浅析口蹄疫的免疫技术要点

口蹄疫是由口蹄疫病毒引起的急性、热性、接触性传染病．是目前国际公认的对畜牧业危害最大的动物传染病．一旦发病．往往造成大面积流行．很难迅速有效地控制和消灭．会造成很大的经济损失．甚至对当地畜牧业造成毁灭性打击。     

新疆口蹄疫疫情目前已获有效控制 没有扩散蔓延

新疆畜牧厅今天说，今年五月上旬新疆和布克赛尔县发生的口蹄疫疫情已被及时扑灭，目前疫情已得到有效控制。     

新疆口蹄疫疫情引发的思考

牲畜口蹄疫的传播方式主要包括直接接触传播(如易感动物与被感染动物及其排泄物直接接触)、间接传播(主要通过带毒媒介物和器械传播)、气源传播(口蹄疫病毒可以随发病动物呼出的气体传播)和水源传播(如污染的饮水、水源等)。1概述2月19日,新疆某地部分农户饲养的生猪出现疑似口蹄疫症状,275头猪发病,未出现死亡病例。2月24日,经国家口蹄疫参考实验室确诊,为O型口蹄疫。之后,当地政府按照有关应急预案要求,封锁疫区,扑杀病猪及同群猪10000余头,并进行无害化处理,疫情得到有效控制,至5月下旬解除封锁。此次疫情前后历时3个月,涉及108个养殖户,有违早、快、严、     

口蹄疫疫苗研究进展

口蹄疫病毒（Footandmouthdiseasevirus,FMDV）是感染猪、牛、养等偶蹄目动物的重要病原,在世界范围内引发急性、热性和高度接触性传染病一口蹄疫（Footandmouthdis—ease,FMD）,给全球养殖业造成巨大经济损失。根据FMDV血清学特性,可将其分为7个血清型,包括A型、O型、C型、SAT1（南非1型）、SAT2（南非2型）、sATI’3（南非3型）和AsiaI（亚洲I型）。研究已证实,各血清型之间抗原性存在差异,无交叉免疫现象,每一种血清型又包含若干亚型,同种血清型各个亚型之间仅存在部分交叉免疫保护。     

口蹄疫对羊的危害及防制措施

口蹄疫又称"口疮"、"蹄癀",是由口蹄疫病毒引起的偶蹄兽的一种急性、热性、高度接触性传染病。本病以口腔黏膜、蹄部和乳房部皮肤发生水疱、溃烂为特征。本病广泛流行于世界各地,传染性极强,对养殖业危害严重。1流行特点口蹄疫病毒可侵害多种动物,而以偶蹄兽易感性高。除     

口蹄疫检测技术研究进展

口蹄疫(Foot-and-Mouth Dis-ease,FMD)是由口蹄疫病毒引起的一种急性、热性、高度接触性传染病。该病可快速和远距离传播,易感动物多达70余种,主要包括猪、牛、羊等主要畜种及其他家养和野生偶     

猪口蹄疫的诊断及防治

口蹄疫是由口蹄疫病毒引起偶蹄动物的一种急性热性高度接触性传染病。以口腔黏膜、蹄部和乳房皮肤发生水疱和溃烂为特征。病毒寄生广泛,易通过空气传播,传染性强,     

口蹄疫的病原及其防制

口蹄疫是由口蹄疫病毒引起的急性热性高度接触性传染病。主要侵害偶蹄动物,偶见于人和其他动物。临床上以口腔粘膜、蹄部及乳房皮肤发生水泡和溃烂为特征。有高度传染性,传播速度快,往往造成大流行。2010年以来,世界很多国家如日本、蒙古、韩国、南非和我国局部地区流行了本病,造成了严重经济损失。     

牛口蹄疫的诊断与防控

口蹄疫（foot and mouth disease,FMD）是牛、猪、羊等主要家畜和其他家养、野生偶蹄动物共患的一种急性、热性、高度接触性传染病,易感动物达70多种。临床特征是在口腔黏膜、蹄部和乳房皮肤发生水疱性疹。该病传播途径多、传播速度快,曾多次在世界范围内暴发流行。鉴于此,世界动物卫生组织（OIE）将其列为A类传染病之首。从口蹄疫的病原、流行病学、致病机理、临床症状、诊断等方面进行阐述,以期为该病的科学防控提供参考。     

The foot and mouth disease (FMD) epidemic in the United Kingdom 2001

The foot and mouth disease epidemic commenced in February 2001 when diseased pigs were identified in an abattoir. The infection had become widespread in sheep in England and Wales before this discovery. It was decided to eradicate the disease by slaughter rather than use vaccine. The virus was a Pan-Asia O strain that caused few lesions in sheep and this made the identification of infected flocks very difficult leading to a long drawn-out epidemic. Over four million animals were slaughtered in 2000 herds and flocks. The last outbreak was in September.

Résumé

L'épizootie de fièvre aphteuse a commencé en février 2001 quand elle a été identifiée sur des porcs maladies dans un abattoir. L'infection avait beaucoup diffusé auparavant chez le mouton en Angleterre et au pays de Galles. Il a été d'écidé d'éradiquer la maladie par abattage plautôt que par vaccination. Le virus était une souche Pan-Asia de type O, provoquant des lésions limitées chez le mouton, ce qui a rendu trés difficile l'identification des troupeaux infectés et conduit à une longue queue d'épizootie. Plus de quatre millions d'animaux ont été abattus dand 2000 troupeaux. Le dernier foyer a été identifié en Septembre.     

Diagnosis of foot and mouth disease

Because foot-and-mouth disease has the potential for an explosive spread, instant and reliable diagnosis is of special importance. In this article the clinical examination, types and shipment of samples as well as the current methods of laboratory diagnosis by detection of FMD-virus, antigen, nucleic acid and antibodies are reviewed. Special emphasis is laid on the differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals, in respect to conventional as well as novel vaccines.     

Factors associated with the clinical diagnosis of foot and mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in the UK

The purpose of this investigation was to identify factors associated with the clinical diagnosis of foot and mouth disease during the 2001 epidemic in the United Kingdom. Using logistic regression, we compared: (1) reports of suspect disease that resulted in the declaration of FMD to reports that did not, and (2) laboratory-positive cases to laboratory-negative cases. From 6,801 reports of suspect disease, 2,026 cases of FMD were identified. Suspect cases were more likely to become clinical cases if: (1) the report originated from the disease control authorities ('active surveillance') rather than the public, usually farmers ('passive surveillance'); (2) cattle were the species suspected of disease, as opposed to sheep; (3) the report was filed during the peak of the epidemic; (4) the reporting premises was within 3 km of an FMD case detected within the previous 2 weeks; or (5) the report originated from certain local disease control centres. There were significant two-way interactions between: type of surveillance and species suspected of disease, type of surveillance and proximity of other infected premises, species suspected and time in the epidemic, and time in the epidemic and proximity of other infected premises. Clinical cases were more likely to be laboratory positive if: (1) they were found by passive versus active surveillance, (2) cattle were suspected of disease (versus sheep), (3) oldest lesions were less than 3 days, (4) the report was filed at any time other than the peak of the epidemic, or (5) the report originated from certain local disease control centres. Significant two-way interactions were found between: type of surveillance and species suspected of disease, and type of surveillance and time in the epidemic.     

Risks for bovine tuberculosis in British cattle farms restocked after the foot and mouth disease epidemic of 2001

The foot and mouth disease (FMD) epidemic of 2001 was used to investigate herd breakdown (HBD) with bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in totally restocked herds of cattle. By August 2004, 2941 restocked cattle herds, with cattle movements from before and after 2001, had been tested for bTB for the first time since restocking. A total of 6% (177) of these herds broke down at the first bTB test. A binomial logistic regression model with HBD (at least one reactor bovine) at the first test after restocking as the outcome was used to investigate risks associated with HBD. The final model contained three risk factors. There was an increased risk for HBD in restocked herds with every log increase in herd size with an OR=1.38 (CI 1.16-1.64) to a maximum OR of 10.75. When there was a history of bTB on the restocked farm before 2001 the OR, with CI not including unity, were 5.92, 4.63, 3.8 and 2.9 for last HBD in 2000, 1999, 1998 and 1997, respectively, indicating a persistence in increased risk for restocked herds from farms with a history of HBD in the previous herd before restocking, i.e. a different population of cattle. Finally, for every log increase in the number of cattle purchased from herds with a greater than biennial frequency of testing for bTB in the previous 8 years (i.e. perceived high risk herds for bTB) there was an OR=1.35 (95% CI 1.22-1.49). The maximum OR was 9.27. These results indicate that both introduction of bTB through the purchase of cattle from farms with a high perceived risk of bTB infection and persistence of bTB on the restocked farm, (not the farm's original herd), were associated with an increased risk of HBD in the newly formed herds after restocking.     

Characteristics of foot and mouth disease virus in Taiwan

Since March 1997 two strains of foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus have found their way into Taiwan, causing severe outbreaks in pigs and in Chinese yellow cattle. Outbreaks occurred in March 1997 were caused by a pig-adapted virus strain (O/Taiwan/97) which did not infect other species of cloven-hoofed animals by natural route. The epidemic spread over the whole region of Taiwan within two months and the aftermath was 6,147 pig farms infected and 3,850,746 pigs destroyed. In June 1999, the second strain of FMD virus (O/Taiwan/99) was isolated from the Chinese yellow cattle in the Kinmen Prefecture and in the western part of Taiwan. By the end of 1999, Chinese yellow cattle were the only species infected and those infected cattle did not develop pathological lesions. Seroconversions of serum neutralization antibody and on non-structural protein (NSP) antibodies were the best indicators for infection in non-vaccinated herds. The infected animals, however, excreted infectious levels of virus to infect new hosts. Based on the detection of the specific antibody to FMD virus, and virus isolation from oesophageal-pharyngeal (OP) fluid samples, ten herds of Chinese yellow cattle located in Kinmen and Taiwan were declared to have been infected. During the period of January to March 2000, however, five outbreaks caused by FMD virus similar to the O/Taiwan/99 virus occurred in four prefectures of Taiwan. The infected species included goats, Chinese yellow cattle and dairy cattle. Those outbreaks have caused high mortality in goat kids under two weeks old and also developed typical clinical signs of infection in dairy cattle.     

Some observations on the diagnosis of foot and mouth disease

Extract

Although in most instances the clinical diagnosis of Foot and Mouth disease presents no great difficulty, one's mental state is generally somewhat tense when on the way to deal with a suspected case. So much depends on the decision—a nation awaits the verdict! Hence the spurious glamour of foot and mouth disease, which would ordinarily be considered one of the most easily recognized of infectious diseases.     

牛、羊口蹄疫免疫抗体监测分析

口蹄疫(FMD)只有通过疫苗免疫才能有效预防,因而掌握本地区牛羊口蹄疫的免疫抗体水平情况,对减少该类疫病的发生有重要意义。本文即对南平市近三年牛羊口蹄疫免疫抗体监测结果进行分析总结。