酶活性的变化。其细胞膜保护酶系统的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性在水分胁迫初期下降,之后升高,最后持续下降。过氧化物酶(POD)的活性初期变化复杂,后期成倍升高。     

不同硫肥品种和用量对玉米产量和黑土有效硫的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了硫肥不同品种和用量对玉米的生长、产量构成因素和对土壤有效硫的影响。结果表明：硫对玉米的生长发育有促进作用，提高玉米产量。增产效果较好的是硫磺和石膏，硫磺增产6.5%-9.6%，石膏增产5.6%-8.0%。随着硫肥施用量的增加，玉米的产量增加。施含硫肥料能缓解土壤硫素的消耗，对保持土壤中硫的平衡有很大作用。     

Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition on Solute Accumulation and Ion Contents of Maize under Sodium Chloride Stress

Salinity is a major abiotic stress that limits the productivity of crops, particularly cereal crops, while decreasing nutrient availability, especially of nitrogen. An experiment was conducted to study the effects of salt stress [i.e., S₀, S₁, and S₂ (control, 1.09; 5; and 10 dS m^?1)] and four different nitrogen (N) levels [i.e., N₀, N₁, N₂, and N₃ (control, 175, 225, and 275 kg N ha^?1)] on two maize hybrids, Pioneer 32B33 (salt tolerant) and Dekalb 979 (salt sensitive). The experiment was conducted in a wire house. The experiment was laid out with three factors in a completely randomized design. The plant tissue was analyzed for solute and ion contents. With the increase in salt stress and N rate, solute (i.e., glycinebetaine), protein, total soluble sugar, and total free amino acids accumulated in both hybrids. Nitrate (NO₃) and nitrite (NO₂) reductase activity decreased sharply at 10 dS m^?1 compared to lower levels of salinity but it increased significantly with the addition of N. The uptake of potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), N, and phosphorus (P) reduced significantly in shoots with increased salinity while the sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl) contents were increased. It is concluded from the present study that at greater salinity level, hybrid Pioneer32B33 maintained statistically greater solute and ion contents excluding Na⁺ and Cl ions and significantly decreased enzyme activity. However, these parameters were increased by N rate.     

大气CO2浓度升高和氮肥互作对玉米花后功能叶碳氮同化物的影响

在常规大气CO2浓度（aCO2,400±15μmol·mol−1）和高CO2浓度（eCO2,550±20μmol·mol−1）下分别设置无氮（ZN）和施氮（CN,180kg N·hm−2）2个氮水平的交互处理,以夏玉米品种郑单958为供试材料开展田间试验,测定花后功能叶碳同化物（可溶性糖和淀粉、总碳）动态和氮吸收及同化物组分（硝态氮、游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白、非溶性氮化合物细胞壁氮素和类囊体氮素、总氮）动态以及碳氮比动态的变化及玉米产量,以探究CO2浓度升高和氮肥交互作用下,以玉米为代表的C4作物花后功能叶不同组分碳氮同化物质量分数及动态和产量的变化,以期为全球气候变化下玉米生理过程的变化提供理论支撑,同时为玉米作物模型调参提供实证数据。结果表明：（1）本试验条件下,大气CO2浓度升高对夏玉米生物量及产量的作用不显著。（2）eCO2下夏玉米花后功能叶主要碳同化产物（可溶性糖和淀粉）和总碳的质量分数显著（P＜0.05）增加,功能叶中氮同化物中简单组分（硝态氮、游离氨基酸及可溶性蛋白）质量分数和碳氮比、地上部生物量、产量也有一定增加,但未达显著水平;而氮同化物中的结构氮组分（如细胞壁氮和类囊体氮）质量分数显著降低,总氮也有一定降低趋势,显示出后期结构氮组分合成有一定不足。（3）氮肥施用显著增加了花后功能叶碳同化物（如可溶性糖和大部分时期淀粉）及各种氮同化物的质量分数和生物量及产量,对总碳的增加作用不显著。（4）eCO2下合理施用氮肥,会使地上部生物量、产量、功能叶中简单碳同化物可溶性糖、简单氮同化物指标（硝态氮、游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白）和总碳质量分数达到较优。因此,在未来大气CO2浓度升高为特征之一的气候变化背景下,氮素合成的生理调控管理对促进碳氮代谢及玉米高产优质有积极作用。     

Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nano Particles and Their Effect on Growth of Maize (Zea mays L.) Plant

In the current literature, the impact of nano-particles (NPs) on growth of higher plants has scantly been reported. An investigation was carried out to study the effect of zinc oxide nano-particles (<100 nm) on growth of maize (Zea mays L.) plant, as one of the major agricultural crops, in a solution culture system. Various concentrations of zinc (Zn) were applied through nano-zinc oxide (ZnO) particles (<100 nm) in suspension form and in ionic form through zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) salt in Hoagland solution culture. Experimental results showed that nano zinc oxide particles could enhance and maintain the growth of maize plant as well as conventional Zn fertilizer (as ZnSO₄). The plant parameters like plant height, root length, root volume, and dry matter weight were all improved due to application of zinc oxide nano-particle. These findings indicate that plant roots might have the unique mechanism of assimilating nano-Zn and using for its growth and development. Different enzymatic activities were also studied and experimental results revealed that nano-ZnO particles (<100 nm) also governed the enzymatic activity of maize plant. A separate laboratory experiment was also carried out to characterize the zinc oxide nano particle for its size, zeta potential, etc.     

Effects of Soil Fertility Management on Growth,Yield, and Water-Use Efficiency of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Selected Soil Properties

Maize was grown for two cropping years to investigate the supplementary effect of inorganic fertilizer with cow dung on growth, yield, water-use efficiency, and soil properties. Five treatments were imposed: unfertilized control and four different fertilization packages comprising two different levels of inorganic fertilization with cow dung as supplements, sole inorganic fertilizer, and sole cow dung. Results analyzed after the two cropping years showed significant differences in growth and yield. A reduction in yield was observed for the unfertilized plots, whereas yields in the plots of supplemented inorganic fertilizer with cow dung increased and were significantly at par with the sole inorganic fertilizer plot. Water-use efficiency was improved for the fertilized plots. Significant improvement was observed in the water-stable aggregates with plots that received cow dung as organic manure either in part with inorganic fertilizer or as sole cow dung.     

阿特拉津和乙草胺在玉米和土壤中残留动态研究

采用田间试验和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用的检测方法研究了阿特拉津和乙草胺在玉米和土壤中的消解动态及最终残留规律。结果表明,该方法阿特拉津最低检出浓度为0.08 ng g-1,添加浓度在10~250 ng g-1范围内,回收率在85%~97%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在10.0%~14.4%之间;乙草胺最低检出浓度为0.40 ng g-1,添加浓度在10~250 ng g-1范围内,回收率在102%~109%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在9.7%~14.0%之间。阿特拉津和乙草胺在土壤中的消解动态方程分别为C=1942.7e-0.0492T和C=916.53e-0.0343T,降解半衰期分别为14.1 d和20.2 d。38%阿特拉津水悬浮液、900 g L-1乙草胺乳油剂用于玉米田除草,施药剂量分别为5.25~10.50 g hm-2、2.25~4.50 g hm-2,在玉米播种后出苗前施药,施药1次,收获期玉米籽粒中阿特拉津残留量低于0.08 ng g-1、乙草胺残留量低于0.40 ng g-1,土壤中阿特拉津残留量低于3.3 ng g-1、乙草胺残留量低于12.4 ng g-1,均满足相应的限量标准。     

正交设计优化玉米SSR—PCR反应体系的研究

为建立适宜玉米SSR—PCR的反应体系和扩增程序,利用正交设计L16（4^5）表,对反应体系的模板DNA、dNTPs、Primers、Taq DNA聚合酶的浓度进行4因素4水平优化筛选和扩增程序的优化,确立了最优反应体系和扩增程序。即在10μL体系中,模板DNA20ng,1×PCR buffer,dNTPs62．5pmol／μL,Primers0．25pmol／μL,Taq DNA polymerase0．5U。反应程序为：94℃预变性5min;94℃变性45S,60℃退火45S,72℃延伸1min,32个循环;72℃延伸5min,4℃保存。使用300对SSR引物对重组近交系的两亲本扩增,筛选出条带清晰,有差异的引物94对,用于基因连锁图谱构建和QTL定位。     

Spatial Distribution Assessment of Maize Roots by 3D Monolith Sampling

Spatial distribution of roots is of paramount importance for nutrient acquisition by crop plants. The objective of this study was to assess the spatial distribution of root length density (RLD), root mass density (RMD), and root morphological parameters in maize. Soil monoliths were completely sampled in form of 84 cubic samples of 10-cm edge length. Total root length and mass were dominated by fine roots (<1 mm diameter). Root parameters revealed variability in all three spatial dimensions, notably also parallel to the plant row. Root morphological parameters depended more on the horizontal location with respect to location of plants than on depth. Multiple regression analysis indicated that RLD, proportion of fine roots, and root diameters can be predicted from RMD, soil depth, and distance to plant. These three-dimensional (3D) data could be utilized for evaluation of 3D root growth and nutrient uptake models.     

Genotypic Difference in Nitrogen Acquisition Ability in Maize Plants Is Related to the Coordination of Leaf and Root Growth

ABSTRACT

The capacity of a plant to take up nitrate is a function of the activity of its nitrate-transporter systems and the size and architecture of its root system. It is unclear which of the two components, root system or nitrate-uptake system, is more important in nitrogen (N) acquisition under nitrogen-sufficiency conditions. Two maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines (478 and Wu312) grown in nutrient solution in a controlled environment were compared for their N acquisition at 0.1, 0.5, 2.5, 5, and 10 mmol L^?1 nitrate supply. Genotype 478 could take up more N than Wu312 at all nitrate concentrations, though the shoot biomass of the two genotypes was similar. Genotype 478 had a larger leaf area and longer root length. The specific N uptake rate of 478 (μmol N g^?1 root. d^?1) was lower than that of Wu312. In an independent nitrate-depletion experiment, the potential nitrate uptake rate of 478 was also lower than that of Wu312. No genotypic difference was found in photosynthesis rate. It was concluded that the greater N acquisition ability in 478 involves the coordination of leaf and root growth. Vigorous leaf growth caused a large demand for N. This demand was met by the genotype's large root system. Besides providing a strong sink for N uptake, the larger leaf area of 478 might also guarantee the carbohydrate supply necessary for its greater root growth.