噬菌体复配抑菌剂对三文鱼中沙门氏菌的抑制与保鲜作用

为控制生三文鱼中沙门氏菌和产品腐败,通过最小抑菌浓度试验和噬菌体稳定性试验筛选出乳酸链球菌素(nisin)、双乙酸钠与沙门氏菌噬菌体SLMP1进行复配,将抑菌剂(噬菌体108 pfu/g、nisin 0.1 mg/g、双乙酸钠2.0 mg/g)单独和复配应用于预先污染了沙门氏菌(104 cfu/g)的生三文鱼片中,在低温下(4?1)℃贮藏,通过测定沙门氏菌、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)以及噬菌体效价来评估复配抑菌剂的效果。结果显示,含噬菌体的抑菌剂能显著(P0.05)降低样品中沙门氏菌的数量,含nisin的抑菌剂能显著抑制样品中菌落总数的增长,含双乙酸钠的抑菌剂能显著抑制TVB-N的增加。噬菌体、nisin和双乙酸钠复配抑菌效果最好,在14 d后沙门氏菌低于检测限1 cfu/g,与空白对照相比菌落总数减少了2.5 lg cfu/g,TVB-N值降低了13.73 mg/100 g。结果表明,噬菌体、nisin及双乙酸钠复配剂在生三文鱼沙门氏菌控制及防腐保鲜中具有良好应用前景。     

复配型壳聚糖涂膜对冷藏银鲳的保鲜效果

为延长银鲳货架期,选取壳聚糖、海藻酸钠、明胶和乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)进行单一生物保鲜剂试验,选出其中3种效果较好的保鲜剂,通过正交试验确定复合保鲜剂的最佳配比。结果表明,复合保鲜剂中3种成分对银鲳的保鲜效果影响不一,其中壳聚糖有极显著影响,海藻酸钠有显著影响,而Nisin的影响不显著;冷藏银鲳复合保鲜剂的最佳复配比为壳聚糖5 g·L-1、海藻酸钠7 g·L-1、Nisin 0.3 g·L-1,此条件下银鲳的货架期延长至13 d,比对照组延长了约7 d。该复配型壳聚糖涂膜液对冷藏银鲳具有较好的保鲜效果,为银鲳保鲜及其品质控制提供了一定的科学依据。     

复合保鲜剂在对虾保鲜及防黑变中的应用

为了解决因海捕鹰爪虾易黑变,对其滥用亚硫酸盐及货架期短等问题,该试验通过正交试验,将壳聚糖与防黑变成分进行复配,研制出一种不含亚硫酸盐的复合型防黑变保鲜剂,并验证了其在鹰爪虾保鲜及防黑变中的作用。结果表明,复合保鲜剂的最佳配比为：壳聚糖 0.5 g/L、植酸 0.5 g/L、乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA） 0.5 g/L、4-己基间苯二酚（4-HR） 0.01 g/L。鹰爪虾经复合保鲜剂处理后,在（5±1）℃贮藏过程中细菌总数和挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）增加缓慢,黑变被有效抑制,货架期延长约1倍。通过成本核算,处理1 kg鹰爪虾仅需0.22元,具有推广应用的前景。     

生物保鲜剂对海鲈鱼冰藏保鲜效果的影响

为延长冰藏海鲈鱼肉的保鲜期,以新鲜海鲈鱼为材料,研究冰藏条件下竹叶抗氧化物(AOB)、茶多酚(TP)、乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)对海鲈鱼肉的保鲜效果;通过单因素和正交试验,以感官评分结合海鲈鱼肉的挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值、pH值和菌落总数(TBC)等指标表征其新鲜度,确定复合保鲜剂的最佳配比。结果表明,单一竹叶抗氧化物、茶多酚和Nisin的最佳保鲜浓度分别为0.3、0.4、0.7 g·L~(-1);海鲈鱼复合生物保鲜剂的最佳复配比为竹叶抗氧化物0.3 g·L~(-1)、茶多酚0.4 g·L~(-1)、Nisin 0.7 g·L~(-1),经此复合生物保鲜剂处理,海鲈鱼肉分别在冰藏第13、第19和第23天超出TVB-N一级、二级和三级鲜度范围,比未进行保鲜处理的空白组分别延长了6、4和6 d。该复合生物保鲜剂对海鲈鱼肉有较好的保鲜效果,为海鲈鱼肉的生物保鲜提供了一定的科学依据。     

山梨酸钾/氯化钾复合相变材料制备及热物性分析

为开发出高效、性能稳定的微冻保鲜用相变蓄冷剂,保证运输中肉制品等农产品的品质,以山梨酸钾水溶液为主基液,探究添加氯化钾后相变蓄冷材料的热物性及热循环稳定性。对比30 g/L山梨酸钾溶液,当再添加氯化钾浓度为5 g/L时,相变温度为-2.8℃,潜热为254.6 J/g,热导率为1.012 W/(m·K),热扩散率为1.01 mm2/s。添加氯化钾对相变温度和潜热几乎没有影响;溶液的热导率提高了23.32%;热扩散率提高了151.37%。经200次冻融循环后,未添加氯化钾的相变溶液出现了-5.3℃的过冷度,含氯化钾的相变溶液没有过冷度,氯化钾在山梨酸钾相变过程中体现出了其良好的成核作用,使得该复合相变蓄冷剂具有优异的热稳定性。试验表明,山梨酸钾/氯化钾复合相变蓄冷剂适合于农产品的微冻保鲜用。     

枯草芽孢杆菌KD03液态菌剂的保存方法研究

保质期短是限制液态微生物菌剂在农业生产上广泛应用的主要因素。枯草芽孢杆菌KD03是一株具有良好抗黄瓜枯萎病的生防菌。为了提高KD03液态菌剂的菌体存活率、延长保质期,采用单因素试验研究了添加防腐剂、碳氮源、醇类物质以及菌剂pH值对菌体存活率的影响,在此基础上采用正交试验设计优化菌剂的保存条件。试验结果表明:KD03液态菌剂中添加防腐剂(山梨酸钾和苯甲酸钠)、碳源(葡萄糖)、氮源(酵母浸粉)、醇类物质(甘油和聚乙二醇)均可显著提高KD03的存活率。菌剂pH值为7.0或为接近7.0的弱酸性时,KD03菌体存活率高。KD03液态菌剂的最佳保存条件为:山梨酸钾1.0 g/L、甘油0.5 g/L、葡萄糖3.0 g/L,菌剂pH值自然(pH值6.7)。在此条件下,KD03液态菌剂室温保存6个月后,菌剂活菌数为3.98×109 CFU/mL,菌体存活率为82.2%。     

植物精油海藻酸钠复合膜对双孢蘑菇的抑菌保鲜效果研究

为了研究植物精油对双孢蘑菇贮藏期主要腐败菌的抑制效果,该文以新鲜双孢蘑菇为试验材料,分离、纯化并鉴定引起双孢蘑菇贮藏期腐败的主要病原菌;通过体外抑菌活性试验,筛选出抑菌效果较好的植物精油,并将此精油应用于复合膜的保鲜试验中,验证其抑菌保鲜效果。通过对双孢蘑菇主要致腐微生物进行分离、纯化得到9株单菌落,经致病性试验得到主要病原真菌为3号菌,对该病原菌18S rDNA序列进行进化树分析,确定其为丰孢木霉菌(Trichoderma sp.)。选用姜黄、连翘、桉叶、当归4种精油对3号菌菌株进行抑菌活性试验,筛选出较优精油种类及浓度。结果表明,桉叶油对丰孢木霉菌的抑制效果最好,其次是连翘油,姜黄油和当归油无明显抑制作用。桉叶油最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)为0.312 5μL/mL,最小杀菌浓度(minimum bactericidal concentration, MBC)为0.625μL/mL;连翘油MIC为0.625μL/mL,MBC为1.25μL/mL。通过对海藻酸钠/桉叶油复合膜和海藻酸钠单一膜的性能指标进行测定和对比发现,桉叶油的添加可显著提高膜的气体阻隔性能和机械性能。分别用海藻酸钠/桉叶油复合膜、海藻酸钠单一膜和普通PE膜对双孢蘑菇进行保鲜试验,结果表明,添加桉叶油的复合膜可有效降低双孢蘑菇子实体的衰老和致病腐烂,具有显著的抑菌保鲜效果。该研究结果可为双孢蘑菇贮藏期防腐和天然杀菌保鲜剂的选择提供一定的理论依据。     

7种防霉剂对烟仓霉变微生物的抑制作用及防霉效果的初步研究

测定了纳他霉素制剂等7种防霉剂对溜曲霉等10种引起广西仓储烟叶霉变的主要微生物的抑制作用,选出4种防霉剂进行了烟叶防霉试验。结果表明,在烟叶含水量为18%时,纳他霉素制剂2 000 m g/kg、富马酸二甲酯2 000 m g/kg和山梨酸钾2 000 m g/kg能有效抑制霉菌的生长繁殖,防止烟叶发霉。但在烟叶含水量为25%和35%时,防霉剂的防霉效果并不理想,这表明防霉剂的使用可以作为烟叶防霉的一种辅助手段。     

植物精油对储藏期间小麦污染优势真菌的抑制效果研究

为探究植物精油对小麦储藏期间污染优势真菌的抑制效果,对小麦储藏期间污染优势真菌进行分离、鉴定,选取花椒精油、丁香精油、牛至精油、肉桂精油、冬青精油和柠檬精油为研究对象,以污染优势真菌为目标菌,通过测定抑菌圈直径、最低抑菌浓度和联合抑菌效果,以确定单一精油的抑菌效果、复配精油的协同抑菌效果及其最佳复配比例.结果从储藏小麦...     

利用葡萄酒糟生产有机复混肥研究

研究了以葡萄酿酒后副产物皮渣和籽渣为原料,采用化学腐熟促进处理、微生物好氧发酵和添加复配N、P、K等方法生产有机复混肥,该产品有机质含量≥300g/kg,N、P、K总含量≥250g/kg,并含有10多种中微量元素,田间试验结果表明与等养分和等价格化肥相比,施用该有机复混肥可增产10％以上,对多种经济作物品质有明显改善作用,且改土培肥效果明显。     

Antimicrobial effect of extracts from Chinese chive, cinnamon, and corni fructus

Extracts were prepared from Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia), and corni fructus (Cornus officinalis) and used to evaluate their antimicrobial activity on common foodborne microorganisms, alone and in combination. The mixed extract, consisting of three extracts in equal volumes, showed an entire antimicrobial spectrum and had excellent stability to heat, pH, and storage. The mixed extract exhibited better inhibition on growth of Escherichia coli than potassium sorbate at 2-5 mg/mL. The mixed extract inhibited the growth of Pichia membranaefaciens at levels as low as 2 mg/mL. When the mixed extract was used in foods, the expected antimicrobial effect in orange juice, pork, and milk was observed. After gel filtration chromatography, each extract was partially purified into fractions, and one fraction in each extract showed enhanced antimicrobial activity. Overall, the mixed extract was of promising potential for incorporation into various food products for which a natural antimicrobial additive is desired.     

小麦根际解钾微生物与土壤钾含量、钾素利用率及根系活力的关系

[目的]探讨肥料施用方式和施钾量对土壤不同形态钾含量及小麦根系活力的影响,以期为提高土壤钾素利用效率提供技术支持.[方法]2018—2020年连续两年,采用裂裂区设计,主区为肥料(A):设20％ 有机肥(鸡粪)+80％ 氮肥(A1),100％ 氮肥(A2)2个水平;副区为施钾量(B):设不施钾(B1)、减量施钾80 k...     

Effects of pulsed electric fields on the quality of orange juice and comparison with heat pasteurization

Effects of pulsed electric fields (PEF) at 35 kV/cm for 59 micros on the quality of orange juice were investigated and compared with those of heat pasteurization at 94.6 degrees C for 30 s. The PEF treatment prevented the growth of microorganisms at 4, 22, and 37 degrees C for 112 days and inactivated 88% of pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity. The PEF-treated orange juice retained greater amounts of vitamin C and the five representative flavor compounds than the heat-pasteurized orange juice during storage at 4 degrees C (p < 0.05). The PEF-treated orange juice had lower browning index, higher whiteness (L), and higher hue angle (theta) values than the heat-pasteurized orange juice during storage at 4 degrees C (p < 0. 05). The PEF-treated orange juice had a smaller particle size than the heat-pasteurized orange juice (p < 0.05). degrees Brix and pH values were not significantly affected by processing methods (p > 0. 05).     

Effect of storage temperature on the degradation of dimethoate in fortified orange and peach juices

The effect of storage temperature on dimethoate degradation in fortified orange and peach juices was studied. The insecticide was aseptically injected into packed orange and peach juices and stored at 40, 15, and 0 degrees C. Samples were taken at regular time intervals and were examined for dimethoate residues. The residues were determined with a simple gas chromatographic method; the recoveries of dimethoate from orange and peach juices were found to be from 88 to 114% for both products. The limits of determination were 0.004 and 0.003 mg/kg, respectively. From the experimental data, rate constants, half-lives, and activation energies for the decomposition of dimethoate in orange and peach juices were evaluated. During the storage of fruit juices in refrigerated rooms (0 degrees C) half-lives of dimethoate were found to be largely extended, being 1733 days for orange juice and 2310 days for peach juice. Corresponding times for storage at 15 degrees C were 533 days for both juices and for storage at 40 degrees C 24 days for orange juice and 24.6 days for peach juice. The activation energy for dimethoate in orange juice was 22.3 kcal/mol and for peach juice, 21. 2 kcal/mol.     

大菱鲆复合生物保鲜剂的优化及保鲜效果研究

为了延长大菱鲆的货架期,选取乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)、乳酸钠和海藻酸钠进行单因素试验,利用响应面Box-Behnken试验设计对复合生物保鲜剂进行复配优化,建立以第9天的鱼肉挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)含量为响应值的二次多项式回归模型,并通过测定大菱鲆肌肉菌落总数、pH值、TVB-N含量、巯基含量、持水力,以及用低场核磁技术测定水分迁移和光学显微镜观测肌肉组织结构变化,验证最优配比复合保鲜剂的保鲜效果。结果表明,经方差分析和回归拟合,得到3种生物保鲜剂的最佳添加量为Nisin 0.04%、乳酸钠5.92%、海藻酸钠1.06%,经保存9 d的大菱鲆TVB-N有最小值(18.37 mg·100g^-1), 且Nisin与乳酸钠对大菱鲆的保鲜具有显著的交互作用(P<0.05),响应面模型与实际情况拟合较好。经复合保鲜剂处理过的4℃冷藏大菱鲆,货架期可延长至14 d。本研究为制备高品质水产品可食性涂膜提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

Effect of EDTA alone and in combination with polygodial on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The antifungal activity of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) against Saccharomyces cerevisiae was significantly affected by various conditions such as inoculum size, pH, and metal ions (Mg(2+), Ca(2+)). EDTA was found to be effective against this yeast at the inoculum size of 10(5) colony forming units (CFU)/mL with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 400 mug/mL and the minimum fungicidal concentration of 6400 mug/mL, but it was not effective at 10(7) CFU/mL up to 6400 mug/mL. The fungicidal activity of EDTA against S. cerevisiae was significantly enhanced in combination with polygodial. Isobolograms, fractional inhibitory concentration, and fractional fungicidal concentration indices were used for evaluating the interaction between combined compounds. This synergistic effect is likely due to polygodial's destructive action on the cellular membrane, which facilitates the transmembrane transport of foreign compounds (EDTA) into yeast cells. Once inside the cells, EDTA forms chelation with divalent metals such as Mg(2+) and Ca(2+), which are required by various essential enzymes.     

Red grape juice inhibits iron availability: application of an in vitro digestion/caco-2 cell model

Adequate bioavailable Fe intake is essential for optimal growth and intellectual development of infants and children. Fruit juices are nutritious and popular drinks for infants and children and are known to contain Fe uptake inhibitors (e.g., polyphenolic compounds) and a dominant promoter, ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid is naturally present in fruit juices and is added during processing to almost all juices found in supermarkets. With these facts taken into account, an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model was developed to compare the effects of apple, pear, white grape, red grape, prune, grapefruir, and orange juices on iron bioavailability. In two series of experiments, juices from a local supermarket were combined with FeCl(3) or commercial infant cereal fortified with elemental iron and subject to simulated gastric and intestinal digestion. Caco-2 cell ferritin formation in response to exposure to the digests served as the measure of Fe uptake. The pear, apple, grapefruit, orange, and white grape juice significantly increased Fe bioavailability from FeCl(3). For the infant cereal studies, the apple, orange, pear, and white grape juices increased the Fe bioavailability of the infant cereal. In contrast, the red grape juice and prune juice had profound inhibitory effects on iron bioavailability. These inhibitory effects were likely due to high levels of polyphenolic compounds that bind and thereby prevent absorption of soluble Fe. These inhibitory compounds appeared to counteract the promotional effects of ascorbic acid as they were in considerable molar excess relative to ascorbic acid and Fe in the digest. From a nutritional standpoint, the results suggest that individuals in need of optimal Fe absorption should avoid red grape and prune juice or at least vary the types of juices consumed. Alternatively, individuals seeking to limit Fe uptake (e.g., hemochromatitics and astronauts) may be able to utilize red grape or prune juice as effective inhibitors of Fe uptake. Consumers should be aware that the compounds that inhibit Fe availability are also linked to anticancer benefits; thus, a dietary balance of the above juices may be optimal.     

Characterization of carotenoids in juice of red navel orange (Cara Cara)

High-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection was applied for the separation and characterization of carotenoids from a red-fleshed navel orange (Cara Cara). Carotenoid pigments were extracted using hexane/acetone/ethanol and saponified using 10% methanolic potassium hydroxide. More than 29 carotenoid pigments were separated within 60 min using a ternary gradient (75% acetonitrile/25% methanol, methyl tert-butyl ether, and water) elution on a C(30) reversed-phase column. The presence of lycopene (3.9 +/- 1.1 ppm) and a relatively large percentage of beta-carotene were distinct differences in the pigment profile of this red navel orange juice as compared to the profile of standard navel orange juice. The juice color in the red navel was much deeper orange than that from navel orange; hue angle ranged from 84.1 to 89.4 for red navel compared to 98.2 to 100.5 for standard navel.