盐胁迫对刺槐不同组织及细胞离子吸收和分配的变化

该文从器官水平和细胞水平对盐胁迫后的刺槐苗离子含量进行分析 ,比较了不同组织膜透性和盐离子在刺槐组织及细胞中的分配特点 .研究表明 :随胁迫时间的延长 ,叶片细胞膜系统受到的伤害比根部细胞膜系统大 .根部的Na+含量较高 ,其分布量的顺序是根 >茎 >叶 ,叶片中盐离子含量较低 ,从而减少了盐胁迫对地上部的毒害 ;K+的含量则与Na+相反 ,其分布量的顺序为 :叶 >茎 >根 ,幼嫩的组织中分布较多 ,以保证植物正常的代谢活动 .刺槐根皮层细胞的液泡中积累Na+和Cl-的量远高于细胞质 ,说明刺槐的根皮层细胞对Na+和Cl-具有一定的区隔化作用 .刺槐叶肉细胞的细胞壁、细胞质和液泡中Na+和Cl-的含量没有明显差别 .测定结果表明 ,器官水平与细胞水平耐盐机制具有一致性     

Mitogens and oncogenes can block the induction of specific voltage-gated ion channels

The mechanisms underlying the ontogeny of voltage-gated ion channels in muscle are unknown. Whether expression of voltage-gated channels is dependent on mitogen withdrawal and growth arrest, as is generally true for the induction of muscle-specific gene products, was investigated in the BC3H1 muscle cell line by patch-clamp techniques. Differentiated BC3H1 myocytes expressed functional Ca2+ and Na+ channels that correspond to those found in T tubules of skeletal muscle. However, Ca2+ and Na+ channels were first detected after about 5 days of mitogen withdrawal. In order to test whether cellular oncogenes, as surrogates for exogenous growth factors, could prevent the expression of ion channels whose induction was contingent on mitogen withdrawal, BC3H1 cells were modified by stable transfection with oncogene expression vectors. Expression vectors containing v-erbB, or c-myc under the control of the SV40 promoter, delayed but did not prevent the appearance of functional Ca2+ and Na+ channels. In contrast, transfection with a Val12 c-H-ras vector, or cotransfection of c-myc together with v-erbB, suppressed the formation of functional Ca2+ and Na+ channels for greater than or equal to 4 weeks. Potassium channels were affected neither by mitogenic medium nor by transfected oncogenes. Thus, the selective effects of certain oncogenes on ion channel induction corresponded to the suppressive effects of mitogenic medium.     

Structure and function of voltage-sensitive ion channels

Voltage-sensitive ion channels mediate action potentials in electrically excitable cells and play important roles in signal transduction in other cell types. In the past several years, their protein components have been identified, isolated, and restored to functional form in the purified state. Na+ and Ca2+ channels consist of a principal transmembrane subunit, which forms the ion-conducting pore and is expressed with a variable number of associated subunits in different cell types. The principal subunits of voltage-sensitive Na+, Ca2+, and K+ channels are homologous members of a gene family. Models relating the primary structures of these principal subunits to their functional properties have been proposed, and experimental results have begun to define a functional map of these proteins. Coordinated application of biochemical, biophysical, and molecular genetic methods should lead to a clear understanding of the molecular basis of electrical excitability.     

Oxygen consumption and cellular ion transport: evidence for adenosine triphosphate to O2 ratio near 6 in intact cell

Oxygen (O2) consumption and net K+ uptake were measured simultaneously upon reintroduction of K+ into a K+-depleted suspension of renal tubules. The K+/O2 stoichiometries of 11.8 +/- 0.2 and 8.4 +/- 0.6 were obtained for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- and flavoprotein-linked substrates, respectively. These values complement classical K+ to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ATP/O2 stoichiometries, thereby demonstrating a remarkably efficient coupling between the processes of Na+- and K+-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase-mediated ion transport and oxidative phosphorylation within the intact cell.     

高钠所致肉鸡腹水综合征发病机理的研究

２４０只健康ＡＡ肉鸡随机均分为试验Ｉ组,试验Ⅱ组和对照组,从８日龄起饮用含Ｎａ＾＋６００,１２００和０ｍｇ／Ｌ水。在饲养管理条件相同情况下,观察各组肉鸡临床表现,血液红细胞压积（ｐａｃｋｅｄ ｃｅｌｌ ｖｏｌｕｍｅ,ＰＣＶ）,血容量（ｂｌｏｏｄ ｖｏｌｕｍｅ,ＢＶ）,红细胞变形性（ｅｒｙｔｈｏｃｙｔｅ ｄｅｆｏｒｍａｂｉｌｉｔｙ,ＥＤ）,右心室（ｆｉｇｈｔ ｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｌｅ,ＲＶ）,与全心室（ｔ     

转NTHK1基因对杨树各器官中Na~+、K~+分布的影响

以盐渍生境下 1～2 年生 107 和 18-1 杨树为材料,对不同树龄和地径的杨树各营养器官中 Na+、K+分布变化进行了研究。结果表明,Na+、K+在杨树各营养器官中分布不同且差异显著。不同树龄和地径的 107 杨树的根、茎、叶部位的 Na+、K+含量变化都很明显,含NTHK1 的转基因 18-1 杨树根部的 Na+、K+含量基本保持恒定,茎、叶部位的 Na+含量变化均不明显,茎部的K+含量随着树龄的增加而升高,叶片部位的K+含量随着树龄的增加而降低。研究表明,在盐渍生境中种植的含 NTHK1 的转基因18-1 杨树比 107 杨树更加耐盐,可以更好地抵御盐胁迫,维持离子平衡,NTHK1 基因可能是通过增强转基因杨树聚集有害Na+至液泡的能力,以避免细胞质中过高的Na+对细胞造成伤害,从而提高了转基因植株的耐盐性。     

植物根细胞离子通道研究进展

根细胞膜上存在各种离子通道.电生理学的研究表明,根细胞离子通道对于矿质吸收、转运及植物耐盐具有重要作用.该文概述了根细胞K+通道、阴离子通道和各种非选择性阳离子通道的最新研究进展,并对近期有关离子通道和植物耐盐性关系的研究进行了总结.K+通道存在于大多数的植物细胞中,其对K+的选择性远高于其他阳离子,K+通道的存在对于营养元素的吸收,尤其是K+的低亲和性吸收具有重要的意义,同时也为其他离子的出入维持了一个较为稳定的膜电势.阴离子通道激活所引起的质膜去极化可以激发非选择性的阳离子流,在盐胁迫下,可通透Cl的阴离子通道的开放是植物对胞内Cl的一种重要调控机制.由于非选择性的阳离子通道(Non-selective cation channels,NSCCs)的多样性及其对一价阳离子的低选择性,近年来NSCCs的研究受到广泛关注.NSCCs被认为参与了植物多种生理过程,包括营养元素的吸收、膨压控制、胞间转运、信号转导以及毒害离子的吸收,尤其是Na+的吸收.      

NaCl胁迫下栽培型番茄Na+、K+吸收、分配和转运特性

【目的】明确盐分胁迫下栽培型番茄离子吸收、分配和转运特性。【方法】以栽培番茄为试材,以NaCl溶液为盐分胁迫条件,通过苗期耐盐性鉴定,采用原子吸收光谱法测定不同耐盐性番茄品种体内离子含量,对盐分胁迫下番茄体内离子积累、分布和转运机制进行系统分析。【结果】番茄对Na+的吸收随盐分处理浓度和时间的增加而增加,在各器官的积累量顺序为根＞茎＞叶。对于较耐盐品种,Na+在体内的积累总量低于盐敏感品种。盐分胁迫后,番茄叶片、茎和根系中Na+/K+比均随NaCl浓度的升高而升高。耐盐品种的Na+/K+比低于盐敏感品种。离子在体内的区域化分布情况是,较耐盐品种的Na+在根茎中的分配比例较高,盐敏感品种趋向于向叶片分配。K+在较耐盐品种的分布集中于叶片。在盐胁迫初期,盐分处理浓度超过200 mmol•L-1时,番茄植株对K+向地上部的选择运输性随着胁迫时间的延长呈现出下降的趋势。低于200 mmol•L-1时,表现出很好的选择运输性,耐盐品种的Sk/Na(运输)高于盐敏感品种,根系表现出更强的向地上部运输K+的能力。【结论】盐分胁迫下,叶片中较低的Na+含量和更强的向地上部运输K+的能力是番茄耐盐性的重要特征。     

NaCl胁迫对2种鹅耳枥幼苗生长及离子吸收、分配与运输的影响

以2种鹅耳枥属植物(欧洲鹅耳枥和鹅耳枥)2年生幼苗为试验材料,采用不同浓度NaCl溶液进行胁迫处理,对其生长和Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+等矿质离子在不同器官的分配、吸收与运输情况进行研究,探讨2种鹅耳枥的耐盐性差异。结果表明:盐胁迫下,2种鹅耳枥生长受到显著抑制,高浓度盐胁迫下(0.3%~0.5%)死亡率逐渐增加,且欧洲鹅耳枥死亡率高于鹅耳枥。各部分干质量随着NaCl浓度的增加而降低,0.3%~0.5%盐处理下,欧洲鹅耳枥总干质量下降比率高于鹅耳枥。随着盐胁迫的加重,2种鹅耳枥对Na+的吸收均增大,高浓度盐胁迫下,欧洲鹅耳枥体内Na+含量高于鹅耳枥,且欧洲鹅耳枥Na+主要集中在茎部,而鹅耳枥Na+主要集中在根部;K+在叶片中均维持较高的水平,Ca2+和 Mg2+含量变化不大;2种鹅耳枥不同器官中的K+/ Na+、Ca2+/ Na+和 Mg2+/ Na+随盐浓度的增加呈下降趋势,且显著低于对照,盐处理组中,鹅耳枥幼苗茎和叶片的离子比值均高于欧洲鹅耳枥。随着NaCl浓度的增加,欧洲鹅耳枥幼苗从根到茎的离子选择性运输能力下降,从茎到叶片的离子选择性运输能力先降低后增加,鹅耳枥从根部到叶片整体的离子选择性运输能力均显著高于欧洲鹅耳枥。综合分析表明,高浓度的盐胁迫对2种鹅耳枥均产生不利影响,造成植物体内盐离子积累,但鹅耳枥幼苗保持体内离子平衡能力高于欧洲鹅耳枥,其耐盐性高于欧洲鹅耳枥。      

alpha-Klotho as a regulator of calcium homeostasis

alpha-klotho was identified as a gene associated with premature aging-like phenotypes characterized by short lifespan. In mice, we found the molecular association of alpha-Klotho (alpha-Kl) and Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase) and provide evidence for an increase of abundance of Na+,K+-ATPase at the plasma membrane. Low concentrations of extracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]e) rapidly induce regulated parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in an alpha-Kl- and Na+,K+-ATPase-dependent manner. The increased Na+ gradient created by Na+,K+-ATPase activity might drive the transepithelial transport of Ca2+ in cooperation with ion channels and transporters in the choroid plexus and the kidney. Our findings reveal fundamental roles of alpha-Kl in the regulation of calcium metabolism.     

Mechanism of Na+/H+ antiporting

Na+/H+ antiporters are central to cellular salt and pH homeostasis. The structure of Escherichia coli NhaA was recently determined, but its mechanisms of transport and pH regulation remain elusive. We performed molecular dynamics simulations of NhaA that, with existing experimental data, enabled us to propose an atomically detailed model of antiporter function. Three conserved aspartates are key to our proposed mechanism: Asp164 (D164) is the Na+-binding site, D163 controls the alternating accessibility of this binding site to the cytoplasm or periplasm, and D133 is crucial for pH regulation. Consistent with experimental stoichiometry, two protons are required to transport a single Na+ ion: D163 protonates to reveal the Na+-binding site to the periplasm, and subsequent protonation of D164 releases Na+. Additional mutagenesis experiments further validated the model.     

盐胁迫对苗期湖南稷子K+、Na+含量与分布的影响

以湖南稷子(Echinochloa frumentacea)为材料,设置不同浓度(0、25、50、75、100、125、150、200 mmol·L-1)的NaCl和Na2 SO4作为胁迫处理,探讨盐胁迫对湖南稷子苗期K+、Na+吸收与分布特性的影响.结果表明,随着NaCl和Na2 SO4浓度的增加,湖南稷子叶片、茎鞘...     

花花柴耐盐相关基因NHX的克隆与分析

植物NHX属于Na＋/H＋逆向转运蛋白NHE/NHX亚家族的成员,为阳离子逆向转运蛋白家族的一个亚类,具有调节细胞内pH值和Na＋的浓度及维持细胞内离子稳态等多种功能。为进一步开发新疆盐生植物耐盐相关基因资源,本研究以盐生植物花花柴为材料,利用分子克隆技术,从总RNA中克隆编码Na＋/H＋逆向转运蛋白基因。依测序结果判断已从花花柴cD-NA中克隆到1253 bp的NHX基因片段,并对该序列进行数据库搜索和对序列比对分析。结果显示一致性达到68.77%,可以用于构建植物表达载体进行相应的功能鉴定。     

外源硅缓解库拉索芦荟盐胁迫伤害效应的细胞生理学分析

为探索硅(Si)增强微咸水长期灌溉下库拉索芦荟(Aloe veraL.)耐盐性的机制,研究了盐(NaCl 100mmol.L-1)胁迫下加Si(2.0 mmol.L-1)处理30 d对库拉索芦荟叶同化组织细胞中矿质离子分布、叶绿体超微结构和腺苷三磷酸(ATP)酶活性的影响。X-射线能谱微域分析结果表明,盐胁迫下加Si,芦荟叶同化组织细胞中钠离子(Na )和氯离子(Cl-)相对含量显著下降,伴随着钾离子(K )相对含量显著升高、钾钠比(K /Na )显著增大。同时,加Si利于保持芦荟叶绿体正常形态,保护光合层片精细结构,显著缓解盐胁迫对其光合细胞器的伤害。利用电镜-细胞化学技术首次表明,提高浇灌溶液中可溶性Si含量水平,明显增强盐胁迫下芦荟叶同化组织细胞中胞间连丝、质膜和液泡膜ATP酶活性。外源Si增强盐胁迫下芦荟叶同化组织细胞中ATP酶活性是其改善叶同化组织细胞中的离子分布、缓解芦荟盐胁迫伤害效应的重要机制。     

Synergistic effect of Si and K in improving the growth,ion distribution and partitioning of Lolium perenne L.under saline-alkali stress

The application of Si or K has proven to be beneficial for the growth of plants under saline-alkali stress. However, the synergistic effect of Si and K in improving the growth, ion distribution, and partitioning in Lolium perenne L. under saline-alkali stress remains unclear. In this study, the growth characteristics and ion-selective absorption of ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.) exposed to different levels of saline-alkali stress were evaluated. The growth parameters of ryegrass were significantly improved when Si was applied by itself or coupled with K under low saline-alkali stress. Under a high saline-alkali level, only simultaneous application of Si and K could significantly improve the growth of ryegrass. When Si and K were applied together, the K~+/Na~+ and Ca~(2+)/Na~+ ratios in root, stem, and leaf of ryegrass were maximally improved as compared to the individual treatments and control. The K~+ and Ca~(2+) concentrations in the vacuole, cell wall, and organelle of leaf were increased dramatically. This improvement was due to the ability of applied ions to compete with Na+, allowing the plant to maintain osmotic potential and leaf water content. The concentration of Na~+ was significantly reduced when Si and K were applied and mainly concentrated in the soluble fraction and cell wall. The Si concentration in ryegrass increased markedly by the combined application of Si and K, and most of it was accumulated in the cell wall and soluble fraction, which could help in chlorophyll synthesis, reduce membrane injury, and increase water absorption under saline-alkali stress. This study emphasized the advantage of Si and/or K on the growth of plants under different saline-alkaline levels and provided a guide for the production of Si-K fertilizer and its application in saline-alkali soil.     

野大麦耐盐适应性反应机制的研究

【目的】探讨野大麦的耐盐适应性反应机制。【方法】采用原子吸收和X-ray微区分析等方法分析野大麦[Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link]在NaCl胁迫下幼苗生长、K+和Na+吸收、运输、分配及外排等生理响应。【结果】在NaCl≤350 mmol•L-1时，茎叶和根系的干重变化不明显，盐浓度的增加对根生长的抑制作用小于茎叶，根Na+含量增加的幅度小于茎叶、茎叶和根中K+含量均下降，但茎叶可维持较高的K+含量；野大麦具有较强的K+-Na+吸收选择性；低盐胁迫时Na+主要贮存于液泡和细胞间质；高盐胁迫时主要通过外排Na+来维持体内离子平衡。【结论】野大麦在NaCl≤350mmol•L-1时生长正常，其耐盐性与根拒绝吸收Na+及茎叶维持高K+含量有关，Na+区域化与外排可能是野大麦主要的耐盐适应性反应机制。     

盐和水分胁迫对海蓬子、芦荟、向日葵幼苗生长及其离子吸收分配的效应

研究了NaCl和聚乙二醇6000(PEG 6000)处理对海蓬子、芦荟、向日葵幼苗生长及其离子吸收和分配的效应。结果表明，海蓬子幼苗的生长需盐，-1．76 MPa NaCI为其生长的最适浓度，其地上部积累的Na^ 和Cl^-分别是对照的6和8倍；但随着水分胁迫强度增强，其幼苗干物质积累显下降。在等渗透势胁迫下，向日葵和芦荟对水分胁迫的适应能力高于盐胁迫，与保持体内高的K^ ／Na^ 比率有关。盐处理下海蓬子维持K^ 稳态的能力较强；向日葵对盐分的适应主要取决于盐分在根系和茎杆的积累，对K^ 的选择性吸收、运输较强；而芦荟主要是对离子的选择性吸收和运输较强。     

Conformation of macromolecules in the gas phase: use of matrix-assisted laser desorption methods in ion chromatography

Conformational data for macromolecules in the gas phase have been obtained by the coupling of a matrix-assisted laser desorption ion source to an ion chromatograph. A series of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers "cationized" (converted to a cation) by sodium ions (Na(+)PEG9 to Na(+)PEG19) and a protonated neurotransmitter protein, bradykinin, were studied. Mobilities of Na(+)PEG9 to Na(+)PEG19 are reported. Detailed modeling of Na(+)PEG9 with molecular mechanics methods indicates that the lowest energy structure has the Na(+) ion "solvated" by the polymer chain with seven oxygen atoms as nearest neighbors. The agreement between the model and experiment is within 1 percent for Na(+)PEG9, Na(+)PEG13, and Na(+)PEG17, giving strong support to both the method and the deduced structures. Similar agreement was obtained in initial studies that modeled experimental data for arginine-protonated bradykinin.     

Ion selectivity in a semisynthetic K+ channel locked in the conductive conformation

Potassium channels are K+-selective protein pores in cell membrane. The selectivity filter is the functional unit that allows K+ channels to distinguish potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) ions. The filter's structure depends on whether K+ or Na+ ions are bound inside it. We synthesized a K+ channel containing the d-enantiomer of alanine in place of a conserved glycine and found by x-ray crystallography that its filter maintains the K+ (conductive) structure in the presence of Na+ and very low concentrations of K+. This channel conducts Na+ in the absence of K+ but not in the presence of K+. These findings demonstrate that the ability of the channel to adapt its structure differently to K+ and Na+ is a fundamental aspect of ion selectivity, as is the ability of multiple K+ ions to compete effectively with Na+ for the conductive filter.     

盐胁迫下胡杨和毛白杨叶细胞中的离子区隔化

该文以抗盐的胡杨和盐敏感的毛白杨组培再生苗为实验材料,利用X--射线微区分析技术研究盐胁迫下(为期20d的盐处理)叶片各种类型细胞内主要元素Na+、Cl-、K+的分布情况,测定的细胞类型包括:①叶脉细胞(叶脉维管束导管、叶脉维管束内部和外部的薄壁细胞);②叶肉细胞(栅栏组织、海绵组织);③表皮细胞(上、下表皮细胞).结果表明,胡杨和毛白杨叶细胞对盐离子的区隔化有明显差异:与毛白杨相比,盐处理后的胡杨叶细胞不但具有较高的拒Na+能力,即将Na+贮存在质外体中,而且液泡区隔Na+的能力也强于毛白杨.在Cl-的区隔化方面,对照处理胡杨各种类型的细胞(包括叶脉、叶肉和表皮细胞)Cl-浓度都高于毛白杨,但在盐胁迫下,胡杨叶片的细胞壁、液泡甚至叶绿体中Cl-的含量都低于毛白杨,这是胡杨根细胞限制Cl-离子根冠运输的结果.盐处理使胡杨叶片各种类型细胞中的K+浓度降低;与胡杨不同,毛白杨叶片细胞中质外体的K+浓度下降,而液泡中的K+水平却相应提高,这是毛白杨细胞内K+重新分配的结果:由于盐处理后毛白杨液泡内积累了过多的Cl-,K+从细胞壁进入液泡,用以平衡液泡内Cl-积累所带来的负电荷.