脂蛋白脂酶基因的研究进展

综述了脂蛋白脂酶 ( LPL)基因在人类、小鼠、牛、猪、羊及鸡中的研究现状 ,并对 LPL基因作为鸡脂肪沉积候选基因的研究前景作一展望     

能量水平和激素对脂肪代谢酶基因的调控研究进展

脂肪代谢包括合成代谢和分解代谢,两者共同决定动物体内脂肪的沉积。合成和分解代谢主要由脂肪代谢相关基因的表达量及其相关酶活性决定。因此,本文综述了脂肪代谢酶乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)、脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)、脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)、激素敏感脂肪酶(HSL)基因的表达量及其活性对脂肪代谢的影响,以及脂肪代谢酶基因与动物机体脂肪沉积的相关性。     

从江香猪不同组织脂蛋白脂酶mRNA的表达及其酶活性研究

为进一步探究脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)基因的功能,揭示其对从江香猪肉质性状的影响,本研究采用荧光定量RT-PCR技术结合酶活性检测方法分析了从江香猪不同组织LPL基因表达水平及活性规律。结果显示,LPL基因在从江香猪大脑、心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺、肾脏、大肠、背肌、子宫和卵巢10种组织内均有表达;其中,背肌和心脏组织中表达量较高,子宫和肺组织中表达量较低,且背肌中LPL mRNA表达量显著高于其他各组织(P0.05)。从江香猪4种组织LPL活性分析结果表明,背肌组织中的LPL活性显著高于子宫和心脏组织(P0.05),说明背肌中脂肪沉积能力高于子宫和心脏组织,研究结果将为今后分析该基因对从江香猪肉质性能的影响奠定基础。     

12周龄大围山微型鸡与艾维茵肉鸡肌肉营养成分及LPL基因表达差异研究

为研究云南地方鸡种大围山微型鸡与艾维茵肉鸡肌肉营养成分中粗脂肪含量与脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)基因mRNA表达差异,屠宰同批12周龄大围山微型鸡和艾维茵肉鸡各20只,测定肌肉营养成分含量和LPL基因表达量。结果显示:在胸肌和腿肌中,大围山微型鸡粗灰分含量、粗蛋白含量、粗脂肪含量均显著高于艾维茵肉鸡,在胸肌和腿肌中大围山微型鸡水分的含量显著低于艾维茵肉鸡,且胸肌和腿肌中大围山微型鸡LPL基因表达量分别为3.98、5.72,均高于艾维茵肉鸡的3.70、3.54。可见,大围山微型鸡肌肉粗蛋白、粗脂肪等营养成分优于艾维茵肉鸡,LPL基因促进脂肪沉积,因此LPL基因可作为影响家禽脂肪沉积的重要候选基因。     

脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)生理功能及特异表达

脂蛋白脂酶(lipoprotein lipase,LPL)是甘油三酯降解为甘油和游离脂肪酸(FFA)反应的限速酶,与机体的脂质代谢及肥胖与否密切相关.白色脂肪组织(WAT)中的LPL活性升高有助于机体脂质的贮存,棕色脂肪组织(BAT)的LPL活性与机体产热有关,而骨骼肌的LPL活性升高有利于机体利用能量.动物饥饿或禁食,下调控LPLmRNA;动物补饲,上调控脂肪-LPL活力.胰岛素可增加脂肪细胞内LPL活性,轻度降低骨骼肌LPL活性;儿茶酚胺和β-肾上腺素能制剂(AMP)在脂肪组织或脂肪细胞中抑制LPL活性,在心肌和骨骼肌却是提高LPL活性.     

保山猪LPL基因表达量与生长及胴体性能的关联分析

为探究保山猪LPL基因相对表达量对生长性能、胴体性能的影响,本实验采用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定LPL基因在保山猪背最长肌、背脂和肝脏3个组织中的相对表达量,并分析LPL基因表达量与保山猪生长性能、胴体性能的关联性。结果显示,LPL基因在3个组织中的相对表达量从高到低依次为：背脂、背最长肌、肝脏;LPL基因在保山猪背最长肌中的相对表达量与皮比率呈极显著负相关;在背脂中的相对表达量与眼肌面积呈显著负相关,与脂比率呈显著正相关;在肝脏中的相对表达量与生长及胴体性能无显著相关性。研究说明LPL基因对保山猪的生长及胴体性能有一定影响,对保山猪的脂肪沉积有调控作用,可作为调控保山猪脂肪沉积的候选基因。     

多浪羊CB1基因表达分析与脂肪沉积的关联性研究

旨在分析不同月龄多浪羊不同部位脂肪含量、脂肪代谢相关酶活性和脂肪细胞面积随大麻素受体1(cannabinoid receptor type 1,CB1)基因表达变化的规律，探讨CB1基因表达与多浪羊脂肪沉积的关系。研究选取不同月龄(3、6、12月龄)多浪羊不同部位(背最长肌、皮下脂肪、腹部脂肪和肠系膜组织)、利用索氏抽提法测定脂肪含量，比色法和酶联免疫吸附法测定酶活性，石蜡切片法测定脂肪细胞面积，实时荧光定量PCR法测定CB1基因表达量及对编码区序列进行分析。结果表明，CB1基因在不同部位均有表达且脂肪组织表达量远远高于肌肉组织表达量，脂肪含量整体在肠系膜组织中含量最高，且CB1基因较为保守，受环境影响较小，脂肪细胞面积在腹部最大，肝脂酶(HL)在皮下脂肪中含量最高，激素敏感性甘油三酯脂肪酶(HSL)在腹部脂肪中含量最高，脂蛋白脂肪酶(LPL)在腹部脂肪中含量最高。综上推测，CB1基因参与脂质代谢相关调节过程，随着年龄的增长多浪羊不同部位脂肪沉积逐渐增加，CB1基因高表达影响多浪羊不同部位脂肪沉积。     

民猪脂蛋白脂酶基因在冷诱导后表达变化的研究

脂蛋白脂酶（lipoprotein lipase,LPL）是动物分解代谢的限速酶,是影响脂肪代谢通路中的一个重要基因。本研究将LPL基因作为影响民猪抗寒特性的候选基因,对其在心脏、肝脏、胃、脾脏、肾脏、肺脏、大肠、小肠、子宫、卵巢、背肌、腿肌、脂肪共计13个组织内的表达情况和低温冷诱导后在民猪肌肉组织内的表达变化情况进行了分析。结果表明,LPL基因在所检测的13个组织中均有表达,但表达量存在差异,心脏、背肌、腿肌、脂肪组织中的表达量较高,子宫和卵巢组织的表达量较低;LPL基因在民猪被冷诱导后表达水平无显著变化。     

肉质性状相关基因的研究进展

肉质是一个综合性状,是诸多因素共同作用的结果,常规的性状必须使用昂贵的同胞测验才有助于育种工作,而用DNA标记进行辅助选择,可以使产肉量和肉质得以同步提高。本文从影响脂肪代谢的过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体基因(PPAR)、解偶联蛋白基因(UCP)、脂蛋白脂酶基因(LPL);从影响肌内脂肪沉积的脂肪酸结合蛋白(FABPs)基因、PPARγ、MI基因;从影响背膘厚的黑色素皮质素受体基因(MCR)、激素敏感脂酶基因(HSL)等三个方面,对影响肉质性状的基因进行综述。     

猪LPL基因内含子3的克隆、测序及多态性研究

脂蛋白脂酶(Lipoprotein lipase，LPL)是水解酶家族的一种三酰甘油一蛋白酰基水解酶。LPL主要是将乳糜微粒(CM)和极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)中的三酰甘油分解成脂肪酸和甘油，并贮存在脂肪组织中。大部分的研究发现LPL缺乏或LPL活性缺乏则引起脂代谢障碍。     

Dietary conjugated linoleic acids increase intramuscular fat deposition and decrease subcutaneous fat deposition in Yellow Breed × Simmental cattle

This study was conducted to estimate the effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) on intramuscular and subcutaneous fat deposition in Yellow Breed × Simmental cattle. The experiment was conducted for 60 days. The results showed that the average backfat thickness, (testicles + kidney + pelvic) fat percentage and subcutaneous fat percentage in dietary CLA were significantly lower than in the control group, while intramuscular the fat percentage was significantly higher. Compared to the control group, the Longissimus muscle enzyme activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) in dietary CLA and the subcutaneous fat enzyme activities of LPL, hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 (CPT‐1) were significantly increased. Similarly, compared to the control group, the Longissimus muscle sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP‐1), FAS, stearoyl‐coenzyme A desaturase (SCD), ACC, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), heart fatty‐acid binding protein (H‐FABP) and LPL gene expression in dietary CLA were significant increased, as were the subcutaneous fat of PPARγ, H‐FABP, LPL, CPT‐1 and HSL in dietary CLA. These results indicated that dietary CLA increases IMF deposition mainly by the up‐regulation of lipogenic gene expression, while decreasing subcutaneous fat deposition mainly by the up‐regulation of lipolytic gene expression.     

Effects of different levels of protein supplementary diet on gene expressions related to intramuscular deposition in early‐weaned yaks

This study was conducted to estimate different levels of protein supplementary diet on gene expressions related to intramuscular deposition in early‐weaned yaks. Results showed that supplementary dietary protein significantly increased final weight, average daily gain (ADG), intramuscular fat (IMF), serum free fatty acid (FFA), total triglycerides, total cholesterol (Ch), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) content. There was a quadratic response of ADG, IMF, FFA, Ch, HDL and LDL to dietary crude protein (CP) level. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) enzyme activities were significantly increased by supplementary dietary CP, while hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 (CPT‐1) activities were significantly decreased. LPL, ACC and FAS enzyme activities showed quadratic increase as dietary CP increased. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ), LPL, FAS, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP‐1), ACC, stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) and heart fatty‐acid binding protein (H‐FABP) gene expression were significantly increased by supplementary dietary CP, while HSL and CPT‐1 gene expression were significantly decreased. PPARγ, LPL, SREBP‐1, ACC and H‐FABP gene expression showed quadratic increase as dietary CP increased. These results indicated that supplementary dietary protein increased IMF accumulation mainly to increased intramuscular lipogenic gene expression and decreased lipolytic gene expression.     

日粮代谢能水平对北京油鸡脂肪沉积和LPL基因表达的影响

试验旨在研究不同日粮代谢能水平对北京油鸡脂肪沉积及脂蛋白酯酶（LPL）基因mRNA表达影响。试验以3周龄北京油鸡公鸡为研究对象,将480只公鸡随机分为4组,分别饲喂4个代谢能水平的日粮（12.122、12.540、12.958和13.376 MJ/kg）,每个处理组5个重复,每个重复24只鸡。试验期为10周。采用荧光定量PCR方法检测LPL基因mRNA表达水平。结果表明,日粮代谢能水平对鸡体脂沉积各项指标和LPL基因mRNA表达水平影响极显著,随日粮代谢能水平提高,各项体脂沉积指标极显著上升,胸肌和腿肌IMF、皮脂重和皮脂率在ME3达到峰值,LPL基因mRNA表达水平在ME2组达到峰值（P＜0.01）。LPL基因mRNA表达水平与腹脂率、皮脂重和皮脂率呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。研究结果提示,日粮代谢能水平显著影响北京油鸡体脂沉积和LPL基因mRNA表达;LPL基因表达影响北京油鸡体脂沉积状况。     

The response of gene expression associated with intramuscular fat deposition in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Simmental × Yellow breed cattle to different energy levels of diets

This study was designed to estimate dietary energy level on intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition in Simmental × Yellow breed cattle. Results showed that ultimate weight and average daily gain in high and medium energy groups were significantly higher than low‐energy group, yet feed conversion ratio was significantly lower. IMF content was significantly increased by dietary energy increasing, whereas longissimus muscle shear force significantly decreased. Serum‐free fatty acids, triglycerides and glucose significantly increased by dietary energy increasing, whereas growth hormone (GH) significantly decreased. Enzyme activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC) significantly increased by dietary energy increasing, whereas hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 (CPT‐1) significantly diminished. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ, sterol regulatory element‐binding protein 1, stearoyl‐CoA desaturase, adipocyte‐fatty acid‐binding proteins, ACC, LPL, and FAS gene or protein expression significantly increased by dietary energy increasing, whereas HSL, CPT‐1, and GH gene or protein expression significantly decreased. These results indicated that high dietary energy promoting IMF deposition is mainly by downregulating pituitary GH gene expression, decreasing serum GH concentration, increasing lipogenic genes levels of mRNA, enzyme activities and protein expression, and decreasing lipolytic genes levels of mRNA, enzyme activities, and protein expression.     

Expression of fat deposition and fat removal genes is associated with intramuscular fat content in longissimus dorsi muscle of Korean cattle steers

Intramuscular fat (IMF) in cattle is an important component of traits that influence meat quality. We measured carcass characteristics and gene expression in Korean steers to clarify the molecular mechanism(s) underlying IMF deposition in LM tissue by determining the correlation between IMF content and gene expression abundance and by developing models to predict IMF content using gene expression abundance. The deposition of IMF is determined by a balance between fat deposition and fat removal in the LM. We measured mRNA abundance of lipid metabolic genes including lipogenesis [acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FASN)], fatty lipid uptake [lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid translocase (CD36), fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1)], fatty acid esterification [glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1 (GPAT1), acylglycerol phosphate acyltransferase 1 (AGPAT1), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), DGAT2], lipolysis [adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), monoglyceride lipase (MGL)], and fatty acid oxidation [carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1B, very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD), medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD)] in the LM. The mRNA abundance of the GPAT1 gene showed the greatest correlation (r = 0.74; P < 0.001) with IMF content among 9 fat deposition genes. The gene expression abundance of other fat deposition genes including ACC, FASN, LPL, CD36, FATP1, AGPAT1, DGAT1, and DGAT2 also exhibited significant positive correlations (P < 0.05) with IMF content in the LM. Conversely, ATGL mRNA abundance showed the greatest negative correlation (r = -0.68; P < 0.001) with IMF content in the LM among 6 fat removal genes. The expression of other fat removal genes including MGL, VLCAD, and MCAD showed significant negative correlations (P < 0.05) with IMF content. Our findings show that the combined effects of increases in lipogenesis, fatty acid uptake, fatty acid esterification, and of decreases in lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation contribute to increasing IMF deposition in Korean steers. The multiple regression analysis revealed that the mRNA abundance of the GPAT1 gene in the LM was the first major variable predicting IMF content (54%) among 15 lipid metabolic genes. The second was mRNA abundance of ATGL (11%). In conclusion, these results suggest that GPAT1 and ATGL genes could be used as genetic markers to predict IMF deposition in the LM.     

冷应激对新疆阿勒泰羊脂蛋白脂酶mRNA表达的影响

为研究冷应激对阿勒泰羊脂蛋白脂酶(lipoprotein lipase,LPL)mRNA表达的影响,试验分别采集冷应激前与冷应激后阿勒泰羊6个部位的组织,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测各组织中LPL mRNA的表达水平,分析其在不同部位中表达的变化.结果显示,阿勒泰羊LPL mRNA表达量在冷应激后显著或极显著升高(P<0.05;P<0.01),其中颈部肌间脂肪和尾部脂肪冷应激后表达量最高.表明阿勒泰羊在低温下脂肪组织的动员能力较强,使机体产热增加,以抵抗冷应激.     

Activity and tissue-specific expression of lipases and tumor-necrosis factor alpha in lean and obese cats

Post-heparin plasma activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL), and fat and muscle activity of LPL were measured in neutered lean and obese cats. Lipoprotein lipase, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and tumor necrosis factor a (TNF) mRNA were measured in muscle and fat tissue with real-time PCR using primers for feline LPL, HSL, and TNF. Lipoprotein lipase plasma and fat activity and fat mRNA levels were significantly lower (50, 80, and 50%, respectively) in obese cats than lean cats, whereas the muscle/fat ratio of LPL was significantly higher in obese compared to lean cats. The activity of HL was not different between the groups. Hormone-sensitive lipase mRNA levels were significantly higher in obese than lean cats. The level of fat TNF also was significantly higher in obese cats than in lean cats, whereas the level in muscle was not different. The lower LPL activity and mRNA expression in fat and the higher LPL and HSL mRNA expression in muscle in obese cats compared to lean cats expectedly favor a redistribution of fatty acids from fat to muscle tissue where they can be deposited or used for energy in times of need. Tumor necrosis factor alpha may regulate this repartitioning process through suppression of adipocyte LPL.     

脂蛋白分解酶基因(LPL)及其与家畜胴体品质的关系

脂蛋白分解酶作为一个在脂肪分解、转运、沉积中发挥重要作用的水解酶,其基因多态性对动物机体起着至关重要的作用。LPL基因的异常可导致动物机体出现不同程度的生理病理变化。近年来研究发现,哺乳动物LPL基因可以作为遗传标记基因。综述了家畜LPL基因的生物学功能及其与胴体品质关系方面的研究进展,以期为进一步揭示该基因的生物学功能以及充分发挥其在提高家畜胴体品质中的作用提供科学依据。     

Hepatic lipolysis in broiler chickens with different fat deposition during embryonic development

The aim of this study was to explore the hepatic lipolysis in broiler chickens with different fat deposition during embryonic development. The mRNA expression of CPT-1 (carmitine palmtoyltransferase-1), PPARα (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha) and LPL (lipoprotein lipase) genes were determined using Real time RT-PCR. The start of incubation was called day 1 (E1) and after hatching called day 1 (H1). On incubation days 9 (E9), 14 (E14) and 19 (E19) as well as at hatching (H1), samples of liver were collected. Blood samples were obtained during days 14 (E14) and 19 (E19) of embryonic development and at hatching. This study showed that serum TG (triglycerol) decreased and TC (total cholesterol) and NEFA (non-estered fatty acid) increased during embryonic development. The expression of CPT-1, PPARα and LPL genes exhibited different developmental changes. For example, little LPL gene was expressed at hatching and PPARα gene expression peaked before hatching. However, CPT-1 gene exhibited no significance during the embryonic development. Our results showed that expression of these genes in Arbor Acres (AA) broilers was significantly higher than that in San Huang (SH) broilers. Therefore, this study suggested that hepatic lipolysis in broiler chickens exhibited developmental changes during embryogenesis and breed difference which may be one of the factors in the fat deposition difference between fat line and lean line broilers during embryonic development.