水田叶轮单轮叶动力性能的试验研究

通过对水田叶轮单轮叶动力性能的大量测试结果,分析了轮叶产生的推进力、支承力和驱动效率受轮叶倾角、陷深、滑转率的影响和随轮叶转角位置的变化规律。轮叶产生最大推进力和支承力所对应的转角分别在90°和75°附近,支承力由正值变为零为零所对应的转角在100°左右。在95°轮叶转角附近轮叶的驱动效率最高,在80°至110°转角范围内有较高的驱动效率。但作旋轮线轨迹运动的单个轮叶,在滑转率10％～15％时最高驱动效率达75％,随着陷深和滑转率的增大驱动效率的平均值明显下降。     

小四轮拖拉机附加驱动叶轮的研究

附加驱动叶轮是为提高8.8～11 kW小四轮拖拉机旱地犁耕作业时附着性能而研制的。对驱动叶轮的几个主要参数的确定进行了探讨，并在休闲地中进行了牵引性能对比试验。结果表明，附加驱动叶轮后拖拉机的牵引功率提高了19.3%，牵引效率提高了19.4%，滑转率在20%以下时，挂钩牵引力达4 000 N，完全满足土壤比阻在56 kPa以下的旱地深耕需要，为小型轮式拖拉机广泛用于农田作业提供了一条新的途径。     

沿前刺孔行驶的水田叶轮动力学的试验研究

四轮驱动拖拉机的驱动轮沿前轮辙行驶,在旱地、水田获得良好的牵引性能,因而得列广泛应用,有取代履带拖拉机的趋势。在水田,四轮驱动船式拖拉帆具有优良的越野、牵引性能,其后驱动叶轮除滑前驱动轮轮辙行驶外,还要求后驱动轮轮时沿前驱动轮刺孔行驶,这是更进一步的要求。该文是对沿前刺孔行驶的四轮驱动船式拖拉机动力学的专项试验研究,设计了三轮叶模拟试验装置,对前后轮叶刺孔的最佳偏移距或偏移率、前岳驱动叶轮轮叶的推力、承力和效率,以及影响效率的因素如滑转率、倾角、陷深、轮叶数等进行了深入的试验和探讨。     

轮式拖拉机在典型路况下轮胎受力仿真分析

为了研究轮式拖拉机在典型路况下轮胎的受力情况,该文采用多体动力学软件RecurDyn进行轮式拖拉机建模,建立了包含4个车轮、前轴、后轴以及车架的简化模型,并给前轴和后轴施加合理的质量。利用RecurDyn的Fiala轮胎模块建立了轮胎与地面的相互作用模型,分别对轮式拖拉机在上20°坡、上44°极限坡、下20°坡和下34°极限坡等情况下的轮胎位移和受力进行了仿真分析,同时比较了拖拉机在两种不同车速情况下的轮胎受力。结果表明,在不同的坡度下行驶时,轮式拖拉机前轮受到的冲击力差别明显,上44°坡时受到的最大冲击力比上20°坡时增加了67.73%,下34°坡时受到的最大冲击力比下20°坡时减少了8%;在相同的路面条件下,当拖拉机以0.678 m/s过圆柱形障碍物时,前轮受到的最大作用力比在车速1.356 m/s时减小了16.13%。仿真分析结果可为轮式拖拉机轮胎受力研究提供参考。     

犁耕作业大马力拖拉机驱动轮滑转率控制方法

针对犁耕作业时大马力拖拉机驱动轮易产生过度滑转的问题,该研究以大马力拖拉机电液悬挂机组为研究对象,考虑"拖拉机-农具-土壤"系统的强非线性特征,在建立大马力拖拉机犁耕作业机组非线性系统动力学模型的基础上,提出基于滑模变结构控制的大马力拖拉机驱动轮滑转非线性控制方法;并以模糊PID控制为对比,采用Matlab/Simulink验证本文动力学模型的正确性和控制算法的有效性;以Lovol-TG1254型大马力拖拉机为载体,搭建犁耕作业大马力拖拉机驱动轮滑转控制平台,开展田间对比试验,并分析不同控制方法下的滑转控制效果,验证滑模变结构控制算法的控制精度和稳定性。试验结果表明:在2.17m/s的犁耕作业工况下,与模糊PID控制算法相比,滑模变结构控制算法将拖拉机驱动轮滑转率有效控制在最优值0.2,平均绝对值偏差为0.008,减小了约27%,最大偏差为0.028,减小了约49%;耕深、液压缸位移和水平牵引力调节变化量分别减小了27%、36%、42%。该研究提出的基于滑模变结构的大马力拖拉机驱动轮滑转控制方法可实现犁耕作业驱动轮滑转最优目标控制。     

离心泵内部流动时序效应的CFD计算

为了研究导叶时序效应对离心泵性能的影响,采用CFD方法对设计流量工况下导叶不同时序位置时离心泵内部流动进行了数值计算,定义导叶叶片尾缘与隔舌夹角为0时为时序位置0,每增加10°增加一个时序位置。得到了泵内外特性随时序位置不同的变化规律,并分析了不同时序位置对隔舌处压力脉动及叶轮径向力非定常特性的影响。结果表明：随着导叶时序位置的增加,泵扬程和效率呈先上升后下降的趋势,导叶与隔舌相对位置在20°时达到最大值,扬程较最低值提高0.6 m;时序效应对隔舌处1倍和2倍叶片通过频率影响最大,且随时序位置的增加,主频和压力脉动幅值呈先减小后增加的趋势,时序位置1时幅值为4时的70%;导叶时序位置的改变主要影响泵底座-出口方向叶轮径向力分量。研究结果为离心泵径向导叶设计提供参考。     

基于最优分布拟合的拖拉机三点悬挂牵引力载荷谱编制与台架试验

拖拉机三点悬挂装置作业载荷特性与分布研究对于预测零件寿命、产品可靠性分析等具有重要意义。针对传统参数外推编制方法对于多峰及概率分布不明确的作业载荷存在验证不通过或拟合效果差等问题,该研究提出基于最优分布拟合的载荷谱编制方法,建立了均值服从混合高斯、幅值服从混合威布尔的混合分布模型,采用AIC准则（Akaike Information Criterion）与BIC准则（Bayesian Information Criterion）相结合确定混合分布最优基函数个数,并利用EM（Expectation-Maximization）算法进行混合分布最优参数估计。以拖拉机三点悬挂牵引力实测载荷为对象进行最优分布拟合求解,与单分布相比,混合高斯分布与混合威布尔决定系数分别提高3.45%和6.02%,相关系数分别提高1.73%和4.87%,均方根误差分别降低31.38%和40%,残差平方和分别降低52.92%和64.01%。利用最优分布拟合进行极值和频次外推,并对外推一倍载荷谱与原始载荷进行统计特性与雨流计数对比分析,结果表明：外推载荷极值范围得到扩充,载荷分布规律一致,能够在保留原始载荷特性的前提下实现均幅值的双向外推。将外推牵引力载荷谱应用于拖拉机三点悬挂牵引力室内台架加载系统,并基于PID控制实现悬挂牵引力的反馈调节。加载试验结果表明：系统最大超调量为5.19%,最大稳定时间为0.2 s,最大延时为0.4 s,系统响应特性较好,室内台架系统能够满足拖拉机三点悬挂牵引力的加载与复现,并对外推牵引力载荷谱与反馈牵引力载荷谱进行雨流计数分析,均值、幅值频次保持一致,两者疲劳损伤等效,研究结果可为基于载荷谱的拖拉机室内台架试验提供理论依据和参考。     

后轮驱动大功率拖拉机牵引力-滑转率联合自动控制方法

针对后轮驱动大功率拖拉机犁耕作业工况,提出了大功率拖拉机牵引力-滑转率联合自动控制方法。基于Freescale MC9S12XS128型微处理器开发了联合控制器硬件系统;采用PID(proportion integral derivative)控制算法,制定了牵引力PID控制和滑转率开关控制的联合控制策略,基于模块化设计开发了联合控制软件系统;进行了牵引力控制、牵引力与滑转率联合控制的田间实车对比试验,分析了2种不同控制方法下滑转率、牵引力和耕深的控制效果,验证了联合控制系统的性能。试验结果表明:当设定滑转率阀值区间0.1~0.2,牵引力阀值6 000 N时,联合控制下的实际耕深平均误差为1.45 cm,均方根误差为2.79 cm;实际牵引力平均误差为270.73 N,均方根误差为366.23 N;滑转率采样时间50 s,阀值区间以内43.78 s,有效控制时间范围为88%。与单独的牵引力控制相比,实际耕深、牵引力的平均误差和均方根误差均明显减小,实际滑转率的控制效率有较大提高。结果表明,该文提出的大功率拖拉机牵引力-滑转率联合自动控制方法,可以实现牵引力和滑转率的双目标联合控制,能够满足实际生产的农艺要求。     

拖拉机后悬挂横向位姿调整的模糊PID控制

针对传统拖拉机后悬挂机构无法实现横向位姿自动调整,难以适应丘陵山地复杂地形作业需求,导致耕深均匀性差、作业效率低等问题,该文设计了—种采用双液压缸进行横向位姿调整的后悬挂系统。首先,对提升臂、提升杆、农具三脚架等构件进行运动学分析,并运用MATLAB对液压缸活塞杆位移与农机具倾斜角度进行仿真,得出当横向倾角为-15°~15°时,液压缸活塞杆位移与角度的函数关系;其次,设计了横向位姿调整机构液压系统,并建立了该液压系统的数学模型;运用Simulink搭建了横向位姿调整系统的液压系统仿真模型,并采用模糊PID控制方法对仿真模型进行控制性能仿真;最后,搭建了拖拉机后悬挂系统控制试验平台,进行了拖拉机后悬挂横向位姿调整试验。结果表明：在预定目标内（±2°~±15°）,最大误差为1%,平均误差为0.7%,仿真的系统调整时间较短,不足0.2 s,试验的调整时间为1 s左右,系统稳定时间仿真和试验都很小,在0.1 s左右,试验和仿真超调量为0 ,符合设计目标,能够满足山地丘陵作业的横向角度调节需求。     

基于电动方向盘的拖拉机自动导航转向控制方法

为提高轮式拖拉机自动导航过程中转向控制的精度与稳定性,该研究以雷沃欧豹M704-2H拖拉机作为试验平台,采用电动方向盘作为转向执行机构,分析转向机械间隙对控制精度的影响,针对转向间隙特性设计转向控制算法。首先,为了获得准确的转向角,利用GNSS(global navigation satellite system)与二轮车模型快速标定虚拟轮转角,标定结果表明：虚拟轮转角的最大误差为1.3°,平均误差为0.11°。然后,对转向系统的机械间隙进行分析,设计一种带有间隙补偿的模糊PD(proportional derivative)转向控制算法,并在Simulink中验证算法的可行性。实车试验结果表明,该算法跟踪方波转角信号的响应时间为1.1 s,最大稳态误差为0.65°,平均稳态绝对误差为0.132°。跟踪正弦波转角信号的平均延时为0.5 s,最大误差为1.91°,平均绝对误差为1.09°。与无间隙补偿算法相比,有间隙补偿算法跟踪方波信号最大稳态误差减小了0.022°,平均稳态绝对误差减少了0.112°,角度误差在±0.2°内的时间提升了71%;跟踪正弦波信号最大误差减小了0.68°,平均绝对误差减小0.23°。田间直线导航转向控制试验结果表明,转角跟踪的绝对平均误差为0.61°,最大跟踪误差为2.82°,转向控制跟踪精度较高,稳定性好,满足导航作业需求。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.